# Sopwith Three-seater

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Sopwith Three-seater General information Type General purpose aircraft National origin United Kingdom Manufacturer Sopwith Aviation Company Designer Thomas Sopwith Primary users Royal Flying Corps Royal Naval Air Service Number built 13 History Introduction date 1912 First flight 4 July 1912 Retired 1915

The **Sopwith Three-seater** was a British aircraft designed and built prior to the start of the [First World War](/source/World_War_I). One of the first aircraft built by the [Sopwith Aviation Company](/source/Sopwith_Aviation_Company), it was operated by both the [Royal Naval Air Service](/source/Royal_Naval_Air_Service) (RNAS) and the [Royal Flying Corps](/source/Royal_Flying_Corps) (RFC), being used briefly over Belgium by the RNAS following the start of the War.

## Development and design

In 1912, [Thomas Sopwith](/source/Thomas_Sopwith), who had learned to fly during 1910 and had set up a flying school at [Brooklands](/source/Brooklands), built a [tractor configuration](/source/Tractor_configuration) [biplane](/source/Biplane) using the wings from a [Wright Biplane](/source/Wright_Model_B) and the fuselage and tail of a [Coventry Ordnance Works biplane](/source/COW_Biplane).[1] and powered by a 70 hp (52 kW) [Gnome Gamma](/source/Gnome_Gamma) [rotary engine](/source/Rotary_engine).[2] The resulting aircraft, known as the **Hybrid**, first flew on 4 July 1912.[3]

The Hybrid was rebuilt in October 1912 and sold to the [British Admiralty](/source/British_Admiralty), being delivered in November 1912.[1][4] When the Admiralty tendered further orders for an improved tractor biplane based on the design, Sopwith created the [Sopwith Aviation Company](/source/Sopwith_Aviation_Company), with a factory in a disused [roller rink](/source/Roller_rink) at [Kingston upon Thames](/source/Kingston_upon_Thames). The resulting aircraft, known variously as the **Three-Seat Tractor Biplane**,[5] the **Sopwith 80 hp Biplane**,[6] the **Sopwith D1**,[7] or the **Sopwith Tractor Biplane**,[8] was flown on 7 February 1913 before being displayed at the International Aero Show at [Olympia, London](/source/Olympia%2C_London) opening on 14 February.[1] It had [two-bay](/source/Interplane_strut) wings, with lateral control by [wing warping](/source/Wing_warping), and was powered by an 80 hp (60 kW) [Gnome Lambda](/source/Gnome_Lambda) rotary engine. It had two cockpits, the pilot sitting aft one and passengers sitting side by side in the forward one. Three transparent [celluloid](/source/Celluloid) windows were placed in each side of the fuselage to give a good downwards view.[6][9]

A second aircraft was retained by Sopwith as a demonstrator, being used to set a number of British altitude records between June and July 1913. A further two tractor biplanes were built for the RNAS, being delivered in August and September 1913, with the original hybrid being rebuilt to a similar standard. Following tests of a Tractor Biplane fitted with [ailerons](/source/Aileron) instead of wing warping for lateral control,[6][10] a further nine aircraft were ordered for the [Royal Flying Corps](/source/Royal_Flying_Corps) (RFC) in September 1913.[11]

## Operational history

The RFC received its Three-seaters between November 1913 and March 1914, with the first example being tested to destruction in the [Royal Aircraft Factory](/source/Royal_Aircraft_Factory) at [Farnborough](/source/Farnborough%2C_Hampshire), where it was determined that the structural strength was inadequate. Despite this, the remaining eight aircraft were issued to [No. 5 Squadron](/source/No._5_Squadron_RAF) as two-seaters. Two were destroyed in a fatal mid-air collision on 12 May 1914, while several more were wrecked in accidents before the outbreak of the First World War. 5 Squadron left its remaining Tractor Biplanes in England when it deployed to France in August 1914, these being briefly used as trainers at the [Central Flying School](/source/Central_Flying_School).[12][13]

The RNAS aircraft were issued to seaplane stations to allow flying to continue when sea conditions were unsuitable for seaplane operation. On the outbreak of war, the RNAS also acquired Sopwith's demonstrator aircraft. Three Sopwith Tractor biplanes went with the Eastchurch wing of the RNAS when it deployed to Belgium under the command of [Wing Commander](/source/Wing_Commander_(rank)) [C.R. Samson](/source/Charles_Rumney_Samson). These were used for reconnaissance and bombing missions, attempting to bomb the [Zeppelin](/source/Zeppelin) sheds at [Düsseldorf](/source/D%C3%BCsseldorf) on 23 September and railway lines on 24 September, and were withdrawn from service in October.[14] The RNAS also used Sopwith Tractor Biplanes for patrol duties from [Great Yarmouth](/source/Great_Yarmouth),[15] one remaining in use until November 1915.[12]

## Operators

**[United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom)**

- [Royal Flying Corps](/source/Royal_Flying_Corps)[16] - [No. 5 Squadron RFC](/source/No._5_Squadron_RAF) - [Central Flying School](/source/Central_Flying_School)

- [Royal Naval Air Service](/source/Royal_Naval_Air_Service)

## Specifications (80 hp Gnome)

*Data from* *Sopwith-The Man and his Aircraft.*[17]

**General characteristics**

- **Crew:** 1

- **Capacity:** 3 passengers[18]

- **Length:** 29 ft 6 in (8.99 m)

- **Wingspan:** 40 ft 0 in (12.19 m)

- **Wing area:** 397 sq ft (36.9 m2)

- **Empty weight:** 1,060 lb (481 kg)

- **Gross weight:** 1,810 lb (821 kg)

- **Powerplant:** 1 × [Gnome](/source/Gnome_et_Rh%C3%B4ne) [rotary engine](/source/Rotary_engine), 80 hp (60 kW)

- **Propellers:** 2-bladed 2600D Chauviere, 8 ft 6 in (2.59 m) diameter [18]

**Performance**

- **Maximum speed:** 74 mph (119 km/h, 64 kn)

- **Endurance:** 2.5 hr

- **Service ceiling:** 12,900 ft (3,900 m) [18] with one passenger

- **Time to altitude:** 2.5 min to 1,000 ft (300 m)

## See also

**Related lists**

- [List of aircraft of the Royal Naval Air Service](/source/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Naval_Air_Service)

- [List of aircraft of the Royal Flying Corps](/source/List_of_aircraft_of_the_Royal_Flying_Corps)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mason78_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mason78_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-mason78_1-2) Mason 1982, p. 78.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Bruce 1982, pp. 491, 628.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Robertson 1970, p. 31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Robertson 1970, p. 32.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Robertson 1970, p. 210.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bruce1982p491_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bruce1982p491_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bruce1982p491_6-2) Bruce 1982, p. 491.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Davis 1999, pp. 12–13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** *Roots In The Sky - A History of British Aerospace Aircraft*, Oliver Tapper (1980), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [061700323 8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/061700323_8); p. 18. "In June 1913 [Sopwith] reached 12,000 feet with one passenger and later, in July, he flew the same machine, this time with three passengers, to the world-record height of 8,400 feet."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Bruce 1957, p. 517.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Robertson 1970, p. 35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Mason 1982, pp. 78–79.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-mason79_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-mason79_12-1) Mason 1982, p. 79.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Bruce 1982, pp. 492–493.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Robertson 1970, pp. 48–51.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Thetford 1978, p. 424.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Bruce 1982, p. 493.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Robertson 1970, pp. 234–235, 238–239.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-bruce1957p518_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-bruce1957p518_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-bruce1957p518_18-2) Bruce 1957, p. 518.

## References

- Bruce, J. M. *British Aeroplanes 1914–18*. London: Putnam, 1957

- Bruce, J. M. *The Aeroplanes of the Royal Flying Corps (Military Wing)*. London: Putnam, 1982. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-370-30084-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30084-X)

- Davis, Mick. *Sopwith Aircraft*. Ramsbury, UK: The Crowood Press, 1999. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-86126-217-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86126-217-5)

- Mason, Tim. "Tom Sopwith...and his Aeroplanes 1912–14". *[Air Enthusiast](/source/Air_Enthusiast)*, Number Twenty, December 1982 – March 1983. Bromley, UK: Pilot Press. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0143-5450](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450). pp. 74–80

- Robertson, Bruce. *Sopwith-The Man and his Aircraft*. Letchworth, UK: Air Review, 1970. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-900435-15-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900435-15-1)

- Thetford, Owen. *British Naval Aircraft since 1912*. London: Putnam, Fourth edition 1978. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-370-30021-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-370-30021-1)

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Sopwith Aviation Company](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sopwith_Aviation_Company).

- ["The 80-h.p. Sopwith Tractor Biplane"](http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1913/1913%20-%200185.html) [*Flight*](/source/Flight_International) 15 February 1913.

v t e Sopwith aircraft By role Fighters Buffalo Bulldog Camel Dolphin Dragon Gunbus Hippo Hispano-Suiza Triplane L.R.T.Tr. Pup Snail Snapper Snark Snipe Swallow Triplane Bombers B.1 Cobham Rhino Torpedo bomber Cuckoo Scouts/bombers Baby Sparrow 1½ Strutter Tabloid Two-Seat Scout Seaplanes Bat-Boat Circuit of Britain floatplane Sopwith Pusher Seaplane/S PG N Admiralty Type 137 Admiralty Type 138 Admiralty Type C Special torpedo seaplane Type C Type 807 Type 860 Schneider (1914) Baby Schneider (1919) Ground attack Salamander Sports tourer Gnu By designation B.1 B.2 2B.2 F.1 2F.1 4F.1 5F.1 7F.1 8F.1 3F.2 (I) 3F.2 (II) FR.2 2FR.2 FS.1 T.1 TF.1 TF.2 By name Antelope Atlantic Baby Bat-Boat Bee Buffalo Bulldog Circuit of Britain floatplane Camel Cobham Cuckoo Dolphin Dove Dragon Gnu Grasshopper Gunbus Hippo Hispano-Suiza Triplane L.R.T.Tr. Pup Rainbow Rhino Salamander Scooter Snail Snapper Snark Snipe Sparrow Sociable Swallow 1½ Strutter Tabloid Tadpole Three-seater Triplane Special torpedo seaplane Type C Wallaby Designers Herbert Smith Thomas Sopwith

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sopwith Three-seater](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Three-seater) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Three-seater?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.