# Solenopsora

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{{Short description|Genus of lichen}}
{{italic title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Solenopsora holophaea Penharn.jpg
| image_caption = ''[Solenopsora holophaea](/source/Solenopsora_holophaea)'', France
| taxon = Solenopsora
| authority = [A.Massal.](/source/A.Massal.) (1855)
| type_species = ''[Solenopsora requienii](/source/Solenopsora_requienii)''
| type_species_authority = A.Massal. (1855)
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Catillaria'' sect. ''Placodiella'' {{small|[Zahlbr.](/source/Zahlbr.) (1926)}}
*''Diphratora'' {{small|[Trevis.](/source/Trevis.) ex [Jatta](/source/Antonio_Jatta) (1900)}}
*''Diphratora'' sect. ''Ricasolia'' {{small|(A.Massal.) Jatta (1900)}}
*''Lecania'' sect. ''Placolecania'' {{small|[J.Steiner](/source/J.Steiner) (1896)}}
*''Placodiella'' {{small|(Zahlbr.) [Szatala](/source/Szatala) (1941)}}
*''Placolecania'' {{small|(J.Steiner) Zahlbr. (1906)}}
*''Ricasolia'' {{small|A.Massal. (1855)}}
}}

'''''Solenopsora''''' is a [genus](/source/genus) of [lichen](/source/lichen)-forming [fungi](/source/fungi) in the family [Catillariaceae](/source/Catillariaceae).<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/> It has 15 species, with a mostly Northern Hemisphere distribution.

==Taxonomy==
The genus was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by Italian lichenologist [Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo](/source/Abramo_Bartolommeo_Massalongo) in 1855, with ''[Solenopsora requienii](/source/Solenopsora_requienii)'' assigned as the [type species](/source/type_species).<ref name="Massalongo 1855"/> However, this species had previously been described in 1840 by [Camille Montagne](/source/Camille_Montagne), as ''Parmelia holophaea''.<ref name="Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1840"/>

==Description==
''Solenopsora'' lichens produce [thalli](/source/thallus) of various [morphologies](/source/morphology_(biology)), including [crust-like](/source/crustose_lichen) (crustose), scaley (squamulose), and [leafy](/source/foliose_lichen) (foliose). Depending on the species, the [apothecia](/source/apothecia) may be immersed on the substrate, emergent on the substrate surface, or somewhat elevated on a stalk (''stipitate''). A combination of microscopic characteristics define the genus ''Solenopsora''. They all have [asci](/source/ascus) that contain eight spores, and are of the ''Catillaria''-type. This means that they have a prominent, [amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology)) tholus (the thickened inner part of the tip of an ascus) that lacks any internal differentiation such as an axial body. They have simple (i.e. unbranched) [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) with an internal brown [pigmentation](/source/biological_pigment) and club-shaped tips. Their [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s are colourless and translucent ([hyaline](/source/hyaline)), and contain a single [septum](/source/septum).<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/>

''[Catillaria](/source/Catillaria)'' is a closely related genus that differs mainly in having a thallus that is always crustose, and apothecia with a proper margin.<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/>

==Habitat and distribution==
Most ''Solenopsora'' species are found in the Northern Hemisphere, including Asia, Europe, western North Africa, North America, and the [Canary Islands](/source/Canary_Islands).<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998"/> Three species are known from Australia.<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/> Eight species occur in Europe.<ref name="Guttová et al. 2014"/>

==Species==
{{As of|2024|December}}, [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) accepts 15 species of ''Solenopsora'':<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum"/>
*''[Solenopsora candicans](/source/Solenopsora_candicans)'' {{small|(Dicks.) J.Steiner (1915)}}<ref name="Steiner 1915"/>
*''[Solenopsora cesatii](/source/Solenopsora_cesatii)'' {{small|(A.Massal.) Zahlbr. (1919)}}
*''[Solenopsora chihuahuana](/source/Solenopsora_chihuahuana)'' {{small|B.D.Ryan & Timdal (2011)}}
*''[Solenopsora cladonioides](/source/Solenopsora_cladonioides)'' {{small|B.D.Ryan & Timdal (2011)}}
*''[Solenopsora cyathiformis](/source/Solenopsora_cyathiformis)'' {{small|(Szatala) van den Boom (2004)}}
*''[Solenopsora elixiana](/source/Solenopsora_elixiana)'' {{small|Verdon & Rambold (1998)}}<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998"/> – [Queensland](/source/Queensland); [La Réunion](/source/La_R%C3%A9union); Taiwan
*''[Solenopsora grisea](/source/Solenopsora_grisea)'' {{small|(Bagl.) Kotlov (2004)}}<ref name="Kotlov 2004"/>
*''[Solenopsora holophaea](/source/Solenopsora_holophaea)'' {{small|(Mont.) Samp. (1921)}}<ref name="Sampaio 1921"/>
*''[Solenopsora isidiata](/source/Solenopsora_isidiata)'' {{small|van den Boom & Ertz (2012)}}<ref name="Van den Boom & Ertz 2012"/>
*''[Solenopsora liparina](/source/Solenopsora_liparina)'' {{small|(Nyl.) Zahlbr. (1919)}}
*''[Solenopsora olivacea](/source/Solenopsora_olivacea)'' {{small|(Dufour) H.Kilias (1981)}}<ref name="Kilias 1981"/>
*''[Solenopsora requienii](/source/Solenopsora_requienii)'' {{small|A.Massal. (1855)}}
*''[Solenopsora sordida](/source/Solenopsora_sordida)'' {{small|(C.W.Dodge) D.J.Galloway (2004)}}<ref name="Galloway 2004"/> – New Zealand
*''[Solenopsora tasmanica](/source/Solenopsora_tasmanica)'' {{small|Kantvilas (2004)}}<ref name="Kantvilas 2004"/> – [Tasmania](/source/Tasmania)
*''[Solenopsora vulturiensis](/source/Solenopsora_vulturiensis)'' {{small|A.Massal. (1856)}}<ref name="Massalongo 1856"/> – Western Australia; Europe; Macaronesia

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="Barker-Webb & Berthelot 1840">{{cite book |last1=Barker-Webb |first1=P. |last2=Berthelot |first2=S. |year=1840 |title=Histoire naturelle des Iles Canaries |volume=3 |page=113 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41468377}}</ref>

<ref name="CoL-Species Fungorum">{{cite web |author=Source dataset. [Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) Plus: Species Fungorum for CoL+ |title=''Solenopsora'' |url=https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/7JFY |work=[Catalog of Life](/source/Catalog_of_Life) Version 2021-04-05 |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Galloway 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Galloway |first1=D.J. |year=2004 |title=Notes on some lichen names recorded from the Snares Islands, southern New Zealand |journal=Australasian Lichenology |volume=55 |pages=21–25}}</ref>

<ref name="Guttová et al. 2014">{{cite journal |last1=Guttová |first1=Anna |last2=Zozomová-Lihová |first2=Judita |last3=Timdal |first3=Einar |last4=Kučera |first4=Jaromír |last5=Slovák |first5=Marek |last6=Piknová |first6=Katarína |last7=Paoli |first7=Luca |title=First insights into genetic diversity and relationships of European taxa of ''Solenopsora'' (Catillariaceae, Ascomycota) with implications for their delimitation |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |year=2014 |pages=203–223 |doi=10.1111/boj.12200|doi-access=free }}</ref>

<ref name="Kantvilas 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Kantvilas |first1=Gintaras |title=A new species of ''Solenopsora'' from Tasmania |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=36 |issue=2 |year=2004 |pages=113–117 |doi=10.1017/S0024282904014057|s2cid=85652729 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kilias 1981">{{cite journal |last1=Kilias |first1=H. |year=1981 |title=Revision gesteinbewohnender Sippen der Flechtengattung ''Catillaria'' Massal. in Europa (Lecanorales, Lecideaceae) |journal=Herzogia |volume=5 |issue=3–4 |pages=209–448 (see p. 409)|doi=10.1127/herzogia/5/1981/209 |s2cid=249730962 }}</ref>

<ref name="Kotlov 2004">{{cite journal |last1=Kotlov |first1=Y.V. |year=2004 |title=Preliminary checklist of lichen family Catillariaceae |journal=Novosti Sistematiki Nizshikh Rastenii |volume=37 |pages=234–252}}</ref>

<ref name="Massalongo 1855">{{cite book |last1=Massalongo |first1=Abramo Bartolommeo |year=1855 |title=Frammenti lichenografici |publisher=Ramanzini |location=Verona |pages=1–27}}</ref>

<ref name="Massalongo 1856">{{cite journal |last1=Massalongo |first1=Abramo Bartolommeo |year=1856 |title=Sertulum lichenologicum |journal=Lotos Prague |volume=6 |pages=74–83 |language=la}}</ref>

<ref name="Sampaio 1921">{{cite journal |last1=Sampaio |first1=G. |year=1921 |title=Novas contribuições para o estudo dos líquenes portugueses |journal=Brotéria Série Botânica |volume=19 |pages=12–35 |language=pt}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title=Synonymy: ''Solenopsora'' A. Massal., Framm. Lichenogr.: 20 (1855) |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=5052 |publisher=[Species Fungorum](/source/Species_Fungorum) |access-date=29 April 2021}}</ref>

<ref name="Steiner 1915">{{cite journal |last1=Steiner |first1=J. |year=1915 |title=Adnotationes lichenographicae |journal=Österreichische Botanische Zeitschrift |volume=65 |issue=10–12 |pages=278–292|doi=10.1007/BF01660996 |s2cid=12308910 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/246133 }}</ref>

<ref name="Van den Boom & Ertz 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Van den Boom |first1=P. |last2=Ertz |first2=D. |year=2012 |title=Lichens and lichenicolous fungi from El Hierro (Canary Islands), a survey, including five new species |journal=Cryptogamie, Mycologie |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=59–97|doi=10.7872/crym.v33.iss1.2012.059 |s2cid=84210950 }}</ref>

<ref name="Verdon & Rambold 1998">{{cite journal |last1=Verdon |first1=V. |last2=Rambold |first2=G. |year=1998 |title=A new species in the genus ''Solenopsora'' (Catillariaceae, Lecanorales) |journal=Mycotaxon |volume=69 |pages=399–408 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59575/0069/0399.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |display-authors=6 |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |first3=Laith Khalil Tawfeeq |last3=Al-Ani |last4=Somayeh |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8 |doi-access=free|hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q10673162}}

Category:Lecanorales
Category:Lecanorales genera
Category:Lichen genera
Category:Taxa described in 1855
Category:Taxa named by Abramo Bartolommeo Massalongo

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Solenopsora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenopsora) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solenopsora?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.