# Skin condition > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Skin_condition > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Skin_condition.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition > Source revision: 1348177817 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Any medical condition that affects the integumentary system Medical condition Skin condition Other names Cutaneous condition 3D medical illustration showing major layers of skin Specialty Dermatology Causes Bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, insects, trauma, cancers, allergies, toxins, vitamin/nutritional deficiencies/excesses, prolonged pressure, impaired blood circulation, ingrown hairs or nails, autoimmune conditions, aging, sun exposure, radiation exposure, exposure to heat/cold, dryness, humidity, other organ damage or condition, substance usage or contact, hereditary conditions, etc. A **skin condition**, also known as a **cutaneous condition**, is any [medical condition](/source/Medical_condition) that affects the [integumentary system](/source/Integumentary_system)—the [organ system](/source/Organ_system) that encloses the body and includes [skin](/source/Skin), [nails](/source/Nail_(anatomy)), and related [muscle](/source/Muscle) and [glands](/source/Glands).[1] The major function of this system is to act as a barrier against the external environment.[2] Conditions of the human integumentary system constitute a broad spectrum of diseases, also known as dermatoses, as well as many nonpathologic states (like, in certain circumstances, [melanonychia](/source/Melanonychia) and [racquet nails](/source/Racquet_nails)).[3][4] While only a small number of skin diseases account for most visits to the physician, thousands of skin conditions have been described.[5] Classification of these conditions often presents many [nosological](/source/Nosological) challenges, since underlying causes and pathogenetics are often not known.[6][7] Therefore, most current textbooks present a classification based on location (for example, [conditions of the mucous membrane](/source/List_of_cutaneous_conditions#Conditions_of_the_mucous_membranes)), morphology ([chronic blistering conditions](/source/List_of_cutaneous_conditions#Chronic_blistering)), cause ([skin conditions resulting from physical factors](/source/List_of_cutaneous_conditions#Resulting_from_physical_factors)), and so on.[8][9] Clinically, the diagnosis of any particular skin condition begins by gathering pertinent information of the presenting skin lesion(s), including: location (e.g. arms, head, legs); symptoms ([pruritus](/source/Pruritus), pain); duration (acute or chronic); arrangement (solitary, generalized, [annular](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/annular), linear); morphology ([macules](#Primary_lesions), [papules](/source/Papule), [vesicles](#Vesicle)); and color (red, yellow, etc.).[10] Some diagnoses may also require a [skin biopsy](/source/Skin_biopsy), which yields [histologic](/source/Histologic) information[11][12] that can be correlated with the clinical presentation and any laboratory data.[13][14] The introduction of cutaneous [ultrasound](/source/Ultrasound) has allowed the detection of cutaneous tumors, inflammatory processes, and skin diseases.[15] ## Layer of skin involved Main article: [Integumentary system](/source/Integumentary_system) The skin weighs an average of 4 kg (8.8 lb), covers an area of about 2 m2 (22 sq ft), and is made of three distinct layers: the [epidermis](/source/Epidermis_(skin)), [dermis](/source/Dermis), and [subcutaneous tissue](/source/Subcutaneous_tissue).[1] The two main types of human skin are [glabrous skin](/source/Glabrous_skin), the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair-bearing skin.[16] Within the latter type, hairs in structures called [pilosebaceous units](/source/Pilosebaceous_unit) have a [hair follicle](/source/Hair_follicle), [sebaceous gland](/source/Sebaceous_gland), and associated [arrector pili](/source/Arrector_pili) muscle.[17] [In the embryo](/source/Embryology), the epidermis, hair, and glands are from the [ectoderm](/source/Ectoderm), which is chemically influenced by the underlying [mesoderm](/source/Mesoderm) that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.[18][19][20] ### Epidermis Main article: [Epidermis (skin)](/source/Epidermis_(skin)) The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a [squamous epithelium](/source/Epithelium) with several [strata](/source/Stratum): the [stratum corneum](/source/Stratum_corneum), [stratum lucidum](/source/Stratum_lucidum), [stratum granulosum](/source/Stratum_granulosum), [stratum spinosum](/source/Stratum_spinosum), and [stratum basale](/source/Stratum_germinativum).[21] Nourishment is provided to these layers via [diffusion](/source/Diffusion) from the dermis, since the epidermis is without a direct blood supply.[22] The epidermis contains four cell types: [keratinocytes](/source/Keratinocyte), [melanocytes](/source/Melanocyte), [Langerhans cells](/source/Langerhans_cell), and [Merkel cells](/source/Merkel_cell). Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95% of the epidermis.[16] This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface.[16] In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum.[23] ### Dermis Main article: [Dermis](/source/Dermis) The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the [papillary dermis](/source/Papillary_dermis) and the [reticular dermis](/source/Reticular_dermis).[24] The superficial papillary dermis [interdigitates](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/interdigitate) with the overlying [rete ridges](/source/Rete_ridge) of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.[24] Structural components of the dermis are [collagen](/source/Collagen), [elastic fibers](/source/Elastic_fiber), and [ground substance](/source/Ground_substance) also called extra fibrillar matrix.[24] Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the [eccrine](/source/Eccrine_gland) and [apocrine glands](/source/Apocrine_gland).[21] The dermis contains two vascular networks that run parallel to the skin surface—one superficial and one deep plexus—which are connected by vertical communicating vessels.[21][25] The function of blood vessels within the dermis is fourfold: to supply nutrition, to regulate temperature, to modulate inflammation, and to participate in wound healing.[26][27] ### Subcutaneous tissue Main article: [Subcutaneous tissue](/source/Subcutaneous_tissue) The subcutaneous tissue is a layer of fat between the dermis and underlying [fascia](/source/Fascia).[5] This tissue may be further divided into two components, the actual fatty layer, or [panniculus adiposus](/source/Panniculus_adiposus), and a deeper vestigial layer of muscle, the [panniculus carnosus](/source/Panniculus_carnosus).[16] The main cellular component of this tissue is the [adipocyte](/source/Adipocyte), or fat cell.[5] The structure of this tissue is composed of septal (i.e. linear strands) and [lobular](/source/Lobe_(anatomy)) compartments, which differ in microscopic appearance.[21] Functionally, the subcutaneous fat insulates the body, absorbs trauma, and serves as a reserve energy source.[5] ## Diseases of the skin For a list, see [List of skin conditions](/source/List_of_skin_conditions). Diseases of the skin include [skin infections](/source/Skin_infection) and [skin neoplasms](/source/Skin_neoplasm) (including [skin cancer](/source/Skin_cancer)).[28] ## History See also: [History of dermatology](/source/History_of_dermatology) In 1572, [Geronimo Mercuriali](/source/Geronimo_Mercuriali) of [Forlì](/source/Forl%C3%AC), [Italy](/source/Italy), completed *De morbis cutaneis* ('On the diseases of the skin'). It is considered the first scientific work dedicated to [dermatology](/source/Dermatology). ## Diagnoses The physical examination of the skin and its appendages, as well as the mucous membranes, forms the cornerstone of an accurate diagnosis of cutaneous conditions.[29] Most of these conditions present with cutaneous surface changes termed "lesions," which have more or less distinct characteristics.[30] Often proper examination will lead the physician to obtain appropriate historical information and/or laboratory tests that are able to confirm the diagnosis.[29] Upon examination, the important clinical observations are the (1) morphology, (2) configuration, and (3) distribution of the lesion(s).[29] With regard to morphology, the initial lesion that characterizes a condition is known as the "primary lesion", and identification of such a lesions is the most important aspect of the cutaneous examination.[30] Over time, these primary lesions may continue to develop or be modified by regression or trauma, producing "secondary lesions".[1] However, with that being stated, the lack of standardization of basic dermatologic terminology has been one of the principal barriers to successful communication among physicians in describing cutaneous findings.[21] Nevertheless, there are some commonly accepted terms used to describe the macroscopic morphology, configuration, and distribution of skin lesions, which are listed below.[30] ## Lesions ### Primary lesions [Chigger](/source/Trombiculidae) bites on human skin showing characteristic welts Macule and patch Papule and plaque Nodules Vesicles and bulla Fissures, erosions and ulcers A pustule on the cheek Relative incidence of skin cysts - **Macule**: A macule is a change in surface color, without elevation or depression, so nonpalpable, well or ill-defined,[10] variously sized, but generally considered less than either 5[10] or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point.[30] - **Patch**: A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm across,[30] depending on one's definition of a macule.[1] Patches may have some subtle surface change, such as a fine scale or wrinkling, but although the consistency of the surface is changed, the lesion itself is not palpable.[29] - **[Papule](/source/Papule)**: A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin, varying in size from less than 5 mm[10] up to 10 mm in diameter at the widest point.[30] - **[Plaque](/source/Papule)**: A plaque has been described as a broad papule, or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 10 mm,[30] or alternatively as an elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth.[29] - **[Nodule](/source/Nodule_(medicine))**: A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule in that it is also a palpable spherical lesion less than 10 mm in diameter. However, it is differentiated by being centered deeper in the dermis or subcutis. - **[Tumor](/source/Neoplasm):** Similar to a nodule, but it is larger than 10 mm in diameter.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - **Vesicle**: A vesicle or [*bleb*](/source/Bleb_(medicine)) is a small [blister](/source/Blister),[31] a circumscribed, epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5[10] or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point.[30] - **Bulla**: A bulla is a large [blister](/source/Blister),[31] a rounded or irregularly shaped blister equal to or greater than either 5[10] or 10 mm,[30] depending on one's definition of a vesicle.[1] "Pustule" redirects here; not to be confused with [Boil](/source/Boil). For the hieroglyph, see [Pustule (hieroglyph)](/source/Pustule_(hieroglyph)). - **Pustule**: A pustule is a small elevation of the skin usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells.[30] *Pustulation* is the formation, breaking out of, or state of having pustules and is sometimes synonymous with *pustule*.[32][33] - **[Cyst](/source/Cyst)**: A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity.[10] - **Wheal**: A wheal is a rounded or flat-topped, pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically [evanescent](/source/Evanescent_(dermatology)), disappearing within 24 to 48 hours. The temporarily raised skin on the site of a properly delivered intradermal (ID) [injection](/source/Injection_(medicine)) is also called a wheal, with the ID injection process itself frequently referred to as simply "raising a wheal" in medical texts.[10] - **[Welts](/source/Welt_(bruise))**: Welts occur as a result of blunt force being applied to the body with elongated objects without sharp edges. - **[Telangiectasia](/source/Telangiectasia)**: A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible.[29] - **Burrow**: A burrow appears as a slightly elevated, grayish, tortuous line in the skin, and is caused by burrowing organisms.[29][30] ### Secondary lesions - **Scale**: Dry or greasy laminated masses of [keratin](/source/Keratin),[30] they represent thickened stratum corneum.[29] - **Crust**: Dried [sebum](/source/Sebaceous_gland#Sebum) usually mixed with epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris[10] - **[Lichenification](/source/Lichenification)**: Epidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings[1] - **Erosion**: An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the [epidermis](/source/Epidermis_(skin)),[34] a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed.[21][35] - **Excoriation**: A punctate or linear [abrasion](/source/Abrasion_(medical)) produced by mechanical means (often scratching), usually involving only the epidermis, but commonly reaching the [papillary dermis](/source/Papillary_dermis).[30][35] - **[Ulcer](/source/Ulcer_(dermatology))**: An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis.[34][35] - **[Fissure](/source/Skin_fissure)** is a lesion in the skin that is usually narrow but deep.[29][35] - **Induration** is dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer.[29] - **Atrophy** refers to a loss of skin, and can be epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous.[30] With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin, translucent, and wrinkled.[29] Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin.[29] - **[Maceration](/source/Skin_maceration)**: softening and turning white of the skin due to being consistently wet. - **Umbilication** is the formation of a depression at the top of a papule, vesicle, or pustule.[36] - **[Phyma](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/phyma#noun)**: A [tubercle](/source/Tubercle) on any external part of the body, such as in [phymatous rosacea](/source/Rosacea#Classification) ### Configuration "Configuration" refers to how lesions are locally grouped ("organized"), which contrasts with how they are distributed (see next section). - **Agminate**: in clusters - **Annular** or **circinate**: ring-shaped - **Arciform** or **arcuate**: arc-shaped - **Digitate**: with finger-like projections - **Discoid** or **nummular**: round or disc-shaped - **Figurate**: with a particular shape - **Guttate**: resembling drops - **Gyrate**: coiled or spiral-shaped - **Herpetiform**: resembling [herpes](/source/Herpes) - **Linear** - **Mammillated**: with rounded, breast-like projections - **Reticular** or **reticulated**: resembling a net - **Serpiginous**: with a wavy border - **Stellate**: star-shaped - **Targetoid**: resembling a [bullseye](/source/Bullseye_(target)) - **Verrucous or Verruciform**: wart-like ### Distribution "Distribution" refers to how lesions are localized. They may be confined to a single area (a patch) or may be in several places. Some distributions correlate with the means by which a given area becomes affected. For example, contact dermatitis correlates with locations where an allergen has elicited an allergic immune response. [Varicella zoster virus](/source/Varicella_zoster_virus) is known to recur (after its initial presentation as [chicken pox](/source/Chicken_pox)) as [herpes zoster](/source/Herpes_zoster) ("shingles"). Chicken pox appears nearly everywhere on the body, but herpes zoster tends to follow one or two dermatomes; for example, the eruptions may appear along the bra line, on either or both sides of the patient.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] - **Generalized** - **Symmetric**: one side mirrors the other - **Flexural**: on the front of the fingers - **Extensor**: on the back of the fingers - **[Intertriginous](/source/Intertriginous)**: in an area where two skin areas may touch or rub together - **[Morbilliform](/source/Morbilliform)**: resembling [measles](/source/Measles) - **Palmoplantar**: on the palm of the hand or bottom of the foot - **Periorificial**: around an orifice such as the mouth - **Periungual/subungual**: around or under a fingernail or toenail - **Blaschkoid**: following the path of [Blaschko's lines](/source/Blaschko's_lines) in the skin - **Photodistributed**: in places where sunlight reaches - **Zosteriform** or **dermatomal**: associated with a particular nerve ### Other related terms - Collarette - [Comedo](/source/Blackhead) - [Confluent](/source/Confluency) - [Eczema](/source/Eczema) (a type of dermatitis) - [Evanescent](/source/Evanescent_(dermatology)) (lasting less than 24 hours) - [Granuloma](/source/Granuloma) - [Livedo](/source/Livedo) - [Purpura](/source/Purpura) - [Erythema](/source/Erythema) (redness) - Horn (a cell type) - [Poikiloderma](/source/Poikiloderma) ## Histopathology - [Hyperkeratosis](/source/Hyperkeratosis) - [Parakeratosis](/source/Parakeratosis) - [Hypergranulosis](/source/Hypergranulosis) - [Acanthosis](/source/Acanthosis) - [Papillomatosis](/source/Papillomatosis) - [Dyskeratosis](/source/Dyskeratosis) - [Acantholysis](/source/Acantholysis) - [Spongiosis](/source/Spongiosis) - [Hydropic swelling](/source/Hydropic_swell) - [Exocytosis](/source/Exocytosis_(dermatopathology)) - [Vacuolization](/source/Vacuolization) - [Erosion](/source/Erosion_(dermatopathology)) - [Ulceration](/source/Ulcer_(dermatology)) - [Lentiginous](/source/Lentigo) ## See also - [Wound](/source/Wound), an injury which damages the [epidermis](/source/Epidermis). ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Lookingbill_1-5) Miller JH, Marks JG (2006). *Lookingbill and Marks' Principles of Dermatology*. Saunders. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-4160-3185-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4160-3185-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid19221876_2-0)** Lippens S, Hoste E, Vandenabeele P, Agostinis P, Declercq W (April 2009). "Cell death in the skin". *Apoptosis*. **14** (4): 549–569. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/s10495-009-0324-z](https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10495-009-0324-z). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19221876](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19221876). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [13058619](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13058619). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-King_3-0)** King LS (1954). "What Is Disease?". *Philosophy of Science*. **21** (3): 193–203. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1086/287343](https://doi.org/10.1086%2F287343). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [120875348](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:120875348). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bluefarb_4-0)** Bluefarb SM (1984). [*Dermatology*](https://archive.org/details/dermatology00samu). Upjohn Co. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-89501-004-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89501-004-6). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Lynch_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Lynch_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Lynch_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Lynch_5-3) Lynch PJ (1994). *Dermatology*. Williams & Wilkins. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-683-05252-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-683-05252-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid2653160_6-0)** Tilles G, Wallach D (1989). "[The history of nosology in dermatology]". *Annales de Dermatologie et de Venereologie* (in French). **116** (1): 9–26. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [2653160](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2653160). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid7026622_7-0)** Lambert WC, Everett MA (October 1981). "The nosology of parapsoriasis". *Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology*. **5** (4): 373–395. 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[doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1590/s0365-05962009000400010](https://doi.org/10.1590%2Fs0365-05962009000400010). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [19851671](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19851671). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid20098854_12-0)** Werner B (October 2009). ["\[Skin biopsy with histopathologic analysis: why? what for? how? part II\]"](https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0365-05962009000500010). *Anais Brasileiros de Dermatologia* (in Portuguese). **84** (5): 507–513. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1590/S0365-05962009000500010](https://doi.org/10.1590%2FS0365-05962009000500010). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [20098854](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20098854). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-isbn0-7817-7363-6_13-0)** Xu X, Elder DA, Elenitsas R, Johnson BL, Murphy GE (2008). *Lever's Histopathology of the Skin*. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 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[ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-261253-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-261253-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid17314969_19-0)** Fuchs E (February 2007). ["Scratching the surface of skin development"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405926). *Nature*. **445** (7130): 834–842. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2007Natur.445..834F](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007Natur.445..834F). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/nature05659](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05659). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2405926](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2405926). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [17314969](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17314969). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid18413712_20-0)** Fuchs E, Horsley V (April 2008). ["More than one way to skin . "](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732395). *Genes & Development*. **22** (8): 976–985. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1101/gad.1645908](https://doi.org/10.1101%2Fgad.1645908). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [2732395](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732395). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [18413712](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18413712). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Fitz_21-5) Wolff KD, Goldsmith LA (2008). *Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine*. Vol. 2. McGraw-Hill Medical. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-07-146690-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-146690-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Amirlak B, Shahabi L. Talavera F, Stadelmann WK, Caputy GG (eds.). ["Skin Anatomy"](http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1294744-overview). Medscape. Retrieved 3 June 2013. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-bolognia_23-0)** Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL, Rapini RP (2007). *Dermatology*. St. Louis: Mosby. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4160-2999-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4160-2999-1). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Rapini_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Rapini_24-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Rapini_24-2) Rapini RP (2005). *Practical dermatopathology*. Elsevier Mosby. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-323-01198-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-323-01198-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Grant-Kels_25-0)** Grant-Kels JM (2007). *Color Atlas of Dermatopathology (Dermatology: Clinical & Basic Science)*. Informa Healthcare. p. 163. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8493-3794-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-3794-9). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-LAG_26-0)** Ryan T (1991). "Cutaneous Circulation". In Goldsmith LA (ed.). *Physiology, biochemistry, and molecular biology of the skin* (2nd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. p. 1019. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-505612-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505612-4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-pmid8423379_27-0)** Swerlick RA, Lawley TJ (January 1993). ["Role of microvascular endothelial cells in inflammation"](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjid.1993.33). *The Journal of Investigative Dermatology*. **100** (1): 111S–115S. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/jid.1993.33](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjid.1993.33). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [8423379](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8423379). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** Rose LC (September 1998). ["Recognizing neoplastic skin lesions: a photo guide"](http://www.aafp.org/afp/1998/0915/p873.html). *American Family Physician*. **58** (4): 873–84, 887–8. [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [9767724](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9767724). Retrieved 3 June 2013. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-8256-1_29-11) Callen J (2000). *Color atlas of dermatology*. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders. 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[*Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary*](https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/home) (33rd ed.). Elsevier. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-323-66148-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-66148-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["pustulation"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/pustulation). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 2026-03-20. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["pustulation"](https://www.dictionary.com/browse/pustulation). *[Dictionary.com Unabridged](/source/Dictionary.com)* (Online). n.d. Retrieved 2026-03-20. 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-0187-1_34-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-isbn0-7216-0187-1_34-1) Cotran RS, Kumar V, Fausto N, Robbins SL, Abbas AK (2005). *Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease*. St. Louis, Mo: Elsevier Saunders. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7216-0187-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7216-0187-1). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_35-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_35-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:0_35-3) Copstead LE, Diestelmeier RE, Diestelmeier MR (2016-09-03). ["Alterations in the Integumentary System"](https://basicmedicalkey.com/alterations-in-the-integumentary-system/). *Basicmedical Key*. Retrieved 2019-07-01. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** Benedetti J (December 2021). ["Description of Skin Lesions"](http://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic_disorders/approach_to_the_dermatologic_patient/description_of_skin_lesions.html). The Merck Manual. Retrieved 3 June 2013. ## External links Classification D MeSH: D012871 v t e Dermatitis and eczema Atopic dermatitis Prurigo gestationis Sweat allergy Seborrheic dermatitis Pityriasis simplex capillitii Cradle cap Contact dermatitis (allergic, irritant) plants: Urushiol-induced contact dermatitis African blackwood dermatitis Tulip fingers other: Abietic acid dermatitis Diaper rash Airbag dermatitis Baboon syndrome Contact stomatitis Metal allergy Protein contact dermatitis Eczema Autoimmune estrogen dermatitis Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis Breast eczema Ear eczema Eyelid dermatitis Topical steroid withdrawal Hand eczema Dyshidrosis Hyperkeratotic hand dermatitis Autosensitization dermatitis/Id reaction Candidid Dermatophytid Molluscum dermatitis Circumostomy eczema Juvenile plantar dermatosis Nummular eczema Nutritional deficiency eczema Sulzberger–Garbe syndrome Xerotic eczema Pruritus/Itch/ Prurigo Lichen simplex chronicus/Prurigo nodularis by location: Pruritus ani Pruritus scroti Pruritus vulvae Scalp pruritus Drug-induced pruritus Hydroxyethyl starch-induced pruritus Senile pruritus Aquagenic pruritus Aquadynia Adult blaschkitis due to liver disease Biliary pruritus Cholestatic pruritus Prion pruritus Prurigo pigmentosa Prurigo simplex Puncta pruritica Uremic pruritus Other substances taken internally: Bromoderma Fixed drug reaction Nummular dermatitis Pityriasis alba Papuloerythroderma of Ofuji v t e Disorders of skin appendages Nail thickness: Onychogryphosis Onychauxis color: Beau's lines Yellow nail syndrome Leukonychia Azure lunula shape: Koilonychia Nail clubbing behavior: Onychotillomania Onychophagia other: Ingrown nail Anonychia ungrouped: Paronychia Acute Chronic Accessory nail of the fifth toe Chevron nail Congenital onychodysplasia of the index fingers Green nails Half and half nails Hangnail Hapalonychia Hook nail Lichen planus of the nails Longitudinal erythronychia Malalignment of the nail plate Median nail dystrophy Mees' lines Melanonychia Muehrcke's lines Nail–patella syndrome Onychoatrophy Onycholysis Onychomadesis Onychomatricoma Onychomycosis Onychophosis Onychoptosis defluvium Onychopapilloma Onychorrhexis Onychoschizia Platonychia Pincer nails Plummer's nail Psoriatic nails Pterygium inversum unguis Pterygium unguis Purpura of the nail bed Racquet nail Red lunulae Shell nail syndrome Splinter hemorrhage Spotted lunulae Staining of the nail plate Subungual hematoma Terry's nails Twenty-nail dystrophy Hair Hair loss/ Baldness noncicatricial alopecia: Alopecia areata totalis universalis Ophiasis Androgenic alopecia (male-pattern baldness) Hypotrichosis Telogen effluvium Traction alopecia Lichen planopilaris Trichorrhexis nodosa Alopecia neoplastica Anagen effluvium Alopecia mucinosa cicatricial alopecia: Pseudopelade of Brocq Central centrifugal cicatricial alopecia Pressure alopecia Traumatic alopecia Tumor alopecia Hot comb alopecia Dissecting cellulitis of the scalp Graham-Little syndrome Folliculitis decalvans ungrouped: Triangular alopecia Frontal fibrosing alopecia Marie Unna hereditary hypotrichosis Hypertrichosis Hirsutism Acquired localised generalised patterned Congenital generalised localised X-linked Prepubertal Nevoid hypertrichosis Acneiform eruption Acne Acne vulgaris Acne conglobata Acne miliaris necrotica Tropical acne Infantile acne/Neonatal acne Excoriated acne Acne fulminans Acne medicamentosa (e.g., steroid acne) Halogen acne Iododerma Bromoderma Chloracne Oil acne Tar acne Acne cosmetica Occupational acne Acne aestivalis Acne keloidalis nuchae Acne mechanica Acne with facial edema Pomade acne Acne necrotica Blackhead Lupus miliaris disseminatus faciei Rosacea Perioral dermatitis Granulomatous perioral dermatitis Phymatous rosacea Rhinophyma Blepharophyma Gnathophyma Metophyma Otophyma Papulopustular rosacea Lupoid rosacea Erythrotelangiectatic rosacea Glandular rosacea Gram-negative rosacea Steroid rosacea Ocular rosacea Persistent edema of rosacea Rosacea conglobata variants Periorificial dermatitis Pyoderma faciale Ungrouped Granulomatous facial dermatitis Idiopathic facial aseptic granuloma Periorbital dermatitis SAPHO syndrome Follicular cysts "Sebaceous cyst" Epidermoid cyst Trichilemmal cyst Steatocystoma simplex multiplex Milia Inflammation Folliculitis Folliculitis nares perforans Tufted folliculitis Pseudofolliculitis barbae Hidradenitis Hidradenitis suppurativa Recurrent palmoplantar hidradenitis Neutrophilic eccrine hidradenitis Ungrouped Acrokeratosis paraneoplastica of Bazex Acroosteolysis Bubble hair deformity Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis Erosive pustular dermatosis of the scalp Erythromelanosis follicularis faciei et colli Hair casts Hair follicle nevus Intermittent hair–follicle dystrophy Keratosis pilaris atropicans Kinking hair Koenen's tumor Lichen planopilaris Lichen spinulosus Loose anagen syndrome Menkes kinky hair syndrome Monilethrix Parakeratosis pustulosa Pili (Pili annulati Pili bifurcati Pili multigemini Pili pseudoannulati Pili torti) Pityriasis amiantacea Plica neuropathica Poliosis Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome Setleis syndrome Traumatic anserine folliculosis Trichomegaly Trichomycosis axillaris Trichorrhexis (Trichorrhexis invaginata Trichorrhexis nodosa) Trichostasis spinulosa Uncombable hair syndrome Woolly hair nevus Sweat glands Eccrine Miliaria Colloid milium Miliaria crystalline Miliaria profunda Miliaria pustulosa Miliaria rubra Occlusion miliaria Postmiliarial hypohidrosis Granulosis rubra nasi Ross' syndrome Hyperhidrosis Generalized Gustatory Palmoplantar Hypohidrosis Anhidrosis Apocrine Body odor Chromhidrosis Fox–Fordyce disease Sebaceous Sebaceous hyperplasia v t e Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal Wart Callus Seborrheic keratosis Acrochordon Molluscum contagiosum Actinic keratosis Squamous-cell carcinoma Basal-cell carcinoma Merkel-cell carcinoma Nevus sebaceous Trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles Lentigo Melasma Nevus Melanoma Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation Dermal and subcutaneous Epidermal inclusion cyst Hemangioma Dermatofibroma (benign fibrous histiocytoma) Keloid Lipoma Neurofibroma Xanthoma Kaposi's sarcoma Infantile digital fibromatosis Granular cell tumor Leiomyoma Lymphangioma circumscriptum Myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous Contact dermatitis Atopic dermatitis Seborrheic dermatitis Stasis dermatitis Lichen simplex chronicus Darier's disease Glucagonoma syndrome Langerhans cell histiocytosis Lichen sclerosus Pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling Psoriasis Tinea (Corporis Cruris Pedis Manuum Faciei) Pityriasis rosea Secondary syphilis Mycosis fungoides Systemic lupus erythematosus Pityriasis rubra pilaris Parapsoriasis Ichthyosis Blistering Herpes simplex Herpes zoster Varicella Bullous impetigo Acute contact dermatitis Pemphigus vulgaris Bullous pemphigoid Dermatitis herpetiformis Porphyria cutanea tarda Epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular Scabies Insect bite reactions Lichen planus Miliaria Keratosis pilaris Lichen spinulosus Transient acantholytic dermatosis Lichen nitidus Pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular Acne vulgaris Rosacea Folliculitis Impetigo Candidiasis Gonococcemia Dermatophyte Coccidioidomycosis Subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented Tinea versicolor Vitiligo Pityriasis alba Tuberous sclerosis Idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis Leprosy Hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized Drug eruptions Viral exanthems Toxic erythema Systemic lupus erythematosus Localized Cellulitis Abscess Boil Erythema nodosum Carcinoid syndrome Fixed drug eruption Specialized Urticaria Erythema (Multiforme Migrans Gyratum repens Annulare centrifugum Ab igne) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular Thrombocytopenic purpura Actinic/solar purpura Papular Disseminated intravascular coagulation Vasculitis Indurated Scleroderma/morphea Granuloma annulare Lichen sclerosis et atrophicus Necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair Telogen effluvium Androgenic alopecia Alopecia areata Systemic lupus erythematosus Tinea capitis Loose anagen syndrome Lichen planopilaris Folliculitis decalvans Acne keloidalis nuchae Nail Onychomycosis Psoriasis Paronychia Ingrown nail Mucous membrane Aphthous stomatitis Oral candidiasis Lichen planus Leukoplakia Pemphigus vulgaris Mucous membrane pemphigoid Cicatricial pemphigoid Herpesvirus Coxsackievirus Syphilis Systemic histoplasmosis Squamous-cell carcinoma v t e Major disease groups Infection Parasitic disease Benign tumor Cancer Endocrine disease Malnutrition Metabolic disorder Immune disorder Hematologic disease Mental disorder Neurological disorder Eye disease Ear disease Cardiovascular disease Lymphatic disease Respiratory disease Maxillofacial disorder Gastrointestinal disease Urologic disease Female genital disease Breast disease Male genital disease Complications of pregnancy Obstetric labor complication Postpartum disorder Skin disease Musculoskeletal disorder Soft tissue disorder Connective tissue disease Bone disease Chondropathy Congenital disorder Fetal disease Authority control databases International GND National United States Japan Czech Republic 2 Latvia Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Skin condition](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skin_condition?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.