# Silenus

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Ancient Greek mythological figure

For other uses, see [Silenus (disambiguation)](/source/Silenus_(disambiguation)).

Not to be confused with [Silenoz](/source/Silenoz).

Silenus God of drunkenness and winemaking Roman copy of Hellenistic statue of Silenus holding a bunch of grapes and a cup of wine, Vatican Museums (Pius-Clementine Museum, Room of the Muses), Rome Abode Nysa Symbol Wine, grapes, kantharos, thyrsos, wineskin, panther, donkey Genealogy Parents Pan, or Hermes and Gaea Consort Hermaphroditus Children foster father of Dionysus, Pholus

In [Greek mythology](/source/Greek_mythology), **Silenus** ([/saɪˈliːnəs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English); [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek_language): Σιληνός *Sīlēnós* [\[siːlɛːnós\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek) or Σειληνός *Seilēnós* [\[seːlɛːnós\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek)) was a companion and [tutor](/source/Tutor) to the [wine](/source/Wine) [god](/source/Greek_god) [Dionysus](/source/Dionysus). He is typically older than the [satyrs](/source/Satyr) of the Dionysian retinue (*[thiasos](/source/Thiasos)*), and sometimes considerably older, in which case he may be referred to as a **Papposilenus**. *Silen* [1] and its plural *sileni* refer to the mythological figure as a type that is sometimes thought to be differentiated from a satyr by having the attributes of a horse rather than a goat, though usage of the two words is not consistent enough to permit a sharp distinction.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In the [decorative arts](/source/Decorative_arts), a "silene" is a Silenus-like figure, often a "mask" (face) alone.

## Evolution

The original Silenus resembled a [folkloric](/source/Folkloric) man of the forest, with the ears of a horse and sometimes also the tail and legs of a horse.[2] The later sileni were drunken followers of Dionysus, usually bald and fat with thick lips and squat noses, and having the legs of a human. Later still, the plural "sileni" went out of use and the only references were to one individual named Silenus, the teacher and faithful companion of the wine-god Dionysus.[3]

Coin from [Mende](/source/Mende_(Chalcidice)) depicting Silenus

First side of the image: **[Obv:](/source/Obverse_and_reverse)**  Inebriated Silenus reclining on a [donkey](/source/Donkey), holding [kantharos](/source/Kantharos) with wine

Second side of the image: **[Rev:](/source/Obverse_and_reverse)** Vine of four grape clusters within shallow linear incuse square, ΜΕΝΔΑΙΩΝ, *of Mendians*

Silver [tetradrachm](/source/Tetradrachm) from [Mende](/source/Mende_(Chalcidice)), 460–423 BC

A notorious consumer of wine, he was usually drunk and had to be supported by satyrs or carried by a [donkey](/source/Donkey). Silenus was described as the oldest, wisest and most drunken of the followers of Dionysus, and was said in [Orphic](/source/Orphic) hymns to be the young god's tutor. This puts him in a company of phallic or half-animal tutors of the gods, a group that includes [Priapus](/source/Priapus), [Hermaphroditus](/source/Hermaphroditus), [Cedalion](/source/Cedalion) and [Chiron](/source/Chiron), but also includes [Pallas](/source/Pallas_(son_of_Lycaon)), the tutor of [Athena](/source/Athena).[4]

When intoxicated, Silenus was said to possess special knowledge and the power of prophecy. The Phrygian King [Midas](/source/Midas) was eager to learn from Silenus and caught the old man by lacing with wine a fountain from which Silenus often drank. As Silenus fell asleep, the king's servants seized and took him to their master. An alternative story was that when lost and wandering in [Phrygia](/source/Phrygia), Silenus was rescued by peasants and taken to Midas, who treated him kindly. In return for Midas's hospitality Silenus told him some tales and the king, enchanted by Silenus's fictions, entertained him for five days and nights.[5] Dionysus offered Midas a reward for his kindness toward Silenus, and Midas chose the power of turning everything he touched into [gold](/source/Gold). Another story was that Silenus had been captured by two shepherds, and regaled them with wondrous tales.

In [Euripides](/source/Euripides)'s [satyr play](/source/Satyr_play) *[Cyclops](/source/Cyclops_(play))*, Silenus is stranded with the satyrs in [Sicily](/source/Sicily), where they have been enslaved by the [Cyclopes](/source/Cyclopes). They are the comic elements of the story, a parody of [Homer](/source/Homer)'s *[Odyssey](/source/Odyssey)* IX. Silenus refers to the satyrs as his children during the play.

Silenus may have become a [Latin](/source/Latin) term of abuse around 211 BC, when it is used in [Plautus](/source/Plautus)'s *[Rudens](/source/Rudens)* to describe Labrax, a treacherous [pimp](/source/Pimp) or *leno*, as "...a pot-bellied old Silenus, bald head, beefy, bushy eyebrows, scowling, twister, god-forsaken criminal".[6] In his satire *The Caesars*, the emperor [Julian](/source/Julian_(emperor)) has Silenus sitting next to the gods to offer up his comments on the various rulers under examination, including [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great), [Julius Caesar](/source/Julius_Caesar), [Augustus](/source/Augustus), [Marcus Aurelius](/source/Marcus_Aurelius) (whom he reveres as a fellow [philosopher-king](/source/Philosopher-king)), and [Constantine I](/source/Constantine_I).[7]

Silenus commonly figures in Roman bas-reliefs of the train of Dionysus, a subject for [sarcophagi](/source/Sarcophagus), embodying the transcendent promises of Dionysian cult.

In Book VI of Pausanias's *Description of Greece*, his grave is said to be "in the [land of the Hebrews](/source/Land_of_Israel)".

	- Silenus as member of the Dionysian entourage

		- Front side of a [Roman sarcophagus](/source/Roman_sarcophagus), depicting the wedding of [Dionysos](/source/Dionysos) and [Ariadne](/source/Ariadne), with old Silenus figuring in their entourage (sixth figure from the right), 150–160 CE ([Glyptothek](/source/Glyptothek), [Munich](/source/Munich))

		- Papposilenus in a Dionysian procession, bell-krater from [Paestum](/source/Paestum), [Magna Graecia](/source/Magna_Graecia), c. 355 BC ([Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art))

		- Satyr holding a [thyrsus](/source/Thyrsus), supporting a drunken ivy-wreathed silenus, from the [Borghese Vase](/source/Borghese_Vase), 1st century BC ([Louvre](/source/Louvre))

		- [Hermaphroditos](/source/Hermaphroditos) with Silenus and a [maenad](/source/Maenad), Roman [fresco](/source/Fresco) from the [Casa del Centenario](/source/Casa_del_Centenario), [Pompeii](/source/Pompeii)

		- Hermaphroditus and Silenus. On the right a maenad with thyrsus. Roman fresco from [Pompeii](/source/Pompeii), House of M. Epidi Sabini, IX.1.22.

		- Bacchus pours out wine for a panther, while Silenus plays the lyre, painting from [Boscoreale](/source/Boscoreale), [Campania](/source/Campania), c. 30 BC ([British Museum](/source/British_Museum))

		- Silenus playing a [lyre](/source/Lyre), detail of a fresco from the [Villa of the Mysteries](/source/Villa_of_the_Mysteries), [Pompeii](/source/Pompeii), c. 50 BC

### Papposilenus

Papposilenus is a representation of Silenus that emphasizes his old age, particularly as a [stock character](/source/Stock_character) in [satyr play](/source/Satyr_play) or [comedy](/source/Greek_comedy). In [vase painting](/source/Vase_painting), his hair is often white, and as in statuettes, Papposilenus has a [pot belly](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/potbelly), flabby breasts and shaggy thighs. In these depictions, it is often clear that the Papposilenus is an actor playing a part. His costuming includes a body stocking tufted with hair (*mallōtos chitōn*) that seems to have come into use in the mid-5th century BC.[8]

		- Papposilenus playing an [aulos](/source/Aulos), bronze from 3rd century BC, ([Walters Art Museum](/source/Walters_Art_Museum))

		- Two papposilenoi as singers at the [Panathenaia](/source/Panathenaia) on an Attic [red-figure](/source/Red-figure_pottery) [bell-krater](/source/Krater) attributed to [Polion](/source/Polion), c. 420 BC

		- Actor as Papposilenus, c. 100 AD, after 4th century BC original ([Altes Museum](/source/Altes_Museum), [Berlin](/source/Berlin))

## Wisdom

A theme in Greek philosophy and literature is the wisdom of Silenus, which posits an [antinatalist](/source/Antinatalist) philosophy:

You, most blessed and happiest among humans, may well consider those blessed and happiest who have departed this life before you, and thus you may consider it unlawful, indeed blasphemous, to speak anything ill or false of them, since they now have been transformed into a better and more refined nature. This thought is indeed so old that the one who first uttered it is no longer known; it has been passed down to us from eternity, and hence doubtless it is true. Moreover, you know what is so often said and passes for a trite expression. What is that, he asked? He answered: It is best not to be born at all; and next to that, it is better to die than to live; and this is confirmed even by divine testimony. Pertinently to this they say that Midas, after hunting, asked his captive Silenus somewhat urgently, what was the most desirable thing among humankind. At first he could offer no response, and was obstinately silent. At length, when Midas would not stop plaguing him, he erupted with these words, though very unwillingly: 'you, seed of an evil genius and precarious offspring of hard fortune, whose life is but for a day, why do you compel me to tell you those things of which it is better you should remain ignorant? For he lives with the least worry who knows not his misfortune; but for humans, the best for them is not to be born at all, not to partake of nature's excellence; not to be is best, for both sexes. This should be our choice, if choice we have; and the next to this is, when we are born, to die as soon as we can.' It is plain therefore, that he declared the condition of the dead to be better than that of the living.

- – Aristotle, *Eudemus* (354 BCE), surviving fragment quoted in Plutarch, *Moralia. Consolatio ad Apollonium*, sec. xxvii (1st century CE) (S. H. transl.)

This passage is redolent of [Theognis](/source/Theognis)'s *Elegies* (425–428). Silenus's wisdom appears in the writings of [Arthur Schopenhauer](/source/Arthur_Schopenhauer), who endorsed this famous dictum. Via Schopenhauer, Nietzsche discusses the "wisdom of Silenus" in *[The Birth of Tragedy](/source/The_Birth_of_Tragedy)*.

Both [Socrates](/source/Socrates) and [Aesop](/source/Aesop) were sometimes described as having a physical appearance like that of Silenus, with broad flat faces and fat bellies.[9]

	- Drunken Silenus, from ancient to modern times

		- Drunk papposilenus supported by two young men, Etruscan red-figure stamnos from Vulci, c. 300 BC ([Louvre](/source/Louvre))

		- Silenus detail from a [Roman-era marble sarcophagus](/source/Roman_sarcophagus), 2nd century AD ([Antalya Museum](/source/Antalya_Museum))

		- Fountain statue of a sleeping drunken Silenus, 1st century BC ([Archaeological Museum of Thessaloniki](/source/Archaeological_Museum_of_Thessaloniki))

		- Silenus carried toward his donkey ([mosaic](/source/Roman_mosaic) from [Roman Africa](/source/Africa_(Roman_province)), present-day [Tunisia](/source/Tunisia))

		- Peter Paul Rubens: *The Drunken Silenus*, c. 1620 ([National Gallery](/source/National_Gallery), [London](/source/London))

		- Peter Paul Rubens: *The Drunken Silenus*, c. 1616 ([Alte Pinakothek](/source/Alte_Pinakothek), [Munich](/source/Munich))

		- [Pomponio Amidano](/source/Pomponio_Amidano): *Drunken Silenus on an Ass*, c. 1600 ([Blanton Museum of Art](/source/Blanton_Museum_of_Art), [Austin](/source/Austin%2C_Texas))

## Classical tradition

Main article: [Classical tradition](/source/Classical_tradition)

### In art

In the [Renaissance](/source/Renaissance), a [court dwarf](/source/Court_dwarf) posed for the Silenus-like figure astride a tortoise at the entrance to the [Boboli Gardens](/source/Boboli_Gardens), Florence. [Rubens](/source/Peter_Paul_Rubens) painted [*The Drunken Silenus*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rubens_Der_trunkene_Silen.jpg) (1616–17), now conserved in the [Alte Pinakothek](/source/Alte_Pinakothek), Munich – the subject was also treated by [van Dyck](/source/Drunken_Silenus_(van_Dyck)) and [Ribera](/source/Drunken_Silenus_(Ribera)).

During the late 19th century in Germany and Vienna, symbolism from ancient Greece was reinterpreted through a new [Freudian](/source/Sigmund_Freud) prism. Around the same time, [Vienna Secession](/source/Vienna_Secession) artist [Gustav Klimt](/source/Gustav_Klimt) uses the irreverent, chubby-faced Silenus as a motif in several works to represent "buried instinctual forces".[10]

		- [Piero di Cosimo](/source/Piero_di_Cosimo): *[The Discovery of Honey by Bacchus](/source/The_Discovery_of_Honey_by_Bacchus)*, c. 1499 ([Worcester Art Museum](/source/Worcester_Art_Museum), [Worcester, Massachusetts](/source/Worcester%2C_Massachusetts))

		- Piero di Cosimo: *The Misfortunes of Silenus*, c. 1500 ([Fogg Museum](/source/Fogg_Museum), [Harvard University](/source/Harvard_University))

		- [Peter Paul Rubens](/source/Peter_Paul_Rubens) and [David Rijckaert II](/source/David_Rijckaert_II): *Sleeping Silenus*, c. 1611 ([Academy of Fine Arts Vienna](/source/Academy_of_Fine_Arts_Vienna))

		- [Jusepe de Ribera](/source/Jusepe_de_Ribera): *[Drunken Silenus](/source/Drunken_Silenus_(Ribera))*, 1626 ([Museo di Capodimonte](/source/Museo_di_Capodimonte), [Naples](/source/Naples))

		- Jean-Baptiste Boudard: *Group of the Silen*, marble sculpture in the Ducal Park, [Parma](/source/Parma), 1766

		- [Jules Dalou](/source/Jules_Dalou): *Triomphe de Silène*, bronze sculpture, [Jardin du Luxembourg](/source/Jardin_du_Luxembourg), Paris, 1897

		- Rupert Bunny: *Silenus with Some Perfect Ladies of Phrygia Gave a Cocktail Party*, c. 1938

Silenus with the child Dionysos, marble statue, Roman copy of the middle 2nd century AD after a Greek original by Lysippos (c. 300 BC)

### In literature

In *[Gargantua and Pantagruel](/source/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel)*, [Rabelais](/source/Rabelais) referred to Silenus as the foster father of Bacchus. In 1884 [Thomas Woolner](/source/Thomas_Woolner) published a long narrative poem about Silenus. In [Oscar Wilde](/source/Oscar_Wilde)'s 1890 novel *[The Picture of Dorian Gray](/source/The_Picture_of_Dorian_Gray)*, Lord Henry Wooton turns praise of folly into a philosophy which mocks "slow Silenus" for being sober. In [Brian Hooker](/source/Brian_Hooker_(poet))'s 1923 English translation of [Edmond Rostand](/source/Edmond_Rostand)'s *[Cyrano de Bergerac](/source/Cyrano_de_Bergerac_(play))*, Cyrano disparagingly refers to the ham actor Montfleury as "That Silenus who cannot hold his belly in his arms."

Professor Silenus is a character in [Evelyn Waugh](/source/Evelyn_Waugh)'s first novel, *[Decline and Fall](/source/Decline_and_Fall)*. He features as the disaffected architect of King's Thursday and provides the novel with one of its primary motifs. In the prophetic style of the traditional Greek Silenus he informs the protagonist that life is

a great disc of polished wood that revolves quickly. At first you sit down and watch the others. They are all trying to sit in the wheel, and they keep getting flung off, and that makes them laugh, and you laugh too. It's great fun... Of course at the very centre there's a point completely at rest, if one could only find it.... Lots of people just enjoy scrambling on and being whisked off and scrambling on again.... But the whole point about the wheel is that you needn't get on it at all.... People get hold of ideas about life, and that makes them think they've got to join in the game, even if they don't enjoy it. It doesn't suit everyone...[11]

Silenus is one of the two main characters in [Tony Harrison](/source/Tony_Harrison)'s 1990 [satyr play](/source/Satyr_play) *[The Trackers of Oxyrhynchus](/source/The_Trackers_of_Oxyrhynchus)*, partly based on [Sophocles](/source/Sophocles)'s play *[Ichneutae](/source/Ichneutae)* (5th century BC).

## Scientific nomenclature

[Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) used the feminine form *[Silene](/source/Silene)* as the name of a genus of flowering plant.[12]

## Gallery

		- Statue of Silerius. Exhibition in Taipei 2013

		- Silenus holding a [kantharos](/source/Kantharos) on a [tetradrachm](/source/Tetradrachm) from [Naxos](/source/Naxos_(Sicily)), [Sicily](/source/Sicily), 461–450 BC

		- Silenus holding a kantharos and a lyre. Tondo of an Attic red-figure kylix from [Vulci](/source/Vulci), [Etruria](/source/Etruria), c. 475–425 BC

		- [Etruscan](/source/Etruscan_civilization) terracotta [antefix](/source/Antefix) with head of Silenus, 4th century BC ([Walters Art Museum](/source/Walters_Art_Museum), [Baltimore](/source/Baltimore))

		- Statue of Silenus, detail

		- Silenus mask, detail from a bronze stamnoid [situla](/source/Situla), 330–310 BC ([Vassil Bojkov Collection](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vassil_Bojkov_Collection&action=edit&redlink=1), [Sofia](/source/Sofia))

		- Gold phaler (ornament worn by horses) representing Silenus, [Syria](/source/Syria), 3rd century BC

		- Mask of Silen, first half of 1st century BC

		- Two Roman bronze fulcra (couch ornaments) representing Silenus, 1st century BC – 1st century AD ([Art Institute of Chicago](/source/Art_Institute_of_Chicago))

		- Silenus and [Eros](/source/Eros) fragment from [Latium](/source/Latium), early 1st century AD ([Cabinet des médailles](/source/Cabinet_des_m%C3%A9dailles), [Paris](/source/Paris))

		- Mosaic with mask of Silenus

		- Statue of Silenus, 2nd century BC ([Archaeological Museum of Delos](/source/Archaeological_Museum_of_Delos))

		- Statue of Silenus, [Archaeological Museum of Delos](/source/Archaeological_Museum_of_Delos), detail

## Footnotes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** van Hoorn, G. (November 1954). ["Choes and Anthesteria"](https://doi.org/10.2307/627643). *The Journal of Hellenic Studies*. **74**. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/627643](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F627643). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [627643](https://www.jstor.org/stable/627643) – via Cambridge University Press.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Entry "Satyrs and silens", in: *The Oxford Classical Dictionary*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Kerenyi, p. 177.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Kerenyi, p. 177.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** J. Thompson (2010). ["Emotional Intelligence/Imaginal Intelligence"](http://www.mythopoetry.com/mythopoetics/scholar09_thompson.html), in: *Mythopoetry Scholar Journal* **1**.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Plautus

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** [*The Caesars* on-line English translation](http://www.mountainman.com.au/essenes/Julian_Caesares_Symposium_Kronia.htm).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Albin Lesky, *A History of Greek Literature,* translated by Cornelis de Heer and James Willis (Hackett, 1996, originally published 1957 in German), p. 226; Guy Hedreen, "Myths of Ritual in Athenian Vase-Paintings of Silens", in: *The Origins of Theater in Ancient Greece and Beyond: From Ritual to Drama* (Cambridge University Press, 2007), p. 151.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Ulrike Egelhauf-Gaiser, "The Gleaming Pate of the *Pastophoros*: Masquerade or Embodied Lifestyle?", in: *Aspects of Apuleius' Golden Ass, III* (Brill, 2012), p. 59, citing passages in [Plato](/source/Plato) and [Xenophon](/source/Xenophon).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Carl Schorske](/source/Carl_Emil_Schorske) *[Fin-de-Siècle Vienna – Politics and Culture](/source/Fin-de-Si%C3%A8cle_Vienna)*, 1980, page 221

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Michael Gorra (Summer, 1988). ["Through Comedy toward Catholicism: A Reading of Evelyn Waugh's Early Novels"](https://www.jstor.org/pss/1208437). *Contemporary Literature* **29** (2): 201–220.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Umberto Quattrocchi, *CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names*, 1999, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8493-2678-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8493-2678-8), **4**:2482

## Further reading

- Guy Michael Hedreen, 1992. *Silens in Attic Black-figure Vase-painting: Myth and Performance* (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan) Catalogue of the corpus.

- [Karl Kerenyi](/source/Karl_Kerenyi). *The Gods of the Greeks*, 1951.

- [Over 300 images of Silenus at the Warburg Institute's Iconographic Database](http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=184) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303165115/http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/vpc/VPC_search/subcats.php?cat_1=5&cat_2=184) 2016-03-03 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm), ed. (1911). ["Silenus"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Silenus). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)* (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.

## External links

- [Seilenos at Theoi Project](http://www.theoi.com/Georgikos/Seilenos.html)

- [Satyr and Silenus at Britannica Online](http://www.britannica.com/topic/Satyr#ref103188)

- [Silenus at Greek Mythology Link](http://www.maicar.com/GML/Silenus.html)

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**Silenus** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects):

- [**Definitions**](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Silenus) from Wiktionary
- [**Media**](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Silenus) from Commons

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Silenus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silenus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.