# Social anarchism

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Social_anarchism
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Social_anarchism.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anarchism
> Source revision: 1350835685
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Branch of anarchism emphasizing social solidarity

This article is about the branch of anarchism emphasizing social solidarity. For the libertarian political philosophy within the socialist movement, see [Libertarian socialism](/source/Libertarian_socialism).

Part of a series on Anarchism Definition Glossary Outline Schools of thought Black Collectivist Communist Egoist Feminist Green Individualist Insurrectionary Market Mutualist Pacifist Philosophical Primitivist Queer Religious Christian Jewish Social Syndicalist Synthesis Without adjectives Theory and practice Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anarchist criminology Anarchist Internationalism Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Anti-imperialism Anti-militarism Affinity group Autonomous social center Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Community organizing Consensus decision-making Conscientious objector Critique of work Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Free association Free love Freethought Galleanism Horizontalidad Individualism Intentional community Mutual aid Permanent autonomous zone Popular education Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Sabotage Security culture Self-ownership Social ecology Sociocracy Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary autonomous zone Union of egoists Voluntary association Workerism Workers' council People Alston Armand Ba Bakunin Berkman Bonanno Bookchin Bourdin Chomsky Cleyre Day Déjacque Durruti Ellul Ervin Fanelli Faure Ferrer Feyerabend Giovanni Godwin Goldman González Prada Graeber Guillaume He-Yin Kanno Kōtoku Kropotkin Landauer Liu Magón Makhno Maksimov Malatesta Mett Michel Most Parsons Pi i Margall Pouget Proudhon Raichō Reclus Rocker Santillán Schürmann Spooner Stirner Thoreau Tolstoy Tucker Volin Ward Warren Yarchuk Zerzan Issues Animal rights Arts Capitalism Education Law Love and sex Nationalism Religion Violence History French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA Paris Commune Hague Congress Cantonal rebellion Haymarket affair Trial of the Thirty International Conference of Rome Ferrer movement Strandzha Commune Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen German Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Barcelona May Days Contemporary anarchism Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection Provo May 1968 Kate Sharpley Library Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Really Really Free Market Occupy movement Culture A las Barricadas Anarchist bookfair Anarcho-punk Anarchy in the U.K. Architecture Circle-A DIY ethic Escuela Moderna Films Freeganism Infoshop Independent Media Center The Internationale May Day Popular education Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Self-managed social center Symbolism Economics Communization Cooperative Cost the limit of price Decentralized planned economy Free association General strike Gift economy Give-away shop Labor voucher Local exchange trading system Market socialism Mutual bank Mutual credit Social ownership Wage slavery Workers' self-management By region Africa Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Hong Kong Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Russia Singapore Soviet Union Syria Taiwan Timor-Leste Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama United States Individualist anarchism Puerto Rico Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Lists Anarcho-punk bands Books Fictional characters Films Jewish anarchists Musicians Periodicals Related topics Anarcho-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war movement Autarchism Autonomist marxism Communism Council communism IWA Labour movement Left communism Left-libertarianism Libertarian socialism Marxism National-anarchism Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order Anarchism portal Politics portal v t e

**Social anarchism**, also known as **left-wing anarchism** or **socialist anarchism**, is an [anarchist](/source/Anarchism) tradition that sees [individual liberty](/source/Liberty) and [social solidarity](/source/Solidarity) as interlinked.

It advocates for a [social revolution](/source/Social_revolution) to eliminate hierarchical power structures, such as [capitalism](/source/Capitalism) and the [state](/source/State_(polity)), and establish economy based on collective ownership of means of production, distribution and economic planning. In their place, social anarchists encourage voluntary [social collaboration](/source/Social_collaboration) through [mutual aid](/source/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)) and envision non-hierarchical forms of [social organization](/source/Social_organization), such as networks of popular assemblies and worker cooperatives.

Identified with the socialist tradition of [Mikhail Bakunin](/source/Mikhail_Bakunin) and [Peter Kropotkin](/source/Peter_Kropotkin), social anarchism is often contrasted with [individualist anarchism](/source/Individualist_anarchism).

## Political principles

Social anarchism is opposed to all forms of hierarchical [power structures](/source/Power_(social_and_political)), and [oppression](/source/Oppression), including (but not limited to) the [State](/source/State_(polity)) and [capitalism](/source/Capitalism).[1] Social anarchism sees [liberty](/source/Liberty) as interconnected with [social solidarity](/source/Solidarity),[2] and considers the maximization of one to be necessary for the maximization of the other.[3] As such, social anarchism seeks to guarantee equal rights to freedom and material security for all persons.[4]

Social anarchism envisions the overthrow of capitalism and the state in a [social revolution](/source/Social_revolution),[5] which would establish a [federal society](/source/Federalism) of [voluntary associations](/source/Voluntary_association) and [local communities](/source/Local_community),[6] based on a network of [mutual aid](/source/Mutual_aid_(organization_theory)).[7]

The key principles that form the core of social anarchism include [anti-capitalism](/source/Anti-capitalism), [anti-statism](/source/Anti-statism) and [prefigurative politics](/source/Prefigurative_politics).[8]

### Anti-capitalism

As an [anti-capitalist](/source/Anti-capitalism) ideology, social anarchism is opposed to the dominant expressions of capitalism, including the expansion of [transnational corporations](/source/Transnational_corporation) through [globalization](/source/Globalization).[9] It comprises one of the main forms of [socialism](/source/Socialism), alongside [utopian socialism](/source/Utopian_socialism), [democratic socialism](/source/Democratic_socialism) and [authoritarian socialism](/source/Authoritarian_socialism).[10] Social anarchism rejects private property, particularly private ownership of the [means of production](/source/Means_of_production), as the principal source of [social inequality](/source/Social_inequality).[11] As such, social anarchists typically oppose [propertarianism](/source/Propertarianism), as they consider it to exacerbate social and [economic inequality](/source/Economic_inequality), suppress [individual agency](/source/Agency_(philosophy)) and require the maintenance of hierarchical institutions.[12]

Social anarchists argue that the abolition of private property would lead to the development of new social [mores](/source/Mores), encouraging mutual [respect](/source/Respect) for individual freedom and the satisfaction of individual needs.[13] Social anarchism therefore advocates the [breaking up of monopolies](/source/Monopoly#Breaking_up_monopolies) and the institution of [common ownership](/source/Common_ownership) over the means of production.[14] Instead of capitalist markets, with their profit motives and wage systems, social anarchism desires to organise production through a [collective](/source/Collective) system of [worker cooperatives](/source/Worker_cooperative), [agricultural communes](/source/Agricultural_commune) and [labour syndicates](/source/Syndicate#Labor_syndicates).[15]

While social anarchism has rejected the statism of [Orthodox Marxism](/source/Orthodox_Marxism), it has also drawn from Marxist critiques of capitalism, particularly [Marx's theory of alienation](/source/Marx's_theory_of_alienation).[16] Social anarchists have also been reluctant to adopt the Marxist centring of the [proletariat](/source/Proletariat) as revolutionary agents, instead identifying the revolutionary potential of the [socially excluded](/source/Social_exclusion) segments of society.[17]

### Anti-statism

As an [anti-statist ideology](/source/Anti-statism), social anarchism opposes the concentration of power in the form of a State.[18] To social anarchists, the state is a type of coercive hierarchy designed to enforce private property and to limit individual self-development.[19] Social anarchists reject both [centralised](/source/Centralised_government) and [limited forms of government](/source/Limited_government), instead upholding [social collaboration](/source/Social_collaboration) as a means to achieve a [spontaneous order](/source/Spontaneous_order), without any [social contract](/source/Social_contract) supplanting [social relations](/source/Social_relations).[20] Social anarchists believe that the abolition of the state will lead to greater "[freedom](/source/Freedom), [flourishing](/source/Flourishing) and [fairness](/source/Social_justice)".[21]

In the place of a state structure, social anarchists desire [anarchy](/source/Anarchy), which can be defined as a society without government.[22] Social anarchists oppose the use of a state structure to achieve their goals of a [stateless](/source/Stateless_society) and [classless society](/source/Classless_society),[23] as they consider statism to be an inherently [corrupting influence](/source/Political_corruption).[24] They thus have criticised the Marxist conception of the "[dictatorship of the proletariat](/source/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat)", which they consider to be [elitist](/source/Elitism),[25] and have rejected the possibility of a "[withering away of the state](/source/Withering_away_of_the_state)".[26]

However, some social anarchists such as [Noam Chomsky](/source/Noam_Chomsky) sometimes hold state hierarchy to be preferable to economic hierarchy, and thus lend their support to [welfare state](/source/Welfare_state) programs like [universal health care](/source/Universal_health_care) that can improve people's material conditions.[19]

### Prefigurative politics

Alongside its opposition to political and economic hierarchies, social anarchism upholds [prefigurative politics](/source/Prefigurative_politics), considering it necessary for the means to achieve anarchy be consistent with that end goal.[27] Social anarchism prefigures itself through [participatory](/source/Public_participation_(decision_making)) and [consensus decision-making](/source/Consensus_decision-making), which are capable of generating the diversification of [political values](/source/Diversity_(politics)), [tactics](/source/Diversity_of_tactics) and [identities](/source/Identity_politics).[28]

Social anarchism therefore promotes [self-organization](/source/Self-organization) and the cultivation of a [participatory culture](/source/Participatory_culture), encouraging individuals to "[do things for themselves](/source/Do_it_yourself)".[1] Social anarchism upholds [direct action](/source/Direct_action) as a means for people to themselves resist oppression,[29] without subordinating their own agency to [democratic representatives](/source/Representative_democracy) or [revolutionary vanguards](/source/Vanguardism).[30] Social anarchists thus reject the [political party](/source/Political_party) model of organization,[16] instead preferring forms of [flat organization](/source/Flat_organization) without any fixed leadership.[31]

### Social equality

Social anarchism values [social equality](/source/Social_equality), in that it is opposed to the inequalities produced by hierarchies. It is not opposed to all inequality, instead seeing inequalities based on need, that require fundamentally different treatment, to be acceptable and sometimes desirable. Social anarchism sees inequalities of rank or hierarchy, or gross material inequalities, as damaging to society and individuals.[32] Social anarchists believe that a society organised non-hierarchically would eliminate much of the inequality that presently exists.[33] The goal of social anarchism cannot be understood to be equality alone.[34]

## Schools of thought

[Mikhail Bakunin](/source/Mikhail_Bakunin), founding figure of [collectivist anarchism](/source/Collectivist_anarchism)

[Peter Kropotkin](/source/Peter_Kropotkin), founding figure of [communist anarchism](/source/Anarcho-communism)

Characterised by its loose definition and ideological diversity,[35] social anarchism has lent itself to [syncretism](/source/Syncretism), both drawing from and influencing other ideological critiques of oppression,[36] and giving way to a number of different [anarchist schools of thought](/source/Anarchist_schools_of_thought).[37]

While early forms of anarchism were largely individualistic, the influence of [Left Hegelianism](/source/Young_Hegelians) infused anarchism with socialistic tendencies, leading to the constitution of social anarchism.[38] Over time, the question of the economic makeup of a future anarchist society drove the development of social anarchist thought.[39] The first school of social anarchism was formulated by [Pierre-Joseph Proudhon](/source/Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon), whose theory of [mutualism](/source/Mutualism_(economic_theory)) retained a form of private property,[40] advocating for enterprises to be [self-managed](/source/Workers'_self-management) by [worker cooperatives](/source/Worker_cooperative), which would compensate its workers in [labour vouchers](/source/Labour_voucher) issued by "[people's banks](/source/Cooperative_banking)".[41] This was later supplanted by [Mikhail Bakunin](/source/Mikhail_Bakunin)'s [collectivist anarchism](/source/Collectivist_anarchism), which advocated for the [collective ownership](/source/Collective_ownership) of all property, but retained a form of [individual compensation](/source/To_each_according_to_his_contribution).[42] This finally led to the development of [anarcho-communism](/source/Anarcho-communism) by [Peter Kropotkin](/source/Peter_Kropotkin), who considered that resources should be freely distributed "[from each according to their ability, to each according to their needs](/source/From_each_according_to_his_ability%2C_to_each_according_to_his_needs)", without money or wages.[43] Social anarchists also adopted the strategy of [syndicalism](/source/Syndicalism), which saw [trade unions](/source/Trade_unions) as the basis for a new [socialist economy](/source/Socialist_economics),[44] with [anarcho-syndicalism](/source/Anarcho-syndicalism) growing to its greatest influence during the [Spanish Revolution of 1936](/source/Spanish_Revolution_of_1936).[45]

The main division within social anarchism is over the means for achieving anarchy, with [philosophical anarchists](/source/Philosophical_anarchism) advocating for peaceful persuasion,[46] while [insurrectionary anarchists](/source/Insurrectionary_anarchism) advocated for "[propaganda of the deed](/source/Propaganda_of_the_deed)".[47] The former have upheld an [anarchist form of education](/source/Anarchism_and_education), free from [coercion](/source/Coercion) and [dogmatism](/source/Dogma), in order to establish a self-governing society.[48] The latter have participated in rebellions in which they [expropriated](/source/Expropriative_anarchism) and [collectivised](/source/Collectivization) property, and replaced the state with a network of autonomous and federally-linked communes.[49] The aim was to build a socialist society, without using the state, from the bottom-up.[49]

Principles of social anarchism, such as decentralisation, anti-authoritarianism and mutual aid, later held a key influence on the [new social movements](/source/New_social_movements) of the late-20th century.[50] It was particularly influential within the [New Left](/source/New_Left) and [green politics](/source/Green_politics),[51] with the [green anarchist](/source/Green_anarchism) tendency of [social ecology](/source/Social_ecology_(Bookchin)) drawing directly from social anarchism.[52] Social anarchist strategies of direct action and spontaneity also formed the foundation of the [black bloc](/source/Black_bloc) tactic, which has become a staple of [contemporary anarchism](/source/Contemporary_anarchism).[53] The social anarchist principle of prefiguration has also been shared by sections of anti-state Marxism, particularly that of [autonomism](/source/Autonomism).[54]

In the contemporary era, anarcho-communism and anarcho-syndicalism are the dominant tendencies of social anarchism.[55]

## Distinction from individualism

The social anarchist [Murray Bookchin](/source/Murray_Bookchin), who contrasted the tendency against [individualist anarchism](/source/Individualist_anarchism) and claimed there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated the two.

Social anarchism is commonly distinguished from [individualist anarchism](/source/Individualist_anarchism),[56] the latter of which favours [individual sovereignty](/source/Self-ownership) and [property](/source/Private_property),[57] and can even oppose all forms of [social organization](/source/Social_organization) altogether.[58] While individualists worry that social anarchism could lead to [tyranny of the majority](/source/Tyranny_of_the_majority) and forced [collaboration](/source/Collaboration), social anarchists criticise individualism for encouraging [competition](/source/Competition) and [atomizing](/source/Social_alienation) individuals from each other.[59] Individualism was heavily criticised by classical social anarchists,[60] such as Bakunin and Kropotkin, who held that the liberty of a few individuals was potentially harmful to the equality of all mankind.[61]

However, this distinction is also contested,[62] as anarchism itself is often seen as a synthesis of [liberal individualism](/source/Individualism#Liberalism) and [social egalitarianism](/source/Egalitarianism#Social_egalitarianism).[63] Some social anarchists, such as [Emma Goldman](/source/Emma_Goldman) and [Herbert Read](/source/Herbert_Read), were even directly inspired by the individualist philosophy of [Max Stirner](/source/Max_Stirner).[64] Social anarchism generally attempts to reconcile individual freedoms with the freedom of others, in order to maximise the freedom of everyone and allow for individuality to flourish.[13] Individualists and social anarchists have even been able to cooperate by upholding "communal individuality", emphasising both individual freedom and community strength.[59] Some social anarchists have argued that the divisions between them and the individualists can be overcome, by emphasising their shared commitment to anti-capitalism and anti-authoritarianism.[65] But others draw the line at forms of individualism that uphold hierarchical power relations.[66]

In his 1995 book, *Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism*, [Murray Bookchin](/source/Murray_Bookchin) defined social anarchism in contrast to what he called "lifestyle anarchism".[67] According to Bookchin, it was impossible for the two tendencies to coexist, claiming there to be an "unbridgeable chasm" that separated them from each other.[68] Bookchin held social anarchism to be the only genuine form of anarchism, considering individualism to be inherently oppressive.[69] But his separation of the two tendencies has been criticised and even rejected entirely by other anarchists.[70] His analysis has been criticised as "reductive" and "undialectical", due to his failure to recognise the many connections and interrelations between the two tendencies.[71]

Although sometimes considered a form of individualist anarchism,[72] [anarcho-capitalism](/source/Anarcho-capitalism) is typically rejected as a legitimate [anarchist school of thought](/source/Anarchist_school_of_thought) by most anarchists, who uphold [anti-capitalism](/source/Anti-capitalism) as a central principle.[73] The two have engaged in a contested debate over the term "[libertarian](/source/Libertarianism)", which was initially a synonym for the "[left-libertarian](/source/Left-libertarianism)" social anarchism but was later also claimed by "[right-libertarian](/source/Right-libertarianism)" anarcho-capitalists, with each rejecting the "libertarian" credentials of the other.[74] In contrast, social anarchists accept [American individualist anarchists](/source/Individualist_anarchism_in_the_United_States) like [Benjamin Tucker](/source/Benjamin_Tucker) and [Lysander Spooner](/source/Lysander_Spooner) as genuine, due in part to their opposition to capitalism.[75] In turn, modern anti-capitalist individualists like formerly [Kevin Carson](/source/Kevin_Carson) have drawn inspiration from social anarchism, while retaining their [pro-market views](/source/Market_anarchism).[76] Libertarian scholar Roderick T. Long has thus suggested that left-wing market anarchists could use their position to [mediate](/source/Mediation) between social anarchists and anarcho-capitalists, arguing for an [ecumenical view](/source/Ecumenism) of anarchism and libertarianism.[77]

## See also

- [Social anarchists](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_anarchists) (category)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200426_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200426_1-1) [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001120Franks2018a557Jun201851–56Marshall2008653–654Ostergaard199121Ostergaard200613Suissa2001629–630_2-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), p. 120; [Franks 2018a](#CITEREFFranks2018a), p. 557; [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), pp. 51–56; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 653–654; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 629–630.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun201851–56Ostergaard199121Ostergaard200613_3-0)** [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), pp. 51–56; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008653–654_4-0)** [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 653–654.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFirth2018495Suissa2001637–638Ostergaard200613_5-0)** [Firth 2018](#CITEREFFirth2018), p. 495; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 637–638; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001120Firth2018495Suissa2001637–638Ostergaard200613_6-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), p. 120; [Firth 2018](#CITEREFFirth2018), p. 495; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 637–638; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008655–656Ostergaard200613Suissa2001629–630Thagard2000148–149_7-0)** [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 655–656; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 629–630; [Thagard 2000](#CITEREFThagard2000), pp. 148–149.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013390_8-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 390.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200424–25_9-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 24–25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20002_10-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 2.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013389–390Jun201852Long202028Ostergaard199121_11-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 389–390; [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), p. 52; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), p. 28; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2018a557–558_12-0)** [Franks 2018a](#CITEREFFranks2018a), pp. 557–558.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008651_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008651_13-1) [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 651.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun201852_14-0)** [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), p. 52.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008653_15-0)** [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 653.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200425_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200425_16-1) [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200425–26_17-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 25–26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200423–24Thagard2000148–149_18-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 23–24; [Thagard 2000](#CITEREFThagard2000), pp. 148–149.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013391_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013391_19-1) [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 391.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2001639_20-0)** [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), p. 639.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThagard2000150–152_21-0)** [Thagard 2000](#CITEREFThagard2000), pp. 150–152.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200423–24_22-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 23–24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200423–24Suissa2001630–631_23-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 23–24; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 630–631.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200425Suissa2001630–631_24-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 25; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 630–631.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200423–25Suissa2001630–631_25-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 23–25; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 630–631.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2001630–631_26-0)** [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 630–631.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2018a551_27-0)** [Franks 2018a](#CITEREFFranks2018a), p. 551.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2018b34–35_28-0)** [Franks 2018b](#CITEREFFranks2018b), pp. 34–35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013390Morland200426_29-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 390; [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013390Morland200425–26_30-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 390; [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 25–26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013390–391_31-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 390–391.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** Suissa, Judith (27 September 2006). [*Anarchism and Education*](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643) (0 ed.). Routledge. pp. 64–66. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9780203965627](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203965627). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-19464-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19464-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Suissa, Judith (27 September 2006). [*Anarchism and Education*](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643) (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 66. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9780203965627](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203965627). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-19464-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19464-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** Suissa, Judith (27 September 2006). [*Anarchism and Education*](https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/9781134194643) (0 ed.). Routledge. p. 67. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9780203965627](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203965627). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-134-19464-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-19464-3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200423_35-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013400_36-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 400.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013400Morland200423_37-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 400; [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcLaughlin2007116_38-0)** [McLaughlin 2007](#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007), p. 116.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20005Marshall20086Ostergaard200613_39-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 6; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001120–121Busky20005Marshall20087_40-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), pp. 120–121; [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20005Marshall20087_41-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 7.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001121–123Busky20005Marshall20087–8_42-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), pp. 121–123; [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 7–8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001123–124Busky20005Marshall20088_43-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), pp. 123–124; [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 8.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001125–126Busky20005Marshall20088–9Ostergaard200613_44-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), pp. 125–126; [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 5; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 8–9; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001126Marshall20089–10Ostergaard200613_45-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), p. 126; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 9–10; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20006_46-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdams2001124–125Busky20006_47-0)** [Adams 2001](#CITEREFAdams2001), pp. 124–125; [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuissa2001638_48-0)** [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), p. 638.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstergaard200613_49-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOstergaard200613_49-1) [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200430–31_50-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 30–31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20005–6_51-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), pp. 5–6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013397–398Marshall2008692–693Morland200423Morris2017376–377_52-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 397–398; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 692–693; [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 23; [Morris 2017](#CITEREFMorris2017), pp. 376–377.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMorland200432–33_53-0)** [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), pp. 32–33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2018b31_54-0)** [Franks 2018b](#CITEREFFranks2018b), p. 31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013394_55-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 394.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20004Franks2013386–388Jun201851Long202028Marshall20086McLaughlin200717–21,_25–26,_116Ostergaard199121Ostergaard200613Suissa2001629–630_56-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 4; [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 386–388; [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), p. 51; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), p. 28; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 6; [McLaughlin 2007](#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007), pp. 17–21, 25–26, 116; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 629–630.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJun201851–52Long202028–29Marshall200810Ostergaard199121Ostergaard200613_57-0)** [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), pp. 51–52; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 28–29; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 10; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20004_58-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 4.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20086_59-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall20086_59-1) [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 6.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013388Long202029Suissa2001629–630_60-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 388; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), p. 29; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 629–630.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013388Suissa2001629–630_61-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 388; [Suissa 2001](#CITEREFSuissa2001), pp. 629–630.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013386–388_62-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 386–388.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013386–388Jun201852Ostergaard200613_63-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 386–388; [Jun 2018](#CITEREFJun2018), p. 52; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008221McLaughlin2007162,_166–167_64-0)** [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 221; [McLaughlin 2007](#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007), pp. 162, 166–167.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013393_65-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 393.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013393–394_66-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), pp. 393–394.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201851–52Firth2018500–501McLaughlin2007165Morland200424_67-0)** [Davis 2018](#CITEREFDavis2018), pp. 51–52; [Firth 2018](#CITEREFFirth2018), pp. 500–501; [McLaughlin 2007](#CITEREFMcLaughlin2007), p. 165; [Morland 2004](#CITEREFMorland2004), p. 24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201853Marshall2008694_68-0)** [Davis 2018](#CITEREFDavis2018), p. 53; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 694.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranks2013388_69-0)** [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 388.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall2008692–693_70-0)** [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), pp. 692–693.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201853–54Long202035_71-0)** [Davis 2018](#CITEREFDavis2018), pp. 53–54; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), p. 35.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBusky20004Long202030–31Ostergaard199121Ostergaard200613_72-0)** [Busky 2000](#CITEREFBusky2000), p. 4; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 30–31; [Ostergaard 1991](#CITEREFOstergaard1991), p. 21; [Ostergaard 2006](#CITEREFOstergaard2006), p. 13.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavis201864Franks2013393Franks2018a558–559Long2017286–287Long202030–31Marshall2008650_73-0)** [Davis 2018](#CITEREFDavis2018), p. 64; [Franks 2013](#CITEREFFranks2013), p. 393; [Franks 2018a](#CITEREFFranks2018a), pp. 558–559; [Long 2017](#CITEREFLong2017), pp. 286–287; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 30–31; [Marshall 2008](#CITEREFMarshall2008), p. 650.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong202030–31_74-0)** [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 30–31.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2017287–290Long202031–33_75-0)** [Long 2017](#CITEREFLong2017), pp. 287–290; [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 31–33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2017292_76-0)** [Long 2017](#CITEREFLong2017), p. 292.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong202033–35_77-0)** [Long 2020](#CITEREFLong2020), pp. 33–35.

## Bibliography

- Adams, Ian (2001) [1993]. "Anarchism". [*Political Ideology Today*](https://archive.org/details/politicalideolog0000adam/) (2nd ed.). [Manchester University Press](/source/Manchester_University_Press). pp. 120–126. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7190-6020-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6020-6).

- Busky, Donald F. (2000). "Defining Democratic Socialism". [*Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3joQKjDtn4wC). [Greenwood Publishing Group](/source/Greenwood_Publishing_Group). pp. 1–14. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0275968861](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0275968861).

- Davis, Laurence (2018). "Individual and Community". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). *The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism*. London: [Palgrave Macmillan](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). pp. 47–90. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_3](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3319756196](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [150149495](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150149495).

- Firth, Rhiannon (2018). ["Utopianism and Intentional Communities"](http://repository.essex.ac.uk/22595/1/ACCEPTED%20CORRECTED%20Rhiannon%20Firth%20Utopian%20Communities%20-%20ED.pdf) (PDF). In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). *The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism*. London: [Palgrave Macmillan](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). pp. 491–510. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_28](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_28). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3319756196](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [149636440](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149636440).

- Franks, Benjamin (August 2013). "Anarchism". In Freeden, Michael; Stears, Marc (eds.). *The Oxford Handbook of Political Ideologies*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). pp. 385–404. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199585977.013.0001](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780199585977.013.0001). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-958597-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958597-7).

- Franks, Benjamin (2018a). "Anarchism and Ethics". In Adams, Matthew S.; Levy, Carl (eds.). *The Palgrave Handbook of Anarchism*. London: [Palgrave Macmillan](/source/Palgrave_Macmillan). pp. 549–570. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-319-75620-2_31](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-75620-2_31). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-3319756196](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3319756196). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [149845918](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149845918).

- Franks, Benjamin (2018b). "Prefiguration". In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). *Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 28–43. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-138-92565-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92565-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2017044519](https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044519).

- Harrell, Willie J. Jr. (2012). [""I am an Anarchist": The Social Anarchism of Lucy E. Parsons"](https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol13/iss1/1). *Journal of International Women's Studies*. **13** (1): 1–18. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1539-8706](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1539-8706). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [8093224507](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8093224507). Retrieved 21 June 2023.

- Jun, Nathan (2018). "Freedom". In Franks, Benjamin; Jun, Nathan; Williams, Leonard (eds.). *Anarchism: A Conceptual Approach*. [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 44–59. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-138-92565-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-92565-6). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2017044519](https://lccn.loc.gov/2017044519).

- Long, Roderick T. (2017). "Anarchism and Libertarianism". In Jun, Nathan J. (ed.). *Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy*. [Brill](/source/Brill_Publishers). pp. 285–317. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/9789004356894_012](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356894_012). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-35689-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4).

- Long, Roderick T. (2020). "The Anarchist Landscape". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). *The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought*. [New York](/source/New_York_City): [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 28–38. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9781315185255-2](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315185255-2). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781315185255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315185255). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [228898569](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228898569).

- [Marshall, Peter H.](/source/Peter_Marshall_(author%2C_born_1946)) (2008) [1992]. *[Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism](/source/Demanding_the_Impossible)*. [London](/source/London): [Harper Perennial](/source/Harper_Perennial). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-00-686245-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-00-686245-1). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [218212571](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/218212571).

- McLaughlin, Paul (2007). [*Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=kkj5i3CeGbQC). Aldershot: [Ashgate Publishing](/source/Ashgate_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7546-6196-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6196-2). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2007007973](https://lccn.loc.gov/2007007973).

- Morland, David (1997). [*Demanding the Impossible? Human Nature and Politics in Nineteenth-Century Social Anarchism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=p7LaAAAAMAAJ). [Cassell](/source/Cassell_(publisher)). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-304-33685-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-304-33685-8). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [97-1672](https://lccn.loc.gov/97-1672).

- Morland, David (2004). "Anti-capitalism and poststructuralist anarchism". In Bowen, James; Purkis, Jon (eds.). [*Changing Anarchism: Anarchist Theory and Practice in a Global Age*](https://archive.org/details/changinganarchis00bowe). [Manchester University Press](/source/Manchester_University_Press). pp. 23–38. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7190-6694-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-6694-8).

- Morris, Brian (2017). "Anarchism and Environmental Philosophy". In Jun, Nathan J. (ed.). *Brill's Companion to Anarchism and Philosophy*. [Brill](/source/Brill_Publishers). pp. 369–400. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/9789004356894_015](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004356894_015). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-35689-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-35689-4).

- Ostergaard, Geoffrey (1991) [1983]. "Anarchism". In Bottomore, Tom (ed.). *A Dictionary of Marxist Thought* (2nd ed.). [Blackwell Publishing](/source/Wiley-Blackwell). pp. 21–23. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-631-16481-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-16481-2). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [91-17658](https://lccn.loc.gov/91-17658).

- [Ostergaard, Geoffrey](/source/Geoffrey_Ostergaard) (2006) [1993]. "Anarchism". In Outhwaite, William (ed.). *The Blackwell Dictionary of Modern Social Thought* (2 ed.). [Blackwell Publishing](/source/Wiley-Blackwell). pp. 12–14. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1002/9780470999028.ch1](https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470999028.ch1). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780470999028](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470999028).

- Spafford, Jesse (2020). "Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Private Property". In Chartier, Gary; Van Schoelandt, Chad (eds.). *The Routledge Handbook of Anarchy and Anarchist Thought*. [New York](/source/New_York_City): [Routledge](/source/Routledge). pp. 327–341. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9781315185255-23](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781315185255-23). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781315185255](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315185255). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [228898569](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228898569).

- Spafford, Jesse (October 2023). [*Social Anarchism and the Rejection of Moral Tyranny*](https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-anarchism-and-the-rejection-of-moral-tyranny/6B0E38604D6CE88BCBF699D7D2805E89). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-00-937544-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-937544-3).

- Suissa, Judith (2001). "Anarchism, Utopias and Philosophy of Education". *Journal of Philosophy of Education*. **35** (4): 627–646. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/1467-9752.00249](https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-9752.00249).

- [Thagard, Paul](/source/Paul_Thagard) (2000). ["Ethics and Politics"](https://books.google.com/books?id=Px0vctI8eGQC&pg=PA153). *Coherence in Thought and Action*. [MIT Press](/source/MIT_Press). pp. 149–154. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-262-20131-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-20131-3). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [00-035503](https://lccn.loc.gov/00-035503).

## Further reading

- Baldelli, Giovanni (2010) [1971]. [*Social Anarchism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=1pEO5ZAKW5AC). [Transaction Publishers](/source/Transaction_Publishers). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-202-36339-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36339-4). [LCCN](/source/LCCN_(identifier)) [2009030191](https://lccn.loc.gov/2009030191). Retrieved 31 March 2019.

- [Bookchin, Murray](/source/Murray_Bookchin) (1995). [*Social Anarchism or Lifestyle Anarchism: An Unbridgeable Chasm*](https://libcom.org/article/social-anarchism-or-lifestyle-anarchism-unbridgeable-chasm-murray-bookchin). [AK Press](/source/AK_Press).

- Shantz, Jeff (2013). "Introduction". In Ehrlich, Howard J. (ed.). *The Best of Social Anarchism*. [Tucson, Arizona](/source/Tucson%2C_Arizona): See Sharp Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781937276461](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781937276461).

## External links

- Quotations related to [Social anarchism](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Social_anarchism) at Wikiquote

- Media related to [Social anarchism](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Social_anarchism) at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Anarchism Concepts Anarchy Anarchist Black Cross Anarchist criminology Anarchist Internationalism Anationalism Anti-authoritarianism Anti-capitalism Anti-imperialism Anti-militarism Affinity group Autonomous social center Black bloc Classless society Class struggle Community organizing Consensus decision-making Conscientious objector Critique of work Decentralization Deep ecology Direct action Free association Free love Freethought Galleanism Horizontalidad Individualism Intentional community Mutual aid Permanent autonomous zone Popular education Prefigurative politics Propaganda of the deed Refusal of work Revolution Rewilding Sabotage Security culture Self-ownership Social ecology Sociocracy Somatherapy Spontaneous order Squatting Temporary autonomous zone Union of egoists Voluntary association Workerism Workers' council Issues Animal rights Arts Capitalism Education Law Love and sex Nationalism Religion Violence Schools of thought Classical Individualist Egoist Illegalist Naturist Philosophical Mutualist Social Collectivist Communist Magonist Post-classical Feminist Green Primitivist Social ecology Independence Insurrectionary Pacifist Religious Christian Buddhist Jewish Without adjectives Contemporary Black Free-market Postcolonial Post-anarchist Post-left Queer Types of federation Affinity group Anarcho-syndicalism Platformism Anarchist synthesis Union of egoists Economics Communization Cooperative Cost the limit of price Decentralized planned economy Free association General strike Gift economy Give-away shop Labor voucher Local exchange trading system Market socialism Mutual bank Mutual credit Social ownership Wage slavery Workers' self-management Culture A las Barricadas Anarchist bookfair Anarcho-punk Anarchy in the U.K. Architecture Circle-A DIY ethic Escuela Moderna Films Freeganism Infoshop Independent Media Center The Internationale May Day Popular education Radical cheerleading Radical environmentalism Self-managed social center Symbolism History French Revolution Revolutions of 1848 Spanish Regional Federation of the IWA Paris Commune Hague Congress Cantonal rebellion Haymarket affair Trial of the Thirty International Conference of Rome Ferrer movement Strandzha Commune Congress of Amsterdam Tragic Week High Treason Incident Manifesto of the Sixteen German Revolution of 1918–1919 Bavarian Soviet Republic 1919 United States bombings Biennio Rosso Kronstadt rebellion Makhnovshchina Amakasu Incident Alt Llobregat insurrection Anarchist insurrection of January 1933 Anarchist insurrection of December 1933 Spanish Revolution of 1936 Barcelona May Days Contemporary anarchism Red inverted triangle Labadie Collection Provo May 1968 Kate Sharpley Library Carnival Against Capital 1999 Seattle WTO protests Really Really Free Market Occupy movement People Alston Armand Ba Bakunin Berkman Bonanno Bookchin Bourdin Chomsky Cleyre Day Déjacque Durruti Ellul Ervin Fanelli Faure Ferrer Feyerabend Giovanni Godwin Goldman González Prada Graeber Guillaume He-Yin Kanno Kōtoku Kropotkin Landauer Liu Magón Makhno Maksimov Malatesta Mett Michel Most Parsons Pi i Margall Pouget Proudhon Raichō Reclus Rocker Santillán Schürmann Spooner Stirner Thoreau Tolstoy Tucker Volin Ward Warren Yarchuk Zerzan Lists Anarcho-punk bands Books Fictional characters Films Jewish anarchists Musicians Periodicals By region Africa Algeria Egypt Morocco Nigeria South Africa Tunisia Asia Armenia Azerbaijan Bangladesh China Hong Kong Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Israel Japan Korea Malaysia Mongolia Philippines Russia Singapore Soviet Union Syria Taiwan Timor-Leste Turkey Vietnam Europe Albania Andorra Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Latvia Monaco Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Spain Soviet Union Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom North America Canada Costa Rica Cuba Dominican Republic El Salvador Guatemala Mexico Nicaragua Panama United States Individualist anarchism Puerto Rico Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador French Guiana Paraguay Peru Uruguay Venezuela Related topics Anarcho-capitalism Anti-corporatism Anti-consumerism Anti-fascism Anti-globalization Anti-statism Anti-war movement Autarchism Autonomist marxism Communism Council communism IWA Labour movement Left communism Left-libertarianism Libertarian socialism Marxism National-anarchism Relationship between Friedrich Nietzsche and Max Stirner Situationist International Socialism Spontaneous order Anarchism portal Category Outline

[Portals](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals):
- [Anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Anarchism)
- [Liberalism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Liberalism)
- [Libertarianism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism)
- [Politics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Politics)
- [Socialism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Socialism)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Social anarchism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anarchism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_anarchism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.