# Sophoreae

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The [tribe](/source/Tribe_(biology)) **Sophoreae** is one of the subdivisions of the plant [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae). Traditionally this tribe has been used as a [wastebasket taxon](/source/Wastebasket_taxon) to accommodate genera of [Faboideae](/source/Faboideae) which exhibit [actinomorphic](/source/Actinomorphic), rather than [zygomorphic](/source/Zygomorphic) floral symmetry and/or incompletely differentiated petals and free stamens.[2][3][4] Various morphological[5][6][7][8] and [molecular](/source/Molecular_phylogeny)[9][10][11][12][13] analyses indicated that Sophoreae as traditionally [circumscribed](/source/Circumscription_(taxonomy)) was [polyphyletic](/source/Polyphyly).[14] This led to a re-circumscription of Sophoreae, which resulted in the transfer of many genera to other tribes ([Amburaneae](/source/Amburaneae), [Angylocalyceae](/source/Angylocalyceae), [Baphieae](/source/Baphieae), [Camoensieae](/source/Camoensieae), the [*Cladrastis* clade](/source/Cladrastis_clade), [Exostyleae](/source/Exostyleae), [Leptolobieae](/source/Leptolobieae), [Ormosieae](/source/Ormosieae), [Podalyrieae](/source/Podalyrieae), and the [Vataireoids](/source/Vataireoids)).[2] This also necessitated the inclusion of two former tribes, Euchresteae and Thermopsideae, in the new definition of Sophoreae.[2][15][16][17][18] Tribe Sophoreae, as currently circumscribed, consistently forms a [monophyletic clade](/source/Monophyly) in [molecular phylogenetic analyses](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics).[2][12][17][19][20][21][22] The Sophoreae arose 40.8 ± 2.4 million years ago (in the [Eocene](/source/Eocene)).[8][23]

Description of morphological [synapomorphies](/source/Synapomorphy) has yet to be undertaken, but members of this tribe can be distinguished by the relatively simple flowers, unspecialized [pinnate leaves](/source/Pinnate), accumulation of [quinolizidine](/source/Quinolizidine) alkaloids,[24] and the presence of free stamens.[2] The tribe does have a node-based definition: the [crown clade](/source/Crown_clade) originating from the [most recent common ancestor](/source/Most_recent_common_ancestor) of *[Bolusanthus speciosus](/source/Bolusanthus_speciosus)* (Bolus) Harms and *[Sophora davidii](/source/Sophora_davidii)* (Franch.) Pavol..[23]

## Genera

Sophoreae comprises the following genera:[2]

- *[Ammodendron](/source/Ammodendron)* Fisch. ex DC.
- *[Ammopiptanthus](/source/Ammopiptanthus)* S. H. Cheng
- *[Ammothamnus](/source/Ammothamnus)* Bunge[Note 1]

- *[Anagyris](/source/Anagyris)* L.

- *[Baptisia](/source/Baptisia)* Vent.
- *[Bolusanthus](/source/Bolusanthus)* Harms

- *[Dicraeopetalum](/source/Dicraeopetalum)* Harms

- *[Euchresta](/source/Euchresta)* (Lesch.) Benn.

- *[Maackia](/source/Maackia)* Rupr.

- *[Neoharmsia](/source/Neoharmsia)* [R.Vig.](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Viguier)[25]

- *[Piptanthus](/source/Piptanthus)* Sweet
- *[Platycelyphium](/source/Platycelyphium)* Harms

- *[Salweenia](/source/Salweenia)* Baker f.
- *[Sophora](/source/Sophora)* L.

- *[Thermopsis](/source/Thermopsis)* R.Br.

- *[Vuralia](/source/Vuralia)* Uysal & Ertugrul[26]

## Notes

1. Often included in *[Sophora](/source/Sophora)*, rather than treated as a segregate genus.

## References

1. Wojciechowski MF (2013). "Towards a new classification of Leguminosae: Naming clades using non-Linnaean phylogenetic nomenclature". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 85–93. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.06.017)

1. Cardoso D, Pennington RT, de Queiroz LP, Boatwright JS, ((Van Wyk B-E)), Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2013). "Reconstructing the deep-branching relationships of the papilionoid legumes". *[S Afr J Bot](/source/South_African_Journal_of_Botany)*. **89**: 58–75. [doi:10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sajb.2013.05.001). [hdl:10566/3193](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3193)

1. Polhill RM (1981). ["Sophoreae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004324/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Parts 1 and 2*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 213–230. ISBN 9780855212247. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=318) on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Polhill RM (1994). ["Classification of the Leguminosae"](http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9780412397707). *Phytochemical Dictionary of the Leguminosae, Plants and Their Constituents, Volume 1*. Chapman and Hall/CRC Press, London. pp. xxv–xlvii. ISBN 9780412397707.

1. Chappill JA (1995). ["Cladistic analysis of the Leguminosae: the development of an explicit hypothesis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140117001006/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=81). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 1–9. ISBN 978-0947643799. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=81) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Herendeen PS (1995). ["Phylogenetic relationships of the tribe Swartzieae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140117001006/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=81). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 7: Phylogeny*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 123–132. ISBN 978-0947643799. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=81) on 2014-01-17. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Ferguson IK, Schrire BD, Shepperton R (1994). ["Pollen morphology of the tribe Sophoreae and relationships between subfamilies Caesalpinioideae and Papilionoideae"](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=314). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 6: Structural Botany*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 53–96. ISBN 978-0947643782.

1. Crepet WL, Herendeen PS (1992). ["Papilionoid flowers from the early Eocene of southeastern North America"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140222003645/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=316). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 4: The Fossil Record*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 43–55. ISBN 978-0947643409. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=316) on 2014-02-22. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Käss E, Wink M (1996). "Molecular evolution of the Leguminosae: Phylogeny of the three subfamilies based on *rbcL*-sequences". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **24** (5): 365–378. [Bibcode:1996BioSE..24..365K](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996BioSE..24..365K). [doi:10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4](https://doi.org/10.1016/0305-1978(96)00032-4)

1. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Palmer JD (1996). "The distribution and phylogenetic significance of a 50-Kb chloroplast DNA inversion in the flowering plant family Leguminosae". *[Mol Phylogenet Evol](/source/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution)*. **5** (2): 429–438. [Bibcode:1996MolPE...5..429D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1996MolPE...5..429D). [doi:10.1006/mpev.1996.0038](https://doi.org/10.1006/mpev.1996.0038). [PMID 8728401](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8728401)

1. Doyle JJ, Doyle JL, Ballenger JA, Dickson EE, Kajita T, Ohashi H (1997). "A phylogeny of the chloroplast gene *rbcL* in the Leguminosae: taxonomic correlations and insights into the evolution of nodulation". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **84** (4): 541–554. [doi:10.2307/2446030](https://doi.org/10.2307/2446030). [JSTOR 2446030](https://www.jstor.org/stable/2446030). [PMID 21708606](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21708606)

1. Pennington RT, Lavin M, Ireland H, Klitgaard B, Preston J, Hu JM (2001). ["Phylogenetic relationships of basal papilionoid legumes based upon sequences of the chloroplast *trnL* intron"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537). *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **55** (5): 818–836. [doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537](https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.537). [JSTOR 3093980](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3093980)

1. Pennington RT, Klitgaard BB, Ireland H, Lavin M (2000). ["New insights into floral evolution of basal Papilionoideae from molecular phylogenies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140116180637/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52). *Advances in Legume Systematics, Part 9*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 233–248. ISBN 978-1842460177. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=52) on 2014-01-16. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Pennington RT, Stirton CH, Schrire BD (2005). ["Tribe Sophoreae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160032/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506). *Legumes of the World*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 227–249. ISBN 978-1900347808. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Lock JM (2005). ["Tribe Thermopsideae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160032/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506). *Legumes of the World*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 263–265. ISBN 978-1900347808. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. Ohashi H. (2005). ["Tribe Euchresteae"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140202160032/http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506). *Legumes of the World*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. pp. 260–261. ISBN 978-1900347808. Archived from [the original](http://www.kewbooks.com/asps/ShowDetails.asp?id=506) on 2014-02-02. Retrieved 2014-04-18.

1. LPWG [Legume Phylogeny Working Group] (2013). ["Legume phylogeny and classification in the 21st century: progress, prospects and lessons for other species-rich clades"](https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/78167/1/Taxon_2013_217-248.pdf). *[Taxon](/source/Taxon_(journal))*. **62** (2): 217–248. [doi:10.12705/622.8](https://doi.org/10.12705/622.8). [hdl:10566/3455](https://hdl.handle.net/10566/3455)

1. Wang HC, Sun H, Compton JA, Yang JB (2006). "A phylogeny of Thermopsideae (Leguminosae: Papilionoideae) inferred from nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences". *[Bot J Linn Soc](/source/Botanical_Journal_of_the_Linnean_Society)*. **151** (3): 365–373. [doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00512.x](https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00512.x)

1. Hu JM, Lavin M, Wojciechowski MF, Sanderson MJ (2002). ["Phylogenetic analysis of nuclear ribosomal ITS/5.85 sequences in the tribe Millettieae (Fabaceae): *Poecilanthe*–*Cyclolobium*, the core Millettieae, and the *Callerya* group"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.722). *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **27** (4): 722–733. [doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.722](https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-27.4.722)

1. Cardoso D, de Queiroz LP, Pennington RT, de Lima HC, Fonty É, Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M (2012). "Revisiting the phylogeny of papilionoid legumes: new insights from comprehensively sampled early-branching lineages". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **99** (12): 1991–2013. [doi:10.3732/ajb.1200380](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.1200380). [PMID 23221500](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23221500)

1. Wojciechowski MF, Lavin M, Sanderson MJ (2004). "A phylogeny of legumes (Leguminosae) based on analysis of the plastid *matK* gene resolves many well-supported subclades within the family". *[Am J Bot](/source/American_Journal_of_Botany)*. **91** (11): 1846–1862. [doi:10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846](https://doi.org/10.3732/ajb.91.11.1846). [PMID 21652332](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652332)

1. Kajita T, Ohashi H, Takeishi Y, Bailey CD, Doyle JJ (2001). ["*RbcL* and legume phylogeny, with particular reference to Phaseoleae, Millettieae, and allies"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.515). *[Syst Bot](/source/Systematic_Botany)*. **26** (3): 515–536. [doi:10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.515](https://doi.org/10.1043/0363-6445-26.3.515)

1. Lavin M, Herendeen PS, Wojciechowski MF (2005). "Evolutionary rates analysis of Leguminosae implicates a rapid diversification of lineages during the tertiary". *[Syst Biol](/source/Systematic_Biology)*. **54** (4): 575–94. [doi:10.1080/10635150590947131](https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150590947131). [PMID 16085576](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16085576)

1. Wink M, Mohamed GI (2003). "Evolution of chemical defense traits in the Leguminosae: mapping of distribution patterns of secondary metabolites on a molecular phylogeny inferred from nucleotide sequences of the *rbcL* gene". *[Biochem Syst Ecol](/source/Biochemical_Systematics_and_Ecology)*. **31** (8): 897–917. [Bibcode:2003BioSE..31..897W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003BioSE..31..897W). [doi:10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1](https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-1978(03)00085-1)

1. Edwards D, Hawkins JA (2007). "Are Cape floral clades the same age? Contemporaneous origins of two lineages in the *genistoids s.l.* (Fabaceae)". *[Mol Phylogenet Evol](/source/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution)*. **45** (3): 952–70. [Bibcode:2007MolPE..45..952E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007MolPE..45..952E). [doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.014](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2007.09.014). [PMID 17980626](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17980626)

1. Uysal T, Ertuğrul K, Bozkurt M (2014). "A new genus segregated from *Thermopsis* (Fabaceae: Papilionoideae): *Vuralia*". *[Plant Systematics and Evolution](/source/Plant_Systematics_and_Evolution)*. **300** (7): 1627–1637. [Bibcode:2014PSyEv.300.1627U](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PSyEv.300.1627U). [doi:10.1007/s00606-014-0988-x](https://doi.org/10.1007/s00606-014-0988-x). [S2CID 15019593](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15019593)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sophoreae](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophoreae) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophoreae?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.