# Snowshoe Lava Field

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Lava field in British Columbia, Canada

Snowshoe Lava Field Lava field The southern end of the Big Raven Plateau with the Snowshoe Lava Field in the foreground Snowshoe Lava Field Location within British Columbia Interactive map of Snowshoe Lava Field Coordinates: 57°39′0″N 130°40′0″W / 57.65000°N 130.66667°W / 57.65000; -130.66667[2] Location British Columbia, Canada[1] Part of Mount Edziza complex[1] Age Holocene[1] Formed by Volcanism[3] Geology Alkali basalt, hawaiite[1] Area • Total More than 40 km2 (15 mi2)[4] Elevation 2,390 m (7,840 ft)[5] Designation Mount Edziza Park[1][6]

The **Snowshoe Lava Field** (**SLF**) is a largely buried [volcanic field](/source/Volcanic_field) at [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza) in [British Columbia](/source/British_Columbia), Canada. It reaches an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 2,390 metres (7,840 feet) and covers more than 40 square kilometres (15 square miles) of the [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau) and adjacent valleys with blocky [lava flows](/source/Lava_flow). The SLF is the southern of two [lava fields](/source/Lava_field) on the Big Raven Plateau, the other being the larger [Desolation Lava Field](/source/Desolation_Lava_Field) at the northern end of the [plateau](/source/Plateau). It is in [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park) and is part of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex); the latter consists of several other volcanic [landforms](/source/Landform) such as [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [stratovolcanoes](/source/Stratovolcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome) and [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone). [Sezill Creek](/source/Sezill_Creek), [Shaman Creek](/source/Shaman_Creek), [Taweh Creek](/source/Taweh_Creek) and several other unnamed streams in the [Stikine River watershed](/source/Stikine_River_watershed) drain the SLF. Access to the lava field is by aircraft or by a network of [horse trails](/source/Horse_trail) from surrounding roads.

The SLF issued from several eruptive centres during the [Holocene](/source/Holocene), most of which are clustered on the southern and western flanks of [Ice Peak](/source/Ice_Peak) at elevations more than 1,800 m (5,900 ft). [Volcanism](/source/Volcanism) in the lava field began with the eruption of three [subglacial volcanoes](/source/Subglacial_volcano) when [outlet glaciers](/source/Outlet_glacier) of Mount Edziza's [ice cap](/source/Ice_cap) extended to lower elevations during the climax of a [glacial advance](/source/Glacial_advance). This was followed by the creation of four other volcanoes whose eruptions were at first [subaqueous](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subaqueous) and then transitioned [subaerially](/source/Subaerial_eruption). The youngest volcanoes in the SLF are completely subaerial in origin and issued most of the blocky lava flows forming much of the current surface of the lava field. [Alkali basalt](/source/Alkali_basalt) and [hawaiite](/source/Hawaiite) of the [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation) are the main [volcanic rocks](/source/Volcanic_rock) comprising the SLF. However, most of them are obscured by [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) [pumice](/source/Pumice) of the [Sheep Track Member](/source/Sheep_Track_Member).

## Geography

The Snowshoe Lava Field is located at the southern end of the [Big Raven Plateau](/source/Big_Raven_Plateau) which is bounded by [Mess Creek](/source/Mess_Creek) valley in the west, [Kakiddi Creek](/source/Kakiddi_Creek) valley in the east and the [Klastline River](/source/Klastline_River) valley in the north.[1][6] This [intermontane plateau](/source/Intermontane_plateau) is one of the principal [physiographic](/source/Physiographic) features of the [Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex), a group of overlapping [shield volcanoes](/source/Shield_volcano), [stratovolcanoes](/source/Stratovolcano), [lava domes](/source/Lava_dome) and [cinder cones](/source/Cinder_cone) that have formed over the last 7.5 million years.[7] The SLF reaches an [elevation](/source/Elevation) of 2,390 m (7,840 ft) on the plateau, but remnants of the [lava field](/source/Lava_field) decrease in elevation to 914 m (2,999 ft) near Mess Creek.[1][5][8] It is one of two lava fields on the Big Raven Plateau, the other being the larger [Desolation Lava Field](/source/Desolation_Lava_Field) at the northern end of the plateau.[1] [Mount Edziza Provincial Park](/source/Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park) surrounds the SLF; it was established in 1972 to preserve the volcanic landscape.[1][6][9]

### Landforms

The SLF consists of more than 40 km2 (15 mi2) of blocky lava flows that issued from 12 eruptive centres.[10] Most of these eruptive centres are more than 1,800 m (5,900 ft) in elevation and are located on the southern and western flanks of [Ice Peak](/source/Ice_Peak), the [prominent](/source/Topographic_prominence) south peak of [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza).[1][4][11] [Cocoa Crater](/source/Cocoa_Crater), [Keda Cone](/source/Keda_Cone), [Coffee Crater](/source/Coffee_Crater), [Tennena Cone](/source/Tennena_Cone) and [The Saucer](/source/The_Saucer) are the only named eruptive centres in the SLF.[1][12] Tennena Cone on the upper western side of Ice Peak is the highest with an elevation of 2,390 m (7,840 ft).[2][5][13] However, the [Global Volcanism Program](/source/Global_Volcanism_Program) gives a lower elevation of 2,350 m (7,710 ft) for the cone.[2]

Cocoa Crater and Coffee Crater on the western and southern flanks of Ice Peak attain elevations of 2,117 and 2,000 m (6,946 and 6,562 ft), respectively.[1][2] Keda Cone, 1,980 m (6,500 ft) in elevation, is just south of Coffee Crater on the southern side of upper [Taweh Creek](/source/Taweh_Creek).[2] The Saucer is a low, circular mound of lava 1,920 m (6,300 ft) in elevation on the southern flank of Ice Peak bounded by concentric ridges of broken lava slabs.[1][2][3]

### Drainage

As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the SLF is drained entirely by streams within the [Stikine River watershed](/source/Stikine_River_watershed).[1][14] Taweh Creek flows northwest along the southern edge of the lava field and is a [tributary](/source/Tributary) of Mess Creek.[1][15] At the northwestern end of the SLF is [Sezill Creek](/source/Sezill_Creek), a northwesterly flowing tributary of Taweh Creek.[1][16] [Shaman Creek](/source/Shaman_Creek) at the southeastern end of the lava field flows east and north into [Kakiddi Lake](/source/Kakiddi_Lake) which is an expansion of [Kakiddi Creek](/source/Kakiddi_Creek).[1][17][18] [Tencho Glacier](/source/Tencho_Glacier), which lies at the northeastern end of the SLF, is the source of Sezill Creek, Shaman Creek and several unnamed tributaries of Sezill Creek and Taweh Creek.[1][6]

## Geology

[Geological map](/source/Geological_map) of the [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation) showing the extent of the Snowshoe Lava Field

The SLF is the second largest [Holocene](/source/Holocene) volcanic feature on the Big Raven Plateau, succeeded only by the Desolation Lava Field.[1] It is also the second largest of three Holocene lava fields in the Mount Edziza volcanic complex; the smaller [Mess Lake Lava Field](/source/Mess_Lake_Lava_Field) covers about 18 km2 (6.9 mi2).[1][19] The SLF lava flows and [volcanic cones](/source/Volcanic_cone) consist mainly of [alkali basalt](/source/Alkali_basalt) and [hawaiite](/source/Hawaiite) of the [Big Raven Formation](/source/Big_Raven_Formation); this is the youngest [geological formation](/source/Geological_formation) of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[1] Nearly all of the surficial details of the SLF are obscured by [pyroclastic fall](/source/Pyroclastic_fall) of the [Sheep Track Member](/source/Sheep_Track_Member), the only named [geological member](/source/Geological_member) of the Big Raven Formation.[1][4] The pyroclastic fall consists of granular [trachyte](/source/Trachyte) [pumice](/source/Pumice) that was deposited by a small, but violent [VEI](/source/Volcanic_Explosivity_Index)-3 eruption from the southwestern flank of Ice Peak around 950 [CE](/source/Common_Era).[20][21]

Individual eruptive centres of the SLF have been given [numeronyms](/source/Numeronym) ranging from SLF-1 to SLF-12; greater numbers indicate a younger age.[12] SLF-1, SLF-2 and SLF-3 are alkali basaltic and formed [subglacially](/source/Subglacial_volcano) when [outlet glaciers](/source/Outlet_glacier) of Mount Edziza's [ice cap](/source/Ice_cap) extended to lower elevations during the climax of a [glacial advance](/source/Glacial_advance).[1][22] SLF-4, SLF-5, SLF-6, SLF-7 and SLF-8 are volcanic cones formed when eruptions were at first [subaqueous](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/subaqueous) and then transitioned [subaerially](/source/Subaerial_eruption).[1][23] They consist of alkali basalt and minor hawaiite which are in the form of subaqueous and subaerial [ejecta](/source/Ejecta).[1][24] SLF-9, SLF-10, SLF-11 and SLF-12 are completely subaerial in origin and consist mainly of hawaiite.[1][25] They are in the form of [pyroclastic cones](/source/Pyroclastic_cone) with the exception of the youngest eruptive centre, SLF-12.[26]

The order of eruptions that formed the SLF are based on the degree of [erosion](/source/Erosion) and [vegetation cover](/source/Vegetation_cover) of the lava flows and volcanic cones, as well as the order in which the lava flows overlap.[12] Most of the lava ponded onto the surrounding Big Raven Plateau in the form of broad, thick sheets, but some of it also travelled into neighbouring valleys; the largest of these valley-filling lava flows is located at the [head](/source/River_source) of Taweh Creek.[1][8] The transition from subglacial to subaerial volcanism in the SLF is attributed to the retreat of glaciers from lower elevations.[27] These glaciers are now 0.5 km (0.31 mi) away from their [trim lines](/source/Trim_line), but during their maximum advance, they had an ice surface that rose 90–150 m (300–490 ft) above their current levels.[4]

As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the SLF lies within a broad area of volcanoes called the [Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province](/source/Northern_Cordilleran_Volcanic_Province), which extends from northwestern British Columbia northwards through [Yukon](/source/Yukon) into easternmost [Alaska](/source/Alaska).[1][28] The dominant rocks comprising these volcanoes are alkali basalts and hawaiites, but [nephelinite](/source/Nephelinite), [basanite](/source/Basanite) and [peralkaline](/source/Peralkaline_rock) [phonolite](/source/Phonolite), trachyte and [comendite](/source/Comendite) are locally abundant. These rocks were deposited by volcanic eruptions from 20 million years ago to as recently as a few hundred years ago. Volcanism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province is thought to be due to [rifting](/source/Rift) of the [North American Cordillera](/source/North_American_Cordillera), driven by changes in relative [plate motion](/source/Plate_tectonics) between the [North American](/source/North_American_Plate) and [Pacific](/source/Pacific_Plate) plates.[29]

### Subglacial centres

[Tennena Cone](/source/Tennena_Cone) is the oldest eruptive centre in the Snowshoe Lava Field

SLF-1 is Tennena Cone which is one of the few [glaciovolcanic](/source/Glaciovolcanic) features at Mount Edziza that have been investigated in detail.[8][30] It has been mapped into four subdivisions, all of which are exposed on the eastern, southern and western flanks of the cone.[31] The first subdivision is massive and crudely [bedded](/source/Bed_(geology)) [tuff breccia](/source/Tuff_breccia) exposed in near-vertical cliffs on the flanks of Tennena Cone. Exposed in scarps on the eastern and southern flanks of Tennena Cone is [lapilli tuff](/source/Lapilli_tuff) of the second subdivision which forms 10-to-30-centimetre-thick (3.9-to-11.8-inch) beds. Two 1 m (3.3 ft) wide [dikes](/source/Dike_(geology)) compose the third subdivision, both of which consist of fragmented [plagioclase](/source/Plagioclase)-[phyric](/source/Phyric) rock.[32] The first dike forms a 5 m (16 ft) high remnant and is exposed on the eastern flank of Tennena Cone whereas the second dike is exposed 50 m (160 ft) to the south. In addition to occurring on the eastern flank, the second dike is also exposed on the western flank and along the summit ridge of Tennena Cone.[33] The fourth subdivision consists of [pillow](/source/Pillow_lava) and fluidal lavas that overlie tuff breccia in the northern section of the cone.[34]

About 1.5 km (0.93 mi) south of Tennena Cone is SLF-2, a smaller crescent-shaped [nunatak](/source/Nunatak) protruding through the western portion of Tencho Glacier.[1][35] It may be the remains of a [parasitic cone](/source/Parasitic_cone) closely related to Tennena Cone or it may be an extension of Tennena Cone since it consists of similar [geology](/source/Geology).[8] SLF-3 at the southern terminus of Tencho Glacier is a crescent-shaped ridge that has been overridden by glacial ice. Crudely bedded tuff breccia and quenched flow fragments form the entire ridge, which may be the remains of a [tuff ring](/source/Tuff_ring) that formed in a meltwater lake.[24] In contrast to Tennena Cone which was constructed on a steep slope, SLF-3 is underlain by flat-lying [terrain](/source/Terrain) of the Big Raven Plateau.[1][24] This likely resulted in their differing [geomorphology](/source/Geomorphology); the Tennena Cone eruption sent both lava and meltwater down the steep western flank of Ice Peak whereas ejecta from the SLF-3 eruption ponded inside a meltwater lake when Tencho Glacier extended onto the flat plateau surface.[36]

### Transitional centres

[Coffee Crater](/source/Coffee_Crater) from the south

SLF-4 and SLF-5 are located on the western and southern margins of Tencho Glacier, respectively.[1][12] They are within the trim lines of this glacier and have been reduced to low, [drumlin](/source/Drumlin)-like ridges from glacial ice overriding them. A short distance beyond the trim lines of Tencho Glacier are SLF-6, SLF-7 and SLF-8; SLF-7 is Coffee Crater. These eruptive centres contrast from SLF-4 and SLF-5 in that they have not been overridden by glacial ice, which has allowed them to retain their central [craters](/source/Volcanic_crater) and their original conical forms. However, their inner structures have been partially exposed due to sufficient erosion. All five eruptive centres consist of a lower succession of brown subaqueous tuff breccia and an upper sequence of subaerial [cinders](/source/Scoria), [spatter](/source/Volcanic_spatter) and [bombs](/source/Volcanic_bomb). These rocks have been stained red due to extreme [oxidation](/source/Oxidation).[24]

Lava flows from the transitional centres have been mostly buried under younger basalt of the subaerial centres, as well as pumice of the Sheep Track Member.[37] However, they are exposed where streams have eroded the overlying volcanic deposits. The lava flows are also locally exposed along streams that have cut through older lava flows below.[24]

### Subaerial centres

[Keda Cone](/source/Keda_Cone) in the foreground with flat-topped [Mount Edziza](/source/Mount_Edziza) in the background. Coffee Crater, SLF-11 and SLF-8 are visible north and northeast of Keda Cone.

Most of the blocky lava flows forming much of the current surface of the SLF originated from eruptive centres SLF-9, SLF-10 and SLF-11, all of which are pyroclastic cones.[26] These cones consist of agglutinated lapilli, bombs and spatter which have been stained red due to extreme oxidation.[25] SLF-9 is Keda Cone at the southern end of the lava field whereas SLF-10 is Cocoa Crater near the centre of the lava field.[1][12] Cocoa Crater issued a 2 km (1.2 mi) wide lava flow that cascaded into upper Sezill Creek canyon, but the most voluminous lava flows originated from Keda Cone and SLF-11.[1][26] SLF-11 is the only subaerial eruptive centre in the SLF without a name.[1][12]

Lava flows from Keda Cone and SLF-11 engulfed an area more than 3 km (1.9 mi) wide and 8 km (5.0 mi) long on the Big Raven Plateau prior to entering the upper valley of Taweh Creek. At the head of Taweh Valley, the Keda Cone and SLF-11 flows converged to form a relatively narrow tongue of lava that travelled for at least another 12 km (7.5 mi) to near Mess Creek. Erosion has removed nearly all of the final 3 km (1.9 mi) of this lava tongue; small remnants are present along the banks of lower Taweh Creek near the junction with Mess Creek.[1][38] None of the lava flows from these three subaerial eruptive centres show any evidence of having been quenched by water at the time of their eruption, nor do any of the pyroclastic cones.[25]

The youngest subaerial eruptive centre, SLF-12, is The Saucer which appears to be the remains of a [fissure](/source/Fissure_vent) instead of a pyroclastic cone.[39] This vent south of Tencho Glacier issued lava that travelled eastward and westward; the 5 km (3.1 mi) long eastward lava flow entered the head of Shaman Creek whereas the relatively thick westward lava flow spread onto the Big Raven Plateau in the form of broad lobes.[1][39] In contrast to the neighbouring Coffee Crater lava flows which are overlain by thick drifts and pockets of Sheep Track pumice, The Saucer and its lava flows are only sparsely covered with very fine pumice of the Sheep Track Member.[40] The sparsity of this very fine pumice on The Saucer and its lava flows suggests that they were extruded sometime after the [explosive](/source/Explosive_eruption) Sheep Track eruption which may have occurred around 950 [CE](/source/Common_Era).[21][40] Because very fine pumice is susceptible of being blown by wind, it could easily be wind-blown material carried in from neighbouring pumice beds long after the Sheep Track eruption had occurred.[41]

## Accessibility

SLF-11 from the south

As a part of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex, the SLF is in a remote location with no established road access.[1][42] The closest roads are the [Stewart–Cassiar Highway](/source/Stewart%E2%80%93Cassiar_Highway) to the east and the Telegraph Creek Road to the northwest; both come within 45 km (28 mi) of the lava field.[1][6][43] Extending from these roads are [horse trails](/source/Horse_trail) that provide access to the Mount Edziza volcanic complex.[42] From [Telegraph Creek](/source/Telegraph_Creek), the Buckley Lake Trail extends about 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast along Mess Creek and Three Mile Lake. It then traverses about 15 km (9.3 mi) northeast along Dagaichess Creek and Stinking Lake to the northeastern end of [Buckley Lake](/source/Buckley_Lake_(British_Columbia)). Here, it meets with the Klastline River Trail and the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.[44]

To the east, the roughly 50 km (31 mi) long Klastline River Trail begins at the community of [Iskut](/source/Iskut) on the Stewart–Cassiar Highway; it extends northwest and west along the Klastline River for much of its length.[43] The trail enters Mount Edziza Provincial Park at about 25 km (16 mi) where Kakiddi Creek drains into the Klastline River.[45] After entering Mount Edziza Provincial Park, it traverses northwest along the Klastline River for about 10 km (6.2 mi) and then crosses the river north of the Big Raven Plateau.[43] From there, it traverses west for about 5 km (3.1 mi) to the northeastern end of Buckley Lake where it meets with the Buckley Lake Trail and Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route.[44]

SLF-8 from the south

The Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route traverses south from Buckley Lake along Buckley Creek and gradually climbs onto the northern end of the Big Raven Plateau where [Tsekone Ridge](/source/Tsekone_Ridge) and landforms of the Desolation Lava Field such as [Eve Cone](/source/Eve_Cone) and [Sidas Cone](/source/Sidas_Cone) are visible along the route.[1][6][44][46] Most of the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route is marked by a series of rock [cairns](/source/Cairn) from Tsekone Ridge onwards.[46] At the southern end of the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route is the SLF where Tennena Cone, Coffee Crater and Keda Cone occur. The route continues east through Shaman Creek valley and then turns southeast to the northern end of Mowdade Lake.[1][44]

The distance between Buckley Lake and Mowdade Lake is about 70 km (43 mi), but the hiking length between these two lakes varies depending on the route taken; it can take a minimum of 7 days to hike the Buckley Lake to Mowdade Lake Route. The weather can change extremely fast along this hiking trail.[46] Buckley Lake is large enough to be used by float-equipped aircraft, but landing on this lake with a private aircraft requires a letter of authorization from the [BC Parks](/source/BC_Parks) Stikine Senior Park Ranger.[9] Mowdade Lake, about 15 km (9.3 mi) southeast of the Snowshow Lava Field, is also of significant size and does not require a letter of authorization from the BC Parks Stikine Senior Park Ranger to land on it with a private aircraft.[1][9] As of 2023, Alpine Lakes Air and BC Yukon Air are the only air charter companies permitted to provide access to this area via aircraft.[9]

## See also

- [Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex](/source/Volcanism_of_the_Mount_Edziza_volcanic_complex)

- [List of volcanic fields](/source/List_of_volcanic_fields)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-15) [***q***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-16) [***r***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-17) [***s***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-18) [***t***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-19) [***u***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-20) [***v***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-21) [***w***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-22) [***x***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-23) [***y***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-24) [***z***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-25) [***aa***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-26) [***ab***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-27) [***ac***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-28) [***ad***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-29) [***ae***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-30) [***af***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-31) [***ag***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-32) [***ah***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-33) [***ai***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-34) [***aj***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-35) [***ak***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-36) [***al***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-37) [***am***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-38) [***an***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-39) [***ao***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1988_1-40) [Souther 1988](#CITEREFSouther1988).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaSynonyms_&_Subfeatures_2-5) [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Synonyms & Subfeatures.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227_3-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 27.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228_4-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228_4-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228_4-3) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 228.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_56_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_56_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_56_5-2) [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 56.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989_6-5) [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources 1989](#CITEREFDepartment_of_Energy,_Mines_and_Resources1989).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1990124_7-0)** [Souther 1990](#CITEREFSouther1990), p. 124.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992230_8-3) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 230.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_9-3) [BC Parks: Mount Edziza Provincial Park](#CITEREFBC_Parks:_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228,_229_10-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 228, 229.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak_11-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Ice Peak](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Ice_Peak).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229_12-5) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 229.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226_13-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199233_14-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 33.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Taweh_Creek_15-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Taweh Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Taweh_Creek).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Sezill_Creek_16-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Sezill Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Sezill_Creek).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Shaman_Creek_17-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Shaman Creek](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Shaman_Creek).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Geographical_Names:_Kakiddi_Lake_18-0)** [BC Geographical Names: Kakiddi Lake](#CITEREFBC_Geographical_Names:_Kakiddi_Lake).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992235_19-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 235.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_28_20-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27, 28.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaEruptive_History_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_EdzizaEruptive_History_21-1) [Global Volcanism Program: Edziza](#CITEREFGlobal_Volcanism_Program:_Edziza), Eruptive History.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199236,_228,_230_22-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 36, 228, 230.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229,_231_23-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 229, 231.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992231_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992231_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992231_24-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992231_24-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992231_24-4) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 231.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232_25-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232_25-2) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 232.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232,_233_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232,_233_26-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992232,_233_26-2) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 232, 233.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228,_230_27-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 228, 230.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280,_1281,_1283,_1284_28-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), pp. 1280, 1281, 1283, 1284.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEdwardsRussell20001280_29-0)** [Edwards & Russell 2000](#CITEREFEdwardsRussell2000), p. 1280.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmellie2018364_30-0)** [Smellie 2018](#CITEREFSmellie2018), p. 364.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201446_31-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_46_32-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201443_33-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), p. 43.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHungerford_et_al.201441,_46,_48_34-0)** [Hungerford et al. 2014](#CITEREFHungerford_et_al.2014), pp. 41, 46, 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992229,_230_35-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 229, 230.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199226,_231_36-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 26, 231.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992228,_230,_231_37-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 228, 230, 231.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992233_38-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 233.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_232_39-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199227,_232_39-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 27, 232.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992233,_234_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992233,_234_40-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), pp. 233, 234.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther1992234_41-0)** [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 234.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199231_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouther199231_42-1) [Souther 1992](#CITEREFSouther1992), p. 31.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888,_89_43-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888,_89_43-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888,_89_43-2) [Mussio 2018](#CITEREFMussio2018), pp. 88, 89.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888_44-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888_44-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888_44-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201888_44-3) [Mussio 2018](#CITEREFMussio2018), p. 88.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMussio201889_45-0)** [Mussio 2018](#CITEREFMussio2018), p. 89.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Hiking_and_Wilderness_Camping_in_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Hiking_and_Wilderness_Camping_in_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_46-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBC_Parks:_Hiking_and_Wilderness_Camping_in_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park_46-2) [BC Parks: Hiking and Wilderness Camping in Mount Edziza Provincial Park](#CITEREFBC_Parks:_Hiking_and_Wilderness_Camping_in_Mount_Edziza_Provincial_Park).

### Sources

- "A 502" (Topographic map). [*Telegraph Creek, Cassiar Land District, British Columbia*](https://web.archive.org/web/20210502071600/https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg) (3 ed.). 1:250,000. 104 G (in English and French). [Department of Energy, Mines and Resources](/source/Department_of_Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources). 1989. Archived from [the original](https://volcano.si.edu/maps/GVAlaskaCanada/G910509-006.jpg) on May 2, 2021.

- Edwards, Benjamin R.; Russell, James K. (2000). "Distribution, Nature, and Origin of Neogene–Quaternary Magmatism in the Northern Cordilleran Volcanic Province, Canada". *[Geological Society of America Bulletin](/source/Geological_Society_of_America_Bulletin)*. **112** (8). [Geological Society of America](/source/Geological_Society_of_America): 1280–1295. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2000GSAB..112.1280E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000GSAB..112.1280E). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1130/0016-7606(2000)112<1280:dnaoon>2.0.co;2](https://doi.org/10.1130%2F0016-7606%282000%29112%3C1280%3Adnaoon%3E2.0.co%3B2). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0016-7606](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7606).

- ["Edziza"](https://web.archive.org/web/20250114000000/https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320060). *[Global Volcanism Program](/source/Global_Volcanism_Program)*. [Smithsonian Institution](/source/Smithsonian_Institution). Archived from [the original](https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=320060) on January 14, 2025.

- Hungerford, Jefferson D. G.; Edwards, Benjamin R.; Skilling, Ian P.; Cameron, Barry I. (2014). "Evolution of a Subglacial Basaltic Lava Flow Field: Tennena Volcanic Center, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia, Canada". *[Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research](/source/Journal_of_Volcanology_and_Geothermal_Research)*. **272**. [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier): 39–58. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014JVGR..272...39H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014JVGR..272...39H). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2013.09.012](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2013.09.012). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0377-0273](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0377-0273).

- ["Ice Peak"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240609172047/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/859.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/859.html) on June 9, 2024.

- ["Kakiddi Lake"](https://web.archive.org/web/20241229222716/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/2976.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/2976.html) on December 29, 2024.

- ["Mount Edziza Provincial Park"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230123120553/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/). [BC Parks](/source/BC_Parks). Archived from [the original](https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/) on January 23, 2023.

- ["Mount Edziza Provincial Park: Hiking and Wilderness Camping"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220626073359/https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/hikecamp.html#hiking). [BC Parks](/source/BC_Parks). Archived from [the original](https://bcparks.ca/explore/parkpgs/mt_edziza/hikecamp.html) on June 26, 2022.

- Mussio, Russell, ed. (2018). *Northern BC Backroad Mapbook*. Mussio Ventures. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-926806-87-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-926806-87-7).

- ["Sezill Creek"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240609034848/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15312.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15312.html) on June 9, 2024.

- ["Shaman Creek"](https://web.archive.org/web/20240609222110/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15347.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/15347.html) on June 9, 2024.

- Smellie, J. L. (2018). "Glaciovolcanism: A 21st Century Proxy for Palaeo-Ice". In Menzies, John; van der Meer, Jaap J. M. (eds.). *Past Glacial Environments* (2 ed.). [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier). pp. 335–375. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-08-100524-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-100524-8).

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1988). "1623A" ([Geological map](/source/Geological_map)). *Geology, Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia*. 1:50,000. Cartography by M. Sigouin, [Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada). [Energy, Mines and Resources Canada](/source/Energy%2C_Mines_and_Resources_Canada). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4095/133498](https://doi.org/10.4095%2F133498).

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1992). The Late Cenozoic Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex, British Columbia. *[Geological Survey of Canada](/source/Geological_Survey_of_Canada)* (Report). Memoir 420. Canada Communication Group. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4095/133497](https://doi.org/10.4095%2F133497). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-660-14407-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-14407-7).

- [Souther, J. G.](/source/Jack_Souther) (1990). Wood, Charles A.; Kienle, Jürgen (eds.). [*Volcanoes of North America: United States and Canada*](https://books.google.com/books?id=eyDRib-FJh4C). [Cambridge University Press](/source/Cambridge_University_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-43811-X](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43811-X).

- ["Taweh Creek"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211001050520/https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18502.html). *[BC Geographical Names](/source/BC_Geographical_Names)*. Government of British Columbia – B.C. Geographical Names Office (BCGNO). Archived from [the original](https://apps.gov.bc.ca/pub/bcgnws/names/18502.html) on October 1, 2021.

## External links

- Media related to [Snowshoe Lava Field](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Snowshoe_Lava_Field) at Wikimedia Commons

v t e Mount Edziza volcanic complex Cinder cones The Ash Pit Cache Hill Camp Hill Cinder Cliff Cocoa Crater Coffee Crater Eve Cone Exile Hill Icefall Cone Kana Cone Keda Cone Klastline Cone Mess Lake Cone Moraine Cone Nahta Cone Outcast Hill Ridge Cone Sidas Cone Sleet Cone Source Hill Storm Cone Thaw Hill Triplex Cones Twin Cone Walkout Creek centres Williams Cone Subglacial volcanoes Pillow Ridge Tennena Cone Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Central volcanoes Armadillo Peak Mount Edziza Ice Peak Spectrum Range Lava domes Glacier Dome IGC Centre Nanook Dome Pharaoh Dome The Pyramid Sphinx Dome Triangle Dome Lava fields Desolation Lava Field Mess Lake Lava Field Snowshoe Lava Field Plateaus Arctic Lake Plateau Big Raven Plateau Kitsu Plateau Ridges Artifact Ridge Cartoona Ridge Idiji Ridge Obsidian Ridge Pillow Ridge Sorcery Ridge Tsekone Ridge Wetalth Ridge Yagi Ridge Mountain passes Destell Pass Raspberry Pass Bluffs Koosick Bluff Ornostay Bluff Glaciers Idiji Glacier Tenchen Glacier Tencho Glacier Tennaya Glacier Streams Artifact Creek Ball Creek Bourgeaux Creek Chakima Creek Crayke Creek Elwyn Creek Flyin Creek Gerlib Creek Kadeya Creek Kitsu Creek Little Iskut River More Creek Nagha Creek Nido Creek Pyramid Creek Raspberry Creek Sezill Creek Shaman Creek Sorcery Creek Stewbomb Creek Tadekho Creek Taweh Creek Tenchen Creek Tennaya Creek Tsecha Creek Walkout Creek Stratigraphic units Armadillo Formation Big Raven Formation (Sheep Track Member) Edziza Formation Ice Peak Formation Kakiddi Formation Klastline Formation Little Iskut Formation Nido Formation (Tenchen Member) Pyramid Formation Raspberry Formation Other Cartoona Peak Gnu Butte Mess Creek Escarpment Volcanism of the Mount Edziza volcanic complex

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Snowshoe Lava Field](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_Lava_Field) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snowshoe_Lava_Field?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.