# Soomra dynasty

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Muslim dynasty in Sindh

Soomra dynasty Sindhi: سومرا گهراڻو‎ 1026–1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot) South Asia 1175 CE KARAKHANID KHANATE QARA KHITAI GHURID EMPIRE CHAULUKYAS CHAHAMANAS LATE GHAZNAVIDS PARAMARAS WESTERN CHALUKYAS KAKATIYAS SHILA- HARAS CHOLAS CHERAS PANDYAS KADAMBAS HOYSALAS GAHADAVALAS GUHILAS KACHCHAPA- GHATAS CHANDELAS KALACHURIS (TRIPURI) KALACHURIS (RATNAPURA) SENAS KARNATAS KAMARUPAS EASTERN GANGAS GUGE MARYUL LOHA- RAS SOOMRA EMIRATE MAKRAN SULTANATE Status Vassals of the Abbasid Caliphate (1026–1351)[1] Tributary of the Ghaznavids (1026–1030) Capital Mansura (1026) Thari (in present-day Badin District in Sindh) Official languages Sindhi (in Arabic and Devanagari scripts)[2][3] Common languages Sindhi (native language) Arabic (liturgical language) Religion Shia Ismaili Government Monarchy History • Soomra dynasty begins 1026 • Soomra dynasty ends 1351 (Continued in exile until 1440 in Umerkot) Preceded by Succeeded by Habbari dynasty Samma Dynasty Today part of Sindh

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The **Soomra dynasty** ([Sindhi](/source/Sindhi_language): سومرا گهراڻو‎, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Sindhi): *Sūmrā Gharāṇō*)[4] was a late medieval dynasty of [Sindh](/source/Sindh) ruled by the [Soomro](/source/Soomro) [tribe](/source/Tribe) of [Sindh](/source/Sindh), and at times adjacent regions, located in what is now [Pakistan](/source/Pakistan).[5]

## Sources

The only extant source is the *Diwan-i Farruhi*, a Persian chronicle by Abul-Hasan Ali describing [Mahmud of Ghazni](/source/Mahmud_of_Ghazni)'s invasion (1025 AD) of [Mansura](/source/Mansura%2C_Sindh), the erstwhile capital of Sindh.[6] Contemporary coinage from Sindh is scarce and of poor quality with offset flans — while some of them can be read to contain the name of [Al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah](/source/Al-Zahir_li-i'zaz_Din_Allah) and [Al-Mustansir Billah](/source/Al-Mustansir_Billah), the [Fatimid Caliphs](/source/Fatimid_Caliphate) from 1021 until 1094, thereafter, they lack the name of the issuer and cannot evidence the dynasty.[7]

## History

### Establishment

The early history of Soomras is unclear. Ali describes the flight and eventual death by drowning of Hafif (var. Khafif), then-ruler of Sindh, during the faceoff with Mahmud but does not specify whether he was the last Habbarid or first Soomra.[6][a] Later chroniclers like [Ali ibn al-Athir](/source/Ali_ibn_al-Athir) (c. late 12th c.) and [Ibn Khaldun](/source/Ibn_Khaldun) (c. late 14th c.) attributed the fall of Habbarids to Mahmud of Ghazni, lending credence to the argument of Hafif being the last Habbarid.[6] The Soomras appear to have established themselves as a regional power in this vacuum.[6][8]

According to [André Wink](/source/Andr%C3%A9_Wink), the Soomras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as [Arabs](/source/Arabs).[9][10] They have been retrospectively claimed to be [Parmar Rajputs](/source/Parmar_(Rajput_clan)).[11] In [Ain-i-Akbari](/source/Ain-i-Akbari) (16th century) the Soomra dynasty is mentioned as of a [Rajput](/source/Rajput) lineage.[12] Some of them were adherents of [Isma'ilism](/source/Isma'ilism) — Arab travelers held them to be [Qarmatians](/source/Qarmatians), and correspondence with the Fatimid caliph, [Al-Mustansir Billah](/source/Al-Mustansir_Billah) has been located.[8]

### Territory

The [Ghurids](/source/Ghurid_dynasty) and [Ghaznavids](/source/Ghaznavids) continued to rule parts of Sindh, across the eleventh and early twelfth century, alongside Soomras.[6] The precise delineations have yet to be discovered, but the Soomras were probably centered in lower Sindh.[6] One of their kings Shimuddin Chamisar had submitted to [Iltutmish](/source/Iltutmish), the [Sultan of Delhi](/source/Sultan_of_Delhi), and was allowed to continue as a vassal.[13]

## List of Soomro rulers

Name Lifespan Reign Start Reign End Khafif 976-1026 (aged 49-50) 1010 1026 Soomar 998-1053 (aged 54-55) 1026 1053 Bhungar I 1023–1068 (aged 44–45) 1053 1068 Dodo I 1046–1092 (aged 45–46) 1068 1092 Zainab Tari 1068-? 1092 1098 (as Regent) Sanghar 1076–1107 (aged 30–31) 1092 1107 Khafif II 1087–1142 (aged 54–55) 1107 1142 Umar I 1095–1181 (aged 85–86) 1142 1181 Dodo II 1134–1195 (aged 60–61) 1181 1195 Bhungar II 1164–1226 (aged 61–62) 1195 1226 Chanesar 1193–1237 (aged 43–44) (1st reign) 1226 1228 Ganhwar 1200–1241 (aged 40–41) (1st reign) 1228- 1236 Chanesar 1193–1371 (aged 43–44) (2nd reign) 1236 1237 Ganhwar 1200–1241 (aged 40–41) (2nd reign) 1237 1241 Muhammad Tur 1221–1256 (aged 34–35) 1241 1256 Ganhwar II 1238–1259 (aged 20–21) 1256 1259 Dodo III 1254–1273 (aged 19–20) 1259 1273 Tai 1268–1283 (aged 14–15) 1273 1283 Chanesar II 1270–1300 (aged 29–30) 1283 1300 Bhungar III 1291–1315 (aged 23–24) 1300 1315 Khafif III 1297–1333 (aged 35–36) 1315 1333 Dodo IV 1298–1336 (aged 37–38) 1333 1336 Umar II 1315–1337 (aged 21–22) 1336 1337 Bhungar IV 1319–1341 (aged 21–22) 1337 1341 Hamir II 1322–1351 (aged 28–29) 1341 1351

## Kingdom of Umarkot

Name Lifespan Reign Start Reign End Umar III 1340–1390 (aged 49–50) 1351 1390 Bhungar V 1358–1400 (aged 41–42) 1390 1400 Hamir III 1377–1440 (aged 62–63) 1400 1440

## See also

- [List of Monarchs of Sindh](/source/List_of_Monarchs_of_Sindh)

- [Soomro](/source/Soomro)

- [Dodo Chanesar](/source/Dodo_Chanesar)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** C. 1105, Isma'ilis of Multan had sought refuge in Masura during Ghazni's invasion of the city and reasons for his campaign(s) against Hafif are noted to be the flourishing river trade of Isma'ilis and his (Hafif's) alliance with Jats.

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Stanton, Andrea (2012). [*Cultural Sociology of the Middle East, Asia, & Africa, Volume 4*](https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&dq=soomras+vassal+abbasids&pg=RA3-PA110). SAGE Publications. p. 110. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4129-8176-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-8176-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Panhwar, M. H. (2003). *An Illustrated Historical Atlas of Soomra Kingdom of Sindh: 1011–1351 AD*. Soomra National Council, Pakistan. p. 222.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Lakho, Ghulam Muhammad (2006). *The Samma Kingdom of Sindh: historical studies* (1st ed.). Jamshoro: Institute of Sindhology, University of Jamshoro. pp. 176–177. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789694050782](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789694050782).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NB2021_4-0)** Balocu, Nabī Bakhshu Khānu (2021). *Jāmiʻ Sindhī lughāta*. Sindhī Adabī Borḍ. p. 1036.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:0_5-0)** "The Arab Conquest". *International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics*. **36** (1): 91. 2007. The Soomras are believed to be Parmar Rajputs found even today in Rajasthan, Saurashtra, Kutch and Sindh. The Cambridge History of India refers to the Soomras as "a Rajput dynasty the later members of which accepted Islam" (p. 54 ).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:1_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:1_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:1_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:1_6-5) Collinet, Annabelle (2008). "Chronology of Sehwan Sharif through Ceramics (The Islamic Period)". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). *Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies*. Karachi: Oxford University Press. pp. 9, 11, 113 (note 43). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-547503-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Fishman, A. M.; Todd, I. J. (2018). "Uncertain Late Habbarid and Soomra Sindh ca. 1000-50 CE". *The silver damma : on the mashas, daniqs, qanhari dirhams and other diminutive coins of India, 600–1100 CE*. Mumbai, India: IIRNS Publications. pp. 176–184. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-81-938291-0-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-938291-0-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1097788735](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097788735).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_9-1) Boivin, Michel (2008). "Shivaite Cults And Sufi Centres: A Reappraisal Of The Medieval Legacy In Sindh". In Boivin, Michel (ed.). *Sindh through history and representations : French contributions to Sindhi studies*. Karachi: Oxford University Press. p. 30. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-547503-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-547503-6).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Wink, André (2002). [*Al-Hind, the Making of the Indo-Islamic World: Early Medieval India and the Expansion of Islam 7Th-11th Centuries*](https://books.google.com/books?id=g2m7_R5P2oAC&q=al+hind+andre+wink). BRILL. p. 166. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-391-04173-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-391-04173-8). The Sumras were a dynasty of local origin, later claiming to be Rajputs as well as Arabs, and are clearly distinguishable from the pastoral-nomadic Jats or Mids.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Siddiqui, Habibullah. ["The Soomras of Sindh: their origin, main characteristics and rule – an overview (general survey) (1025 – 1351 AD)"](https://uok.edu.pk/faculties/sindhi/docs/soomroEng.pdf) (PDF). *University of Karachi*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:4_12-0)** Dani, Ahmad Hasan (2007). [*History of Pakistan: Pakistan through ages*](https://books.google.com/books?id=D_xtAAAAMAAJ&q=soomra+dynasty). Sang-e Meel Publications. p. 218. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-969-35-2020-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-969-35-2020-0). But as many kings of the dynasty bore Hindu names, it is almost certain that the Soomras were of local origin. Sometimes they are connected with Paramara Rajputs, but of this there is no definite proof.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Sarkar, Jadunath (1949). [*Ain-i-akbari Of Abul Fazl I Allami Vol. 2 Ed. 2nd*](http://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.460916). p. 343.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ray2019_14-0)** Aniruddha Ray (4 March 2019). [*The Sultanate of Delhi (1206–1526): Polity, Economy, Society and Culture*](https://books.google.com/books?id=jNSNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT43). Taylor & Francis. pp. 43–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-00-000729-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-000729-9).

v t e History of Sindh Periods Indus Valley Civilisation Sindhu kingdom Rai dynasty Brahmin dynasty of Sindh Caliphal province of Sind Habbari dynasty Emirate of Multan Soomra dynasty Samma dynasty Arghun dynasty Tarkhan dynasty Mughal Empire Kalhora dynasty Talpur dynasty Bombay Presidency British period Capitals Mohenjo-daro Debal Aror Banbhore Mansura (Brahmanabad) Umer Kot Agham Kot Thatta Khudabad Hyderabad Karachi People Hoshu Sheedi Dollah Darya Khan Dodo Bin Khafef Soomro III Sibghatullah Shah Rashidi Wars & battles Battle of Rasil Battle of Halani Battle of Miani Battle of Hyderabad Battle of Fatehpur Battle of Jalwakhir Battle of Khari Khabarlo Battle of Kachhi

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