# Snow Hill Island Formation

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Geologic formation in Antarctica

Snow Hill Island Formation Stratigraphic range: Late Campanian-Early Maastrichtian 71.2–70.8 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N B V H B Apt. Albian C T C S Cam. M Artist's reconstruction of the paleoenvironment of the Snow Hill Island Formation Type Geological formation Unit of Marambio Group Sub-units Gamma & Herbert Sound Members Underlies López de Bertodano Formation Overlies Santa Marta Formation Lithology Primary Sandstone Other Mudstone Location Coordinates 63°54′S 57°54′W / 63.9°S 57.9°W / -63.9; -57.9 Approximate paleocoordinates 61°48′S 68°30′W / 61.8°S 68.5°W / -61.8; -68.5 Region James Ross Island, James Ross Island group Country Argentine Antarctica, British Antarctic Territory, Chilean Antarctic Territory Geologic map of Seymour Island, Antarctica with Snow Hill Island Formation in dark green

The **Snow Hill Island Formation** is an [Early Maastrichtian](/source/Maastrichtian) geologic [formation](/source/Formation_(geology)) found on [James Ross Island](/source/James_Ross_Island), [James Ross Island group](/source/James_Ross_Island_group), [Antarctica](/source/Antarctica).[1] Remains of a [paravian](/source/Paraves) [theropod](/source/Theropoda) *[Imperobator](/source/Imperobator) antarcticus*[2] have been recovered from it, as well as the [elasmarian](/source/Elasmaria) ornithopods *[Trinisaura](/source/Trinisaura) santamartaensis*, ["Biscoveosaurus"](/source/List_of_informally_named_dinosaurs#Biscoveosaurus) and *[Morrosaurus](/source/Morrosaurus) antarcticus*, the [ankylosaurian](/source/Ankylosauria) *[Antarctopelta](/source/Antarctopelta) oliveroi*, and the shark *[Notidanodon](/source/Notidanodon)* sp. Alongside these described genera are also the remains of indeterminate [elasmosaurids](/source/Elasmosauridae),[3] [lithostrotian](/source/Lithostrotia) titanosaurs and an indeterminate [pterosaur](/source/Pterosaur).[4]

In the Herbert Sound Member of the Snow Hill Island Formation, bivalves, [ammonites](/source/Ammonite), and fish were found.[5]

## Paleofauna

### Invertebrates

#### Corals

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Astreopora ?A. sp. Gamma Member[6] Imprints Acroporidae scleractinian Specimen of the same genus Fungiacyathus F. deltoidophorus Karlsen Cliffs Member[7] Imprints Fungiidae scleractinian Specimen of the same genus F. antarcticus Nordenskjöld's hut[8] Imprints F. larseni Nordenskjöld's hut[8] Imprints Scleractinia Unidentifiable Karlsen Cliffs Member[7] Imprints

#### Arthropoda

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Angarestia A. australensis East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[9] A Glypheidae lobster Cristafrons C. praescientis East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[9] A Raninidae crab Hadrocarcinus H. wrighti East side of Leal Bluff Specimens[9] A Necrocarcinidae crab Hoploparia H. stokesi East side of Leal Bluff; Humps Island Specimens[9] A clawed lobster

#### Mollusks

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Cymatoceras C. spp. Santa Marta Cove Shells[10] A Nautilid Diplomoceras D. cylindraceum Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Diplomoceratidae ammonite Reconstruction D. lambi Day Nunatak; Cape Lamb Shells[10] Eutrephoceras E. spp. Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Nautilid Gunnarites G. antarcticus Vega Island; Day Nunatak; Santa Marta Cove Shells[4][11][10] A Kossmaticeratidae ammonite Jacobites J. crofti Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Kossmaticeratidae ammonite Laevidentalium L.? sp. Paso San José, Point 96 Shells[12] A Laevidentaliidae scaphopodan Extant member of the genus Maorites M. seymourianus Day Nunatak; Al's Bird Site; Vega Island Shells[10] A Kossmaticeratidae ammonite Oistotrigonia O. pygoscelium Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Pterotrigoniidae bivalve Pinna P. frenexiae Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Pinnidae bivalve Extant specimen P. anderssoni Day Nunatak Shells[10] Pseudophyllites P. loryi Day Nunatak Shells[10] A Tetragonitidae ammonite Struthiochenopus S. hurleyi Day Nunatak Shells[10] An Aporrhaidae gastropod

### Vertebrates

#### Fish

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Albuliformes Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove Isolated vertebra, IAA-IRJ2000-24[13] Antarctichthys A. longipectoralis Santa Marta Cove MN 7838-V, single and incomplete specimen[14] A Dercetidae fish Apateodus cf. A. sp. Santa Marta Cove teeth[13] Alepisauriformes fish Callorhinchus C. sp. Santa Marta Cove teeth[4][15] A Chimaera Cf. C. sp. Cape Lamb Teeth[4][15] Centrophoroides C. sp. Santa Marta Cove Teeth[4][15] A Squalidae shark Chimaera C. zangerli Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island Teeth[4] A chimaera Extant member of the genus Chlamydoselachus C. thompsoni Santa Marta Cove, James Ross Island Complete dentition[13] A frilled shark Extant member of the genus Cretalamna C. appendiculatta Santa Marta Cove Teeth[15] An Otodontidae shark Edaphodon E. snowhillensis Herbert Sound Member[16] MLP 13- I-26-1, complete dentition[16] A large species of chimaera Enchodus E. sp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-32, IAA-IRJ2000-33, teeth[13] Enchodontidae fish Restoration Ichthyodectiformes Indeterminate Vega island MLP 15-XI-7-11, body scale patch[4] Lamniformes Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove (IAA-IRJ2000-9 to IAA-IRJ2000-10, BAS DJ.172.11, teeth[13] Notidanodon N. dentatus Santa Marta Cove; Vega Island (MLP 95-IV-1), lateral tooth embedded in the hosting rock[4] A cow shark N. sp. Santa Marta Cove[17] Paraorthacodus P. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-19; BAS DJ.136.2, teeth[13] A Synechodontiform Rhinochimaeridae Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove Teeth[15] Scapanorhynchus S. spp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-11[13] A Mitsukurinidae shark Reconstruction Cf. S. sp. Santa Marta Cove Teeth[4] Sphenocephalidae Indeterminate False Island Point DJ. 360.8, small, incomplete, and poorly-preserved specimen that lack its skull and the anterior part of the body[4] Sphenodus S. sp. Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-17 and IAA-IRJ2000-18, teeth[13] An Orthacodontid Squatina S. cf.hassei Santa Marta Cove IAA-IRJ2000-10-IAA-IRJ2000-16[13] An Angelshark Extant member of the genus

#### Pterosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Pterodactyloidea gen. et sp. Indet. Camp Lamb, Vega Island MN 7801-V, a wing metacarpal IV[18] A pterosaur with an estimated wingspan of 4 to 5 meters[18]

#### Dinosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Antarcticavis A. capelambensis[19] Cape Lambe Member, Vega Island A partial skeleton (SDSM 78147) consists of two thoracic vertebrae, the sternum keel, the right coracoid and shoulder blade, the sternal part of the left coracoid, the right upper arm, parts of the left upper arm, the proximal right ulna, the proximal left ulna and radius (articulated), the proximal right carpometacarpus, the proximal left carpometacarpus, the distal left carpometacarpus, the synsacrum, the right and left thighs, the proximal right tibiotarsus, the right and left distal tibiotarsus, and the proximal right tarsometatarsus An avialan of uncertain phylogenetic placement Antarctopelta A. oliveroi Santa Marta Cove[20] A partial skeleton (MLP 86-X-28-1) consists of three isolated teeth, part of the lower jaw with another tooth in situ, some other skull fragments, vertebrae of the neck, back, hips and tail, some shoulder and hip bones (scapula, ilium) a thigh bone (femur), foot and hand bones (five metapodials and two phalanges), and numerous pieces of armor[20][17] A parankylosaur Life restoration of Antarctopelta oliveroi "Biscoveosaurus" Indeterminate Cape Lamb Member[21][22] NHMUK PV R 36760, dentaries, teeth, a braincase, parts of the maxillae, forelimb elements, assorted vertebrae, and the pectoral girdle An ornithopod Elasmaria Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove Two isolated ungual phalanges (MLP 07-III-2-1 and MLP 07-III-2-2)[4] Indeterminate Fortress Hill Limb, foot[23] Indeterminate Vega Island BMNH BAS R.2450[11] Gaviiformes Indeterminate Vega Island MLP 98-I-10-47: incomplete tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-50: incomplete right tarsometatarsus; MLP 98-I-10-51: proximal end of left femur[24] Imperobator I. antarcticus Cape Lamb Member, Naze Peninsula[25] A single specimen that contains skull fragments possibly from the premaxilla, maxilla, and dentary as well as a caudal vertebra, teeth, and pedal elements, UCMP 276000[23][26] A potential Unenlagiinae paravian Imperobator as an Unenlagiid Lithostrotia Indeterminate Loma Verde, near Santa Marta Cove 11-II-20-1, incomplete middle caudal vertebra[27] Non-Saltasaurinae Morrosaurus M. antarcticus Cape Lamb Member[28] Fragmentary right hind limb[28] An elasmarian ornithopod Life restoration of Morrosaurus antarcticus Neornithes Indeterminate Vega Island MLP 98-I-10-25, left tarsometatarsus[4] Ornithurae Indeterminate Cape Lamb AMNH FARB 30920, thoracic vertebra[29] Theropoda Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 15-I-7-2, isolated pedal phalax (digit III?)[4] Trinisaura T. santamartaensis Santa Marta Cove, in the lower levels of the formation[30] MLP08-III-1-1, disarticulated and partial skeleton that includes one incomplete dorsal vertebra, three sacral centra, seven caudal vertebrae; two incomplete dorsal rib shafts, one proximal haemal arch, incomplete right scapulocoracoid, incomplete right humerus, two metacarpals, both ilia, right pubis, right ischium, right femur, right distal tibia, incomplete metatarsal III, first phalanx of pedal digit III, two phalanges of pedal digit IV, and indeterminate fragments An elasmarian ornithopod Life restoration of Trinisaura

#### Plesiosaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Aristonectinae Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove SGO.PV.6579, fragmentary postcranial skeleton preserving eight fragmentary caudal centra, two articular propodial heads (likely femora), an epipodial (likely a fibula), ventral portion of the right ilium, partial left pubis, and several rib portions[31] Vegasaurus Elasmosauridae Indeterminate Monolithic Lake; Santa Marta Cove "MLP 11-II-20-4, one cervical vertebra preserving a partial rib; MLP 86-X-28-3, two cervical vertebrae; MLP 86-X-28-(2–6), 10 posterior cervical vertebrae articulated with three pectoral vertebrae, part of two dorsal vertebrae, ribs, and indeterminate fragments"[32] Indeterminate Santa Marta Cove SGO.PV.6508, one isolated cervical vertebral centrum[31] Indeterminate W Santa Marta Cove MN 7820-V, four vertebral centra and fragments of another six centra[33] Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 98-I-10-20, an incomplete postcranial skeleton (juvenile)[34] Indeterminate Vega Island SDSM 78156 (a nearly complete, articulated torso, partial paddles, and neck and tail sections)[35] Plesiosauria Indeterminate The Naze DJ.355.140, half of large water-worn vertebra, either anterior trunk or distal cervical vertebra[36] Plesiosauroidea Indeterminate The Naze; Cape Lamb MLP 78-XI-1-2; MLP 78-XI-1-1, vertebrae and fragments[37] Vegasaurus V. molyi Cape Lamb member, Vega Island MLP 93-I-5-1, postcranial skeleton preserving a complete cervical region with 54 cervical vertebrae, three pectoral vertebrae, 17 dorsal vertebrae, three sacral vertebrae, anterior and medial caudal vertebrae, pectoral and pelvic girdles, forelimbs and hind limbs, ribs, and gastroliths[38] A plesiosaur Weddellonectia Indeterminate Cape Lamb MLP 15-I-7-6, partial skull comprising caudal half of pterygoids, basisphenoid, basioccipital, squamosal, exoccipitalopisthotic; cervical, dorsal, sacral and caudal centra; cervical and dorsal ribs, partially preserved coracoid, two partially preserved propodials[39] Indeterminate Cape Lamb AMNH FARB 30877 is a largely articulated partial skeleton.[40]

#### Mosasaurs

Genus Species Presence Material Notes Images Liodon L. sp. Cape Lamb Teeth[4] A Mosasaur Taniwhasaurus Cf. L. sp. Cape Lamb Teeth[4] Mosasaurus M. cf. M. lemonnieri Cape Lamb Teeth[4] A Mosasaur Plioplatecarpus cf. P. sp. Cape Lamb MLP 93-I-3-5, small tooth[34] Taniwhasaurus[41] T. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove; Al's Bird Site IAA 2000-JR-FSM-1, containing a skull measuring 72 cm (28 in) long, teeth, some vertebrae, and rib fragments A tylosaur cf. T. antarcticus Al's Bird Site MLP 93-I-3-7, a tooth crown[42] Tylosaurinae Indeterminate Vega Island Juvenile skull[43]

## Plants

Color key Taxon Reclassified taxon Taxon falsely reported as present Dubious taxon or junior synonym Ichnotaxon Ootaxon Morphotaxon Notes Uncertain or tentative taxa are in small text; crossed out taxa are discredited.

Local environments were similar to Modern forested areas rich in *[Nothofagus](/source/Nothofagus)*.

During the Campanian–Maastrichtian, the Antarctic Peninsula supported temperate, humid forests dominated by podocarps, araucarian conifers, and a diversifying group of angiosperms. Key angiosperm families included [Nothofagaceae](/source/Nothofagaceae), [Monimiaceae](/source/Monimiaceae), [Cunoniaceae](/source/Cunoniaceae), [Proteaceae](/source/Proteaceae), [Myrtaceae](/source/Myrtaceae), [Lauraceae](/source/Lauraceae), [Atherospermataceae](/source/Atherospermataceae), [Winteraceae](/source/Winteraceae), and extinct *[Sassafras](/source/Sassafras)*-like forms.[44][45] Another important group is [Asteraceae](/source/Asteraceae), with *[Dasyphyllum](/source/Dasyphyllum)*-like pollen, the oldest fossils ever found for the family.[46] At The Naze area, [Podocarpaceae](/source/Podocarpaceae)-*[Nothofagus](/source/Nothofagus)* rainforests thriving in lowland areas under cool-temperate, frost-free, and high-rainfall conditions, with understories rich in other angiosperms and ferns.[47] Smaller components, likely endemic, included lycophytes, bryophytes, [Proteaceae](/source/Proteaceae), [Liliaceae](/source/Liliaceae), [Palmae](/source/Palmae) or [Microthyriaceae](/source/Microthyriaceae), and various herbaceous or shrubby dicotyledons.[47] Forests were structurally similar to modern [Valdivian temperate forests](/source/Valdivian_temperate_forests). These plants were primarily found in riparian floodplains, with bryophyte-lycophyte rich swamps and [Chlorophyta](/source/Chlorophyta)-rich lake margins, while influence of marine waters can be seen by [Dinoflagellates](/source/Dinoflagellate). The climate was highly humid and seasonal, as evidenced by distinct growth rings in *[Agathoxylon](/source/Agathoxylon)* fossil wood from Lachman Crags and The Naze, indicating a temperate but variable environment.[47] The flora reflects a transition from gymnosperm-dominated to mixed angiosperm-conifer ecosystems under polar greenhouse conditions.[44][47]

### Pteridophytes, lycophytes, and bryophytes

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images Baculatisporites[45][47] B. comaumensis Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Osmundaceae Biretisporites[47] B. potoniaei The Naze Spore Fern affinity Calamospora[47] sp. The Naze Spore Equisetales Camarozonosporites[47] C. ohioensis The Naze Spore Fern affinity Ceratosporites[47] C. equalis The Naze Spore Fern affinity Cyatheacidites[45][47] C. annulatus Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Dicksoniaceae (Lophosoria) Lophosoria Cyatheacidites[47] C. archangelskii The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae Cyathidites[45][47] C. australis The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae Cyathea C. minor Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Cyatheaceae (Cyathea) Deltoidospora[45] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity Densoisporites[47] D. velatus The Naze Spore Lycophyte affinity Dictyotosporites[47] D. speciosus The Naze Spore Fern affinity Echinosporis[45] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity Gleicheniidites[47] G. circinidites Santa Marta Cove Spore Gleicheniaceae (aff. Gleichenia) Gleichenia G. senonicus The Naze Spore Gleicheniaceae (aff. Gleichenia) Herkosporites[47] sp. The Naze Spore Fern affinity Ischyosporites[47] I. volkheimeri The Naze Spore Fern affinity cf. Klukisporites[47] K. scaberis The Naze Spore Lygodiaceae Laevigatosporites[47] L. ovatus Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae Leiotriletes[45] sp. Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity Lycopodiumsporites[47] L. eminulus The Naze Spore Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium) Millerocaulis[48] M. santamartaensis Santa Marta Cove Fossil stem (hand specimens, slides) Osmundaceae Peromonolites[47] P. bowenii The Naze Spore Fern affinity Perotrilites[47] P. majus The Naze Spore Fern affinity Polypodiisporites[47] P. favus The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae sp. The Naze Spore Polypodiaceae Retitriletes[45] R. austroclavatidites Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Lycopodiaceae (Lycopodium) Lycopodium Stereisporites[45][47] S. antiquasporites Santa Marta Cove; The Naze Spore Sphagnaceae (moss) Stereisporites[47] S. regium The Naze Spore Moss affinity Todisporites[47] T. major The Naze Spore Fern affinity T. minor The Naze Spore Fern affinity Trilites[45][47] T. parvallatus The Naze; Santa Marta Cove Spore Dicksoniaceae (Dicksonia) Dicksonia T. tuberculiformis Santa Marta Cove Spore Triporoletes[47] T. radiatus The Naze Spore Fern affinity Tuberculatosporites[47] T. parvus The Naze Spore Fern affinity Verrucosisporites[45] sp. 2 Santa Marta Cove Spore Fern affinity

### Gymnosperms (conifers)

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images Agathoxylon[49][50][51] A. pseudoparenchymatosum Seymour Island; Caleta Santa Marta Wood Araucariaceae A. arayai Caleta Santa Marta; Byers Peninsula Wood Araucariaceae Araucaria[52] A. antarctica Cape Lamb Cone and wood Araucariaceae Extant representatives of the genus Araucariacites[47][51] A. australis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae Cycadopites[51][53] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Cycadales Dacrycarpites[47][51] D. australiensis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrycarpus) Dacrycarpus Dacrydiumites[51][53] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium) Dilwynites[47] D. granulatus The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae Equisetosporites[47] sp. The Naze Pollen Ephedrales Lygistepollenites[51][53] L. balmei Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium) Dacrydium Lygistepollenites[51][53] L. florinii Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Dacrydium) Microcachryidites[45][47][51] M. antarcticus Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Microcachrys) Microcachrys Microcachryxylon[50] M. gothani Cerro Naze Wood Podocarpaceae Phyllocladidites[45][47][51] P. mawsonii Santa Marta Cove; Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae (Lagarostrobos) Lagarostrobos spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Phyllocladus) Phyllocladoxylon[49][51] P. antarcticum Seymour Island; Brandy Bay Wood Podocarpaceae Podocarpidites[45][47][51] P. elegans Santa Marta Cove Pollen Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus) Podocarpus P. major The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae P. marwickii The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae P. microreticuloidata Santa Marta Cove Pollen Podocarpaceae (Podocarpus) P. otagoensis The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae P. rugulatus The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae P. verrucosus The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae spp. Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Podocarpaceae Podocarpoxylon[50] P. sp. 1 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae P. sp. 2 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae P. sp. 3 Caleta Santa Marta Wood Podocarpaceae Podosporites[51][53] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Podocarpaceae (Microcachrys/Microstrobos) Pherosphaera Trichotomosulcites[47][51][53] T. subgranulatus Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Araucariaceae

### Angiosperms

Taxa Species Locality Material Notes Images Amosopollis[47][51][53] cruciformis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Dicotyledonae Anacolosidites[51][53] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Olacaceae Battenipollis[47] sectilis The Naze Pollen Proteaceae Clavatipollenites[51][53] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Chloranthaceae (cf. Ascarina) Ascarina Cranwellia[51][53] striata Seymour Island Pollen Loranthaceae Cranwellipollis[51][53] palisadus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae sp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae Ericipites[47] scabratus The Naze Pollen Ericaceae Eucryphiaceoxylon[54] E. eucryphioides Day Nunatak Wood Cunoniaceae Forcipites[51][53] sabulosus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae sp. cf. F. longus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Gambierina[51][53] rudata Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Haloragacidites[51][53] harrisii Seymour Island Pollen Casuarinaceae Hedycaryoxylon[55] tambourissoides Eastern side of Lachman Crags Wood Monimiaceae (cf. Tambourissa) Tambourissa Illicioxylon[56] tenuiradiatum Lachman Crags Wood Illiciaceae Ilexpollenites[51][53] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Aquifoliaceae Lewalanipollis[51][53] senectus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Persoonioideae, Proteoideae) Liliacidites[47] cf. kaitangataensis Seymour Island Pollen Liliaceae spp. The Naze Pollen Liliaceae Longapertites[47] sp. The Naze Pollen Arecaceae Longexylon[54] L. oliveroi Day Nunatak Wood Lauraceae Monosulcites[47] palisadus The Naze Pollen Monocotyledonae spp. The Naze Pollen Monocotyledonae Myricipites[47] harrisii The Naze Pollen Myricaceae Myrtaceidites[51][53] spp. Seymour Island Pollen Myrtaceae Nothofagidites[51][47][53] americanus The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) Extant Nothofagus specimen cf. lachlaniae Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) cf. nanus Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) dorotensis Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) saraensis The Naze Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) senectus Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) sp. 3 Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) spp. Seymour Island Pollen Nothofagaceae (cf. Nothofagus) Nothofagoxylon[49] N. scalariforme Seymour Island Wood Nothofagaceae (Nothofagus) Nothofagus[57] N. "sp. 1" Vega Island Fossil leaves Nothofagaceae Peninsulapollis[47][51][53] askiniae The Naze Pollen Proteaceae gillii Seymour Island; The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea) sp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea) truswelliae Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Beauprea?) Periporopollenites[51][53] polyoratus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae Polycolpites[51][53] langstonii Seymour Island Pollen Pedaliaceae (cf. Josephinia) Propylipolis[51][53] pseudomoides Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Carnarvonia?) Carnarvonia reticuloscabratus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Grevilleoideae) sp. 1 Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae Propylipolis[51][53] sp. aff. P. amolosexinus Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae Proteacidites[47] parvus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Bellendena montana) Bellendena scaboratus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae (cf. Bellendena montana) sp. 2 Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae spp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae tenuiexinus The Naze Pollen Proteaceae Psilatricolporites[51][53] sp. C Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Quadraplanus[51][53] brossus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Rousea[51][53] georgensis Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Simpsonipollis[51][53] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Spinitricolpites[51][53] sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Stellidiopollis[51][53] annulatus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae sp. Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Striatricolporites[51][53] sp. D Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Tetracolporites[51][53] verrucosus Seymour Island Pollen Dicotyledonae Tricolpites[47] confessus The Naze Pollen Gunneraceae Gunnera reticulatus Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae (cf. Gunnera) sp. L Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae pachyexinus Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae sp. M Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae spp. Seymour Island Pollen Gunneraceae Triorites[47] orbiculatus The Naze Pollen Dicotyledonae Triporopollenites[51][53] sectilis Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae spp. Seymour Island Pollen Proteaceae Tubulifloridites[46] lilliei Seymour Island Pollen Asteraceae (cf. Dasyphyllum) Dasyphyllum Winteroxylon[58] jamesrossi Eastern side of Lachman Crags Wood Winteraceae

## See also

- [Chorrillo Formation](/source/Chorrillo_Formation)

- [Dorotea Formation](/source/Dorotea_Formation)

- [List of fossiliferous stratigraphic units in Antarctica](/source/List_of_fossiliferous_stratigraphic_units_in_Antarctica)

- [List of dinosaur-bearing rock formations](/source/List_of_dinosaur-bearing_rock_formations)

- [López de Bertodano Formation](/source/L%C3%B3pez_de_Bertodano_Formation)

- [Sobral Formation](/source/Sobral_Formation)

- [South Polar region of the Cretaceous](/source/South_Polar_region_of_the_Cretaceous)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** di Pasquo, M.; Martin, J.E. (2013). "Palynoassemblages Associated with a Theropod Dinosaur from the Snow Hill Island Formation (lower Maastrichtian) at the Naze, James Ross Island, Antarctica". *Cretaceous Research*. **45**: 135–154. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2013CrRes..45..135D](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013CrRes..45..135D). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cretres.2013.07.008](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2013.07.008). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11336/80121](https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F80121).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Ely2019_2-0)** Ely & Case, 2019

1. **[^](#cite_ref-OGorman2012_p2_3-0)** O'Gorman, 2012, p.2

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### Bibliography

- Ely, Ricardo C.; Case, Judd A. (2019), "Phylogeny of a new gigantic paravian (Theropoda; Coelurosauria; Maniraptora) from the Upper Cretaceous of James Ross Island, Antarctica", *[Cretaceous Research](/source/Cretaceous_Research)*, **101**: 1–16, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2019CrRes.101....1E](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019CrRes.101....1E), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.cretres.2019.04.003](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cretres.2019.04.003)

- O'Gorman, J.P (2012), ["The oldest elasmosaurs (Sauropterygia, Plesiosauria) from Antarctica, Santa Marta Formation (upper Coniacian? Santonian-?upper Campanian) and Snow Hill Island Formation (upper Campanian-?lower Maastrichtian), James Ross Island"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/259527973), *[Polar Research](/source/Polar_Research)*, **31**: 1–10, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3402/polar.v31i0.11090](https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fpolar.v31i0.11090), retrieved 2019-04-13

- Pirrie, D.; Crame, J.A.; Lomas, S.A.; Riding, J.B. (1997), "Late Cretaceous stratigraphy of the Admiralty Sound region, James Ross Basin, Antarctica", *[Cretaceous Research](/source/Cretaceous_Research)*, **18** (1): 109–137, [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1997CrRes..18..109P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1997CrRes..18..109P), [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/cres.1996.0052](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fcres.1996.0052)

## Further reading

- D. Néraudeau, A. Crame, and M. Kooser. 2000. Upper Cretaceous echinoids from James Ross Basin, Antarctica. Géobios 33(4):455–466 [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/S0016-6995(00)80079-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-6995%2800%2980079-0)

- R. A. Otero, S. Soto-Acuna, A. O. Vargas, D. Rubilar Rogers, R. E. Yury Yanez and C. S. Gutstein. 2013. Additions to the diversity of elasmosaurid plesiosaurs from the Upper Cretaceous of Antarctica. Gondwana Research [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.gr.2013.07.016](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gr.2013.07.016)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Snow Hill Island Formation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island_Formation) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snow_Hill_Island_Formation?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.