# Sirenik language

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For the people, see [Sireniks](/source/Sireniks).

**Sirenik**, **Sirenik Yupik**,[3] **Sireniki Yupik**[4] (also **Old Sirenik** or **Vuteen**), or **Sirenikskiy** is an extinct [Eskaleut language](/source/Eskaleut_language). It was spoken in and around the village of [Sireniki](/source/Sireniki) (Сиреники) in [Chukotka Peninsula](/source/Chukotka_Peninsula), [Chukotka Autonomous Okrug](/source/Chukotka_Autonomous_Okrug), [Russia](/source/Russia). The [language shift](/source/Language_shift) has been a long process, ending in total [language death](/source/Language_death). In January 1997, the [last native speaker](/source/Terminal_speaker) of the language, a woman named **Vyjye** (Valentina Wye) (Russian: Выйе), died.[5][6][7] Ever since that point, the language has been [extinct](/source/Extinct_language);[5] nowadays, all [Sireniks](/source/Sireniks) speak [Siberian Yupik](/source/Siberian_Yupik_language) or [Russian](/source/Russian_language). Despite this, censuses as late as [2010](/source/2010_Russian_census) report up to 5 native speakers of Sirenik.[2]

Сиӷы́ных siˈʁənəx is the endonym for the eponymous settlement of Sireniki.[8][9] The endonym for the people itself is сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷий (siˈʁənəɣˈməːʁij; 'Sirenikites'); the singular form is сиӷы́ныгмы̄́ӷа siˈʁənəɣˈməːʁa.[9][10]

This article is based on Menovschikov (1964),[11] with cited examples transliterated from Cyrillic transcription to the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet).

## Classification

### Genealogical

#### External

Sirenik is an Eskimoan language, one of the two major groupings of the [Eskaleut languages](/source/Eskaleut_languages). The exact [genealogical classification](/source/Language_family) of Sirenik within its group is uncertain.[6] Some argue that Sirenik is a remnant of a third group of Eskimoan languages, in addition to [Yupik](/source/Yupik_languages) and [Inuit](/source/Inuit_languages) groups[6][7][12][13][14] (see a visual representation by tree and an argumentation based on [comparative linguistics](/source/Comparative_linguistics)[15][16]); others regard it as belonging to the Yupik branch,[17][18] or as forming a Yupik–Sirenik branch with Yupik.[19]

Many words are formed from entirely different [roots](/source/Root_(linguistics)) to those in [Siberian Yupik](/source/Siberian_Yupik_language).[20] In addition, the grammar has several peculiarities compared to the other Eskimoan languages as well as [Aleut](/source/Aleut_language). For example, although most Eskaleut languages, including Sirenik's neighboring relative Siberian Yupik,[21] have [dual number](/source/Dual_(grammatical_number)),[22] it is not known in Sirenik. The peculiarities amounted to mutual unintelligibility with even its nearest language relatives. This forced Sirenik people to use [Chukchi](/source/Chukchi_language) as a [lingua franca](/source/Lingua_franca) when speaking with [neighboring Eskimo peoples](/source/Siberian_Yupik).[23] Thus, any external contacts for Sirenik people required using a different language: they either resorted to the use of a lingua franca, or used the [Siberian Yupik language](/source/Siberian_Yupik_language) (definitely a mutually unintelligible, different language for them, not just a dialect of their own).[24] This difference from all their language relatives may be the result of a supposed long isolation from other Eskimo groups:[25][26] Sirenik people may have been in contact only with speakers of unrelated languages for many centuries in the past, and their language may have been influenced, especially by non-relative Chukchi.[23]

#### Internal

Although the number of its speakers was very few even at the end of the nineteenth century, the language had at least two [dialects](/source/Dialect) in the past.[5]

### Typological

As for its [morphological typology](/source/Morphological_typology), it has [polysynthetic](/source/Polysynthetic_language) and [incorporative](/source/Incorporation_(linguistics)) features, just like the other Eskimoan languages.

## Phonology

### Consonants

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal Nasal voiced m n ŋ voiceless n̥ Stop/Affricate p t t͡ʃ k q ʔ Fricative voiceless (f) s (ʃ) x χ voiced v ɣ ʁ Approximant voiceless l̥ j̊ voiced l j w

- Some consonants can be palatalized, e.g.: /lʲ̥/.
- Sounds [f, ʃ] are heard as variants of /v, s/.

### Vowels

Front Central Back Close i iː ɨ ɨː u uː Mid Open a aː

- Sounds /ɨ, ɨː/ may also range to [ə, əː].

## Morphology

Like all other Eskimo languages, the [morphology](/source/Morphology_(linguistics)) is rather complex. A description grouped by [lexical categories](/source/Lexical_category) follows.

### Nominal and verbal

Although morphology will be treated grouped into a nominal and a verbal part, many Eskimo languages show features which “crosscut” any such groupings in several aspects:

- the [ergative](/source/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language) structure at verbs is similar to the [possessive](/source/Possession_(linguistics)) structure at nouns (see section [Ergative–absolutive](#Ergative–absolutive));
- a physical similarity exists between nominal and verbal personal suffix paradigms, i.e., in most cases, the respective person-number is expressed with the same sequence of phonemes at: - [possessive suffixes](/source/Possessive_suffix) (at nouns) - verbal suffixes;
- nomenverbum-like roots, becoming nominal or verbal only via the suffix they get;
- Eskimo texts abound in various kinds of participles (see section [Participles](#Participles));

#### Common grammatical categories

Some [grammatical categories](/source/Grammatical_category) (e.g. [person](/source/Grammatical_person) and [number](/source/Grammatical_number)) are applicable to both verbal and nominal [lexical categories](/source/Lexical_category).

Although person and number are expressed in a single suffix, sometimes it can be traced back to consist of a distinct person and a distinct number suffix.[a]

#### Person

[Paradigms](/source/Inflection) can make a distinction in 3rd person for “self”, thus the mere personal suffix (of the verb or noun) can distinguish e.g.

**a nominal example**- “He/she takes his/her own dog” versus “He/she takes the dog of another person”.
**a verbal example**- “He/she sees himself/herself” versus “He/she sees him/her (another person)”

Thus, it can be translated into English (and some other languages) using a [reflexive pronoun](/source/Reflexive_pronoun). This notion concerns also other concepts in building larger parts of the sentence and the text, see section [Usage of third person suffixes](#Usage_of_third_person_suffixes).

#### Number

Although other Eskimo languages know more than the familiar two [grammatical numbers](/source/Grammatical_number), by having also [dual](/source/Dual_(grammatical_number)), Sireniki uses only singular and [plural](/source/Plural). Sireniki is, as mentioned above, peculiar in this aspect, alongside [Greenlandic](/source/Greenlandic_language), within the [Eskimo–Aleut language family](/source/Eskimo%E2%80%93Aleut_languages),[22] with even its neighboring [Siberian Yupik](/source/Siberian_Yupik_language) relatives having dual number.[21]

#### Deictic demonstrative pronouns

Sireniki had an unusual wide range of deictic distinctions between up to four distances (near, medial, far and out_of_view) which could be horizontal “una”>”igna”>”ikna”, vertical “mana”>”unygna”>”pikna”, marking a movement like approaching the speaker “ukna”, away from them “agna”, refer to conversational topics be they definite “ugna”>”k’amna”>oov “amna” or indefinite “k’akymna”>”k’agna”>oov “akymna” or describe sth in the past “imna”.[27]

#### Building verbs from nouns

Suffix -/ɕuɣɨn/- meaning “to be similar to sth”:

Root Becomes verbal by suffix[b] Indicative mood, singular 3rd person /mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux/ /mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-ɕuɣɨn/- /mɨtɨχlʲ̥ux-ɕuɣɨn-tɨ-χ/ raven to be similar to a raven he/she is similar to a raven

#### Predicative form of a noun

Predicative form of a noun can be built using suffix -/t͡ʃ ɨ/-:[c]

Root Predicative form Examples Singular 2nd person Singular 3rd person /juɣ/ /juɣɨ t͡ʃ ɨ/- /juɣɨ t͡ʃ ɨtɨn/ /juɣɨ t͡ʃ ɨχ/ man to be a man you are a man he/she is a man

#### Verbs built from [toponyms](/source/Toponym)

- /imtuk/ (a [toponym](/source/Toponymy): Imtuk)
- /imtux-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/ (I travel to Imtuk.)[d]

### Nominal lexical categories

#### Grammatical categories

Not only the [grammatical cases](/source/Declension) of nouns are marked by suffixes, but also the person of possessor (use of possessive pronouns in English) can be expressed by [agglutination](/source/Agglutination).

Excerpt from cases and personal possessive form of /taŋaχ/ (child)[e] Sing 1st person Sing 2nd person Absolutive /taŋaqa/ (my child) /taŋaʁɨn/ (your child) Ablative / Instrumental /taŋamnɨŋ/ (from my child) /taŋaχpɨnɨŋ/ (from your child) Dative / Lative /taŋamnu/ (to my child) /taŋaχpɨnu/ (to your child) Locative /taŋamni/ (at my child) /taŋaχpɨni/ (at your child) Equative (comparative) /taŋamtɨn/ (like my child) /taŋaχpɨtɨn/ (like your child)

It is just an excerpt for illustration: not all cases are shown, Sirenik language has more grammatical cases. The table illustrates also why Sirenik language is treated as [agglutinative](/source/Agglutination) (rather than [fusional](/source/Fusional_language)).

There is no [grammatical gender](/source/Grammatical_gender) (or gender-like [noun class](/source/Noun_class) system).

#### Case

Sireniki is an [absolutive–ergative language](/source/Absolutive%E2%80%93ergative_language).

Cases (listed using Menovščikov's numbering):

1. [Absolutive](/source/Absolutive_case)
1. Relative case, playing the role of both [genitive case](/source/Genitive_case) and [ergative case](/source/Ergative_case).
1. [Ablative](/source/Ablative_case) / [Instrumental](/source/Instrumental_case), used also in [accusative](/source/Accusative_case) structures.
1. [Dative](/source/Dative_case) / [Lative](/source/Lative_case)
1. [Locative](/source/Locative_case)
1. [Vialis case](/source/Vialis_case), see also [Prosecutive case](/source/Prosecutive_case), and ["motion via"](/source/List_of_grammatical_cases#Motion_via)
1. [Equative](/source/Equative_case) (comparative)

To see why a single case can play such distinct roles at all, read [morphosyntactic alignment](/source/Morphosyntactic_alignment), and also [a short table about it](/source/List_of_grammatical_cases#Morphosyntactic_alignment).

Some finer [grammatical functions](/source/Grammatical_function) are expressed using [postpositions](/source/Postposition). Most of them are built as a combinations of cases

- lative or locative or ablative
- combined with relative (used as genitive)

in a similar way as we use expressions like "on top of" in English.

### Verbal lexical categories

Also at verbs, the morphology is very rich. Suffixes can express [grammatical moods](/source/Grammatical_mood) of the verb (e.g. [imperative](/source/Imperative_mood), [interrogative](/source/Interrogative_mood), [optative](/source/Optative_mood)), and also negation, [tense](/source/Grammatical_tense), [aspect](/source/Grammatical_aspect), the [person](/source/Grammatical_person) of subject and object. Some examples (far from being comprehensive):

Phonology Meaning Grammatical notes Person, number of Mood Others subject object /aʁaʁɨ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-mkɨn/ I lead you Singular 1st person Singular 2nd person Indicative /aʁaʁɨ-ɕuk-ɨ-mɕi/ Let me lead you Singular 1st person Singular 2nd person Imperative[f] /nɨŋɨ-sɨɣɨŋ-sɨn/ Don't you see me? Singular 2nd person Singular 1st person Interrogative Negative polarity[g]

The rich set of [morphemes](/source/Morpheme) makes it possible to build huge verbs whose meaning could be expressed (in most of widely known languages) as whole sentences (consisting of more words) . Sireniki – like the other Eskimo languages – has [polysynthetic](/source/Polysynthetic_language) and [incorporative](/source/Incorporation_(linguistics)) features, in many forms, among others [polypersonal agreement](/source/Polypersonal_agreement).

#### Grammatical categories

The [polysynthetic](/source/Polysynthetic_language) and [incorporative](/source/Incorporation_(linguistics)) features mentioned above manifest themselves in most of the ways Sirenik language can express [grammatical categories](/source/Grammatical_category).

#### Transitivity

For background, see [transitivity](/source/Transitivity_(grammatical_category)). (Remember also section [Ergative–absolutive](#Ergative–absolutive).)

See also Nicole Tersis and Shirley Carter-Thomas (2005).[28]

#### Polarity

Even the [grammatical polarity](/source/Grammatical_polarity) can be expressed by adding a suffix to the verb.

An example for negative polarity: the negation form of the verb /aʁaʁ-/ (to go):

- /juɣ aʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/ (the man walks)
- /juɣ aʁaʁ-ɨ-tɨ-χ/ (the man does not walk)[g]

#### Aspect

[Grammatical aspect](/source/Grammatical_aspect):

- /aftalʁa-**qɨstaχ**-/ (to work **slowly**) and /aftalʁa-**qɨstaχ**-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-χ/ (he works **slowly**),[h] from /aftalʁa-/ (to work)

#### Modality

Also [linguistic modality](/source/Linguistic_modality) can be expressed by suffixes. [Modal verbs](/source/Modal_verb) like "want to", "wish to" etc. do not even exist:[i]

Suffix -jux- (to want to): /aftalʁaχ-/ (to work) /aftalʁaʁ-jux-/ (to want to work)[i] /aftalʁaχ-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/ (I work)[j] /aftalʁaʁ-jux-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ŋ/ (I want to work)[i]

The table illustrates also why Sirenik is treated as [agglutinative](/source/Agglutination) (rather than [fusional](/source/Fusional_language)).

#### Voice

Four [grammatical voices](/source/Grammatical_voice) are mentioned in:[k]

**active****passive**- confer -/ɕi/- that variant of [Siberian Yupik](/source/Siberian_Yupik) which is spoken by Ungazigmit[29]
**middle (medial)****causative**- /malikam aʁaχ-**ɕaχ**-tɨqɨχ-tɨ-ʁa kɨtuɣi qurŋi-nu/ (Malika **make**s Kitugi go to the reindeer.)[k]

all of them are expressed by agglutination, thus, no separate words are required.

### Participles

A distinction between two kinds of [participles](/source/Participle) ([adverbial participle](/source/Adverbial_participle) and [adjectival participle](/source/Adjectival_participle)) makes sense in Sireniki (just like in [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_grammar), see [határozói igenév](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat%C3%A1roz%C3%B3i_igen%C3%A9v) and [melléknévi igenév](https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mell%C3%A9kn%C3%A9vi_igen%C3%A9v) for detailed description of these concepts; or in [Russian](/source/Russian_grammar), see [деепричастие](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5) and [причастие](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B8))).

Sireniki has many kinds of participles in both categories. In the following, they will be listed, grouped by the relation between the “dependent action” and “main action” (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g. [modality](/source/Linguistic_modality)) – following the terminology of Menovschikov (1964).[11] A sentence with a participle can be imagined as simulating a subordinating [compound sentence](/source/Compound_sentence_(linguistics)) where the action described in the [dependent clause](/source/Dependent_clause) relates somehow to the action described in the [main clause](/source/Independent_clause). In English, an [adverbial clause](/source/Adverbial_clause) may express [reason, purpose, condition, succession etc.](/source/Adverbial_clause#Kinds_of_adverbial_clauses), and a [relative clause](/source/Relative_clause) can express many meanings, too.

In an analogous way, in Sireniki Eskimo language, the "dependent action" (expressed by the adverbial participle in the sentence element called [adverbial](/source/Adverbial), or expressed by the adjectival participle in the sentence element called attribute) relates somehow to the “main action” (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called [predicate](/source/Predicate_(grammar))), and the participles will be listed below grouped by this relation (or by other meanings beyond this, e.g. [modality](/source/Linguistic_modality)).

#### Adverbial participles

They can be translated into English e.g. by using an appropriate [adverbial clause](/source/Adverbial_clause). There are many of them, with various meanings.

An interesting feature: they can have person and number. The person of the dependent action need not coincide with that of the main action. An example (meant in the British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):

“I” versus “we” /mɨŋa iŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma, ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/ If I were a marksman, we should kill walrus

Another example (with a different adverbial participle):

“he/she” versus “they” /ɨ̆ l̥tɨʁinɨq ȷ̊an, upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/ when he/she sings, they keep frightening him/her

They will be discussed in more details below.

#### Reason, purpose or circumstance of action

An adverbial participle “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” is expressed by suffix -/lɨ/- / -/ l̥ɨ/- (followed by appropriate person-number suffix). Examples:[l]

Persons Sentence Adverbial participle Verb 1st—1st /jɨfkɨ-lɨ-ma itχɨ-mɨ-t͡ʃɨ-ŋ/ (I) having stood up I went in 3rd—3rd /jɨfkɨ-lɨ-mi itχɨ-mɨ-tɨ-χ/ (he/she) having stood up he/she went in

Another example, with a somewhat different usage:[m]

Adverbial participle Verb /nɨŋitu l̥ɨku pɨjɨkɨŋa/ To examine him/her2 (another being) he/she1 went

#### Dependent action ends just before main action begins

Using the adverbial participle -/ja/- / -/ɕa/-, the dependent action (expressed by the adverbial participle in the [sentence element](/source/Sentence_element) called [adverbial](/source/Adverbial)) finishes just before the main action (expressed by the verb in the sentence element called [predicate](/source/Predicate_(grammar))) begins.[n]

#### Dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end

It can be expressed by suffix -/inɨq ȷ̊a/-.[n] Examples:

/nukɨ l̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨm aninɨq ȷ̊ami qamt͡ʃɨni tiɣɨmɨra(x)/ the boy, going out [of the house], took his [own] sledge [with himself])

where

/nukɨ l̥piɣt͡ʃɨʁaʁɨm/ Phonology Syntax Semantics /nuˈkɨ l̥piɣˈt͡ʃɨʁaχ/ noun boy -/ɨm/ case suffix relative case

/aninɨq ȷ̊ami/ Phonology Syntax Semantics /an/- root go out -/inɨq ȷ̊a/- the suffix of the adverbial participle dependent action begins before main action, but they continue together till end -/mi/ person-number suffix for adverbial participle in intransitive conjugation[o] subject of singular 3rd person

/qamt͡ʃɨni/ Phonology Syntax Semantics /ˈqamt͡ʃa/ noun sled -/ni/ possessive suffix for nouns singular, 3rd person, self: “his/her own …”

/tiɣɨmɨra(x)/ Phonology Syntax Semantics /tɨɣɨˈraχ/ verb he/she took something -/mɨ/- / -/ɨmɨ/- tense suffix past tense (not the “near past” one)

Another example:

/ɨ̆ l̥tɨʁinɨq ȷ̊an, upʃuχtɨqɨχtɨʁij/ when he/she sings, they keep frightening him/her

#### Conditional

Dependent action is conditional: it does not takes place, although it would (either really, or provided that some—maybe irreal—conditions would hold). Confer also [conditional sentence](/source/Conditional_sentence).

Sireniki Eskimo has several adverbial participles to express that.[p] We can distinguish them according to the concerned condition (conveyed by the dependent action): it may be

- either real (possible to take place in the future)
- or irreal (it would take place only if some other irreal condition would hold)

#### Real

It is expressed with suffix -/qɨɣɨ/- / -/kɨɣɨ/-, let us see e.g. a paradigm beginning with /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/ (if I get off / depart); /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/ (if you get off / depart):

Number Singular Plural Person 1st /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-ma/ /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mta/ 2nd /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pi/ /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-pɨɕi/ 3rd /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mi/ /aʁa-qɨɣɨ-mɨŋ/

#### Irrealis

Compare with [counterfactual conditional](/source/Counterfactual_conditional). Sireniki can compress it into an adverbial participle: it is expressed with suffix -/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/- / -/majɨqɨɣɨ/-.

The dependent action is expressed with an adverbial participle. The main action is conveyed by the verb. If also the main action is conditional (a typical usage), than it can be expressed with a verb of conditional mood. The persons need not coincide.

An example (meant in the British English usage of “shall / should” in the 1st person: here, conveying only conditional, but no necessity or morality):

/mɨŋa iŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma, ajvɨʁaʁjuʁuχtɨki/ If I were a marksman, we should kill walrus.

The example in details:

Dependent action:

/iŋɨjaxtɨk-t͡ʃɨ-ʁɨjɨqɨɣɨ-ma/ (if I were a marksman) Phonology Syntax Semantics /iŋˈɨːjaxta/ noun marksman -/t͡ʃɨ/- suffix building a verb out of a noun predicative form of noun -/ɣɨjɨqɨɣɨ/- / -/majɨqɨɣɨ/- the suffix of the adverbial participle irreal condition -/ma/ person-number suffix for adverbial participles in the intransitive conjugation subject 1st person

#### Adjectival participles

There are several kinds of adjectival participles.

- /imtuɡnu aʁaqt͡ʃɨχ qɨmɨ l̥ɨʁaχ utɨχt͡ʃɨmɨt͡ʃɨχ/: "The sledge [that went to Imtuk] returned."
- /juɣ qavɨ l̥ɨʁɨχ nɨŋɨsɨmɨrɨqa/: "I saw [perceived] a sleeping man."

They can be used not only attributively, as in the above examples, but also predicatively:{efn|Attribute versus predicative usage of adjectival participles.[30]

- /juɣ qavɨ l̥ɨʁɨχ/: The man is sleeping.

#### Modality

The djectival participle -/kajux/ / -/qajux/ conveys a meaning "able to", related rather to [modality](/source/Linguistic_modality) than to the relation of dependent action and main action).[q]

- /taŋaʁaχ pijɨ**kajux** pijɨxtɨqɨχtɨχ l̥mɨnɨŋ/: "A child who is able to walk moves around spontaneously."

## Syntax

Like many Eskimoan languages, Sireniki is an [ergative–absolutive language](/source/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language). For English-language materials treating this feature of Sireniki, see Nikolai Vakhtin (2000).

## See also

- [Siberian Yupik](/source/Siberian_Yupik)
- [Eskimo](/source/Eskimo)
- [Ergative–absolutive language](/source/Ergative%E2%80%93absolutive_language)
- [Transitive verb](/source/Transitive_verb)
- [Intransitive verb](/source/Intransitive_verb)
- [Polysynthetic language](/source/Polysynthetic_language)
- [Incorporation (linguistics)](/source/Incorporation_(linguistics))
- [Language death](/source/Language_death)

## Notes

1. Person and number in a single suffix, or in two distinct ones.[31]

1. Suffix -/ɕuɣɨn/- meaning “to be similar to sth”.[32]

1. Predicative form of a noun (suffix -/t͡ʃ ɨ/-).[33]

1. Verbs built from [toponyms](/source/Toponymy).[34]

1. Personal possessive form.[35]

1. Imperative.[36]

1. Negation form of a verb.[37]

1. Suffix -/qɨstaχ-/ for slow action [aspect](/source/Grammatical_aspect).[38]

1. Modality.[39]

1. Present tense.[31]

1. [Grammatical voices](/source/Grammatical_voice).[40]

1. Adverbial participle -/lɨ/- / - /l̥ɨ/- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action”.[41]

1. Adverbial participle -/lɨ/- / -/ l̥ɨ/- “explaining reason, purpose or circumstance of action” exemplified in another usage.[42]

1. Adverbial participle -/ja/- / -/ɕa/- (dependent action ends just before main action begins).[43]

1. Intransitive conjugation of adverbial participles -/ja/- / -/ɕa/-, -/inɨq ȷ̊a/-.[44]

1. Adverbial participles conveying conditional dependent action.[45]

1. Adjectival participle -/kajux/ / -/qajux/ (able to).[46]

## References

1. ["Sirenik"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121210101426/http://multitree.org/codes/ysr). Archived from [the original](http://multitree.org/codes/ysr) on 10 December 2012. Retrieved 2024-03-07.

1. ["tab6.xls"](http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls). *gks.ru*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180206181745/http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls) 2018-02-06 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-07-04.

1. [OLAC resources in and about the Sirenik Yupik language](http://www.language-archives.org/language/ysr)

1. [Sireniki Yupik Sea-Ice Dictionary](https://gcrc.carleton.ca/confluence/display/ISIUOP/Sireniki+Sea+Ice+Dictionary)

1. Vakhtin 1998, p. 162.

1. Николай Вахтин [Nikolai Vakhtin] (2000). [*Язык сиреникских эскимосов: Тексты, грамматические и словарные материалы*](http://www.eu.spb.ru/univ/rector/index.htm) [The Language of the Sirenik Eskimos: Texts, Grammatical and Dictionary materials] (in Russian). Munchen: Lincom-Europa. ISBN 9783895869518. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070910134859/http://www.eu.spb.ru/univ/rector/index.htm) 2007-09-10 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["ЭСКИМОСЫ"](http://www.nsu.ru/ip/eskimos.php) [Eskimos] (in Russian). *Поддержка прав коренных народов Сибири*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070830162420/http://www.nsu.ru/ip/eskimos.php) 2007-08-30 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 7.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 195.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 31.

1. Menovshchikov 1964.

1. Vakhtin 1998, p. 161.

1. ["ru:Языки эскимосов"](http://www.icc.hotbox.ru/yaziki.htm) (in Russian). *ICC Chukotka*. [Inuit Circumpolar Council](/source/Inuit_Circumpolar_Council)

1. [Menovshchikov 1997](http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/menovshikov-97a.htm)

1. Gary Holton. ["Alaska Native Language Relationships and Family Trees"](http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/groups/). University of Alaska Fairbanks. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110429051331/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/groups/) 2011-04-29 at the Wayback Machine.

1. Lawrence Kaplan. ["Comparative Yupik and Inuit"](http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/yupik-inuit/). University of Alaska Fairbanks. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110805204303/http://www.uaf.edu/anlc/resources/yupik-inuit/) 2011-08-05 at the Wayback Machine.

1. [Ethnologue Report for Eskimo–Aleut](http://www.ethnologue.com/show_family.asp?subid=91176)

1. Kaplan 1990, p. 136.

1. Eváristos Bethlehem. ["Morphosyntactic alignment and verbal indexing in Inuit-Yupik-Unangan through a diachronic lens"](https://www.academia.edu/101298117/Morphosyntactic_alignment_and_verbal_indexing_in_Inuit_Yupik_Unangan_through_a_diachronic_lens). 2023.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 42.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 81.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 38.

1. Menovshchikov 1990, p. 70.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 6–7.

1. Menovshchikov 1962, p. 11.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 9.

1. Haarmann 2021, p. [page needed].

1. Tersis & Carter-Thomas 2005.

1. Rubtsova 1954, pp. 121–123.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 95.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 61.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 66.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 66–67.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 67.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 44–45.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 86.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 89.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 72.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 68.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 78–80.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 90–91.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 99.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 91–92.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 91.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, pp. 92–93.

1. Menovshchikov 1964, p. 97.

**English**

- Kaplan, Lawrence D. (1990). ["The Language of the Alaskan Inuit"](http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf). *Arctic Languages. An Awakening*. Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.). Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 131–158. ISBN 92-3-102661-5.
- Menovshchikov, Georgy (= Г. А. Меновщиков) (1990). ["Contemporary Studies of the Eskimo–Aleut Languages and Dialects: A Progress Report"](http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000861/086162e.pdf). *Arctic Languages. An Awakening*. Dirmid R. F. Collis (ed.). Vendôme: UNESCO. pp. 69–76. ISBN 92-3-102661-5.
- Tersis, Nicole & Carter-Thomas, Shirley (October 2005). ["Integrating Syntax and Pragmatics: Word Order and Transitivity Variations in Tunumiisut"](http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?doi=10.1086/501248&erFrom=635141024526605061Guest). *International Journal of American Linguistics*. **71** (4): 473–500. [doi:10.1086/501248](https://doi.org/10.1086/501248)
- Vakhtin, Nikolai (1998). ["Endangered Languages in Northeast Siberia: Siberian Yupik and other Languages of Chukotka"](http://www.siberian-studies.org/publications/PDF/bevakhtin.pdf). *Bicultural Education in the North: Ways of Preserving and Enhancing Indigenous Peoples' Languages and Traditional Knowledge*. Erich Kasten (ed.). Münster: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 159–173. ISBN 978-3-89325-651-8.

**German**

- Haarmann, Harald (2021). *Die seltsamsten Sprachen der Welt* (in German). [C.H.Beck](/source/C.H.Beck). ISBN 978-3-406-76726-5.

**Russian**

- Menovshchikov, G.A. (1962). *ru:Грамматиκа языка азиатских эскимосов. Часть первая* [Grammar of the Language of Asian Eskimos. Vol. I.] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad: [Academy of Sciences of the USSR](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences)
- Menovshchikov, G.A. (1964). *ru:Язык сиреникских эскимосов. Фонетика, очерк морфологии, тексты и словарь* [Language of Sirenik Eskimos. Phonetics, morphology, texts and vocabulary] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad: [Academy of Sciences of the USSR](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences)
- Menovshchikov, G.A. (1997). ["ru:Сиреникских эскимосов язык"](http://www.philology.ru/linguistics4/menovshikov-97a.htm) [Sireniki Eskimo language]. *ru:Языки мира. Палеоазиатские языки* (in Russian). Moscow: Indrik. pp. 81–84.
- Rubtsova, E. S. (1954). *ru:Материалы по языку и фольклору эскимосов (чаплинский диалект)* [Materials on the Language and Folklore of the Eskimoes, Vol. I, Chaplino Dialect] (in Russian). Moscow • Leningrad: [Academy of Sciences of the USSR](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences)

## External links

- Krauss, E. Michael (2005). "Eskimo languages in Asia, 1791 on, and the Wrangel Island-Point Hope connection". *Études/Inuit/Studies*. **29** (1–2): 163–185. [doi:10.7202/013938ar](https://doi.org/10.7202/013938ar)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sirenik language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenik_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirenik_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.