# Simon Nora

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**Simon Nora** (21 February 1921 – 5 March 2006) was a senior functionary in the post-war French state administration, who served in several French cabinets and was the Inspecteur-general in the Ministry of Finance.

## Life and career

Nora was the eldest son of Gaston Nora, head of [urology](/source/Urology) at the [Rothschild Hospital](/source/Rothschild_Hospital,_Paris). The family was [secular](/source/Jewish_secularism), fully integrated into the Parisian Jewish bourgeoisie.[1] His youngest brother is the historian [Pierre Nora](/source/Pierre_Nora). During [WW2](/source/World_War_II), his father, who had formed a friendship with the influential [Pétainist](/source/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain) [Xavier Vallat](/source/Xavier_Vallat) dating back to their days together in the trenches in [World War I](/source/World_War_I)[a] remained in Paris[b] while sending his family away to avoid [persecution and deportation](/source/The_Holocaust_in_France). Simon joined the [French Resistance](/source/French_Resistance) in 1942, and was active in the areas of [Jura](/source/Jura_Mountains) and [Vercours](/source/Battle_of_Vercors).[2] After the armistice he frequented members of the former [Vichy](/source/Vichy) [School of Uriage](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89cole_des_cadres_d'Uriage), which, after the régime had dissolved it, attracted numerous promising youths, who shared a contempt for the [Third Republic](/source/French_Third_Republic) and an intense desire to develop a new model for France.[3]

In 1947, he married [Marie-Pierre de Cossé-Brissac](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coss%C3%A9-Brissac), despite his own father's concerns, and humiliating efforts by his future father-in-law, [the Duke de Cossé-Brissac](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke_Pierre_de_Coss%C3%A9_Brissac), to block their marriage on the grounds of Nora's social inferiority. They had two children, Fabrice and Constance, before their marriage ended in 1955.[4] In 1953 he became economics expert for the newly-founded centre-left weekly *[L'Express](/source/L'Express)* [5] He then married [Léone Georges-Picot](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Famille_Georges-Picot), secretary and [chief of staff](/source/Chief_of_staff) of [Pierre Mendès France](/source/Pierre_Mend%C3%A8s_France)'s government.[5]

Acknowledged as a brilliant administrative functionary, Nora was close to Mendès France,[5] an association that, according to his brother Pierre, became a recurrent obstacle throughout his later career under [Charles de Gaulle](/source/Charles_de_Gaulle), [Georges Pompidou](/source/Georges_Pompidou), [François Mitterrand](/source/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand) and [Jacques Chirac](/source/Jacques_Chirac).[6] He was asked by [President](/source/President_of_the_French_Republic) [Valéry Giscard d'Estaing](/source/Val%C3%A9ry_Giscard_d'Estaing), who had once been Léone Nora's fiancé,[c] to write on the impact of the new communications technology on France. The report, *The Computerization of Society*, co-written with [Alain Minc](/source/Alain_Minc), appeared in 1978[7][8] and became a best-seller in France. The report was one of the first to propose an information highway, one result of which was the [Minitel](/source/Minitel) program.[9]

In his later years, while working desultorily on a massive treatise that aspired to be a kind of *[Kapital](/source/Das_Kapital)* of the 20th century,[10] he studied [Judaism](/source/Judaism) together with [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism). He died of [pancreatic cancer](/source/Pancreatic_cancer) in 2006 without completing his book.[6] Widely admired, his memory as a modernizer was commemorated a decade later with a posthumous [Festschrift](/source/Festschrift) in his honour, *Simon Nora: moderniser la France.*[11][12]

## Notes

1. After the war, Gaston Nora testified on Vallat's behalf, stating that he had used his offices to save (some) Jews (Nora 2021, pp. 114–119; Lee 2014, p. 97).

1. As long as he headed the [Commissariat-General for Jewish Affairs](/source/Commissariat-General_for_Jewish_Affairs), Vallat protected Nora, though he was unable to intervene to save Gaston's sister Alice, who had been interned at [Drancy](/source/Drancy_internment_camp) and subsequently gassed at [Majdanek concentration camp](/source/Majdanek_concentration_camp). In May 1942, he was replaced by [Louis Darquier de Pellepoix](/source/Louis_Darquier_de_Pellepoix), whom Vallat described as a "frightful bastard". Vallat offered Nora safe passage to the south, which he declined. A chance encounter with a former patient, who he had cured without payment, later enabled him to escape Gestapo round-ups targeting him. The woman knew a collaboratorist thug, who would tip him off and provide him with a safehouse regularly whenever the Nazis conducted searches for him (Nora 2021, pp. 114–119).

1. When Giscard learnt that his former fiancée was to marry Simon, he tried to dissuade her, saying:'Listen now, that's out of the question. He's not one of ours' (Nora 2021, p. 80).

### Citations

1. Lee 2014, pp. 96–97.

1. Nora 2021, p. 32.

1. Lee 2014, pp. 92–97.

1. Nora 2021, pp. 74–76.

1. Nora 2021, p. 76.

1. Nora 2021, pp. 79–81.

1. Nora & Minc 1980.

1. Nora 2021, p. 78.

1. Bell 1999, pp. xxi–xxii.

1. Nora 2021, p. 81.

1. Nora 2021, pp. 81, n.1.

1. Frank, Roussel & Jeanneney 2016.

## Sources

- Bell, Daniel (1999 [First published 1976]). [*The Coming of Post-Industrial Society: : A Venture in Social Forecasting*](https://archive.org/details/comingofpostindu00bell_0). [Basic Books](/source/Basic_Books). ISBN 978-0-465-01281-7. – via [Internet Archive](/source/Internet_Archive)
- *Simon Nora: moderniser la France* (in French). [CNRS éditions](/source/French_National_Centre_for_Scientific_Research). 2016. ISBN 978-2-271-08002-8.
- Lee, Daniel (2014). [*Pétain's Jewish Children: French Jewish Youth and the Vichy Regime*](https://books.google.com/books?id=pdJFAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA97). [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). ISBN 978-0-198-70715-8.
- Nora, Pierre (2021). *Jeunesse* (in French). [Gallimard](/source/Gallimard). ISBN 978-2-072-93867-2.
- Nora, Simon & Minc, Alain (1980). [*The Computerization of Society: A Report to the President of France*](https://books.google.com/books?id=JQYnAAAAMAAJ). [MIT Press](/source/MIT_Press). ISBN 978-0-262-14031-7.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Simon Nora](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Nora) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon_Nora?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.