# Side-blotched lizard

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Genus of lizards

Side-blotched lizards Male common side-blotched lizard (Uta stansburiana) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Squamata Suborder: Iguania Family: Phrynosomatidae Genus: Uta Baird & Girard, 1852 Species Several, see text

**Side-blotched lizards** are [lizards](/source/Lizard) of the [genus](/source/Genus) ***Uta***. They are some of the most abundant and commonly observed lizards in the [deserts](/source/Desert) of western [North America](/source/North_America), known for cycling between three colorized breeding patterns[1] and best described by the [common side-blotched lizard](/source/Common_side-blotched_lizard). They commonly grow to 6 inches including the tail, with the males normally being the larger sex. Males often have bright throat colors.

These lizards are prey for many desert species. [Snakes](/source/Snake), larger [lizards](/source/Lizard), and [birds](/source/Bird) all make formidable [predators](/source/Predator) to side-blotched lizards. Larger lizard species, such as collared, [leopard](/source/Leopard_lizard), and spiny lizards, and [roadrunners](/source/Roadrunner) are the main predators. In turn, the side-blotched lizards eat [arthropods](/source/Arthropods), such as [insects](/source/Insect), [spiders](/source/Spider), and occasionally [scorpions](/source/Scorpion).

As a result of their high predation rate, these lizards are very prolific breeders. From April to June, they breed, with the young emerging as early as late May. These inch-long young appear all through the summer, and into September.

The [diploid](/source/Diploid) [chromosome](/source/Chromosome) number in most if not all species is 34, consisting of 12 macro- and 22 [microchromosomes](/source/Microchromosome).[2]

## Sex

Side-blotched lizards are notable for having the highest number of distinct male and female morphs within a species: three male and two female. They show a diversity of behaviors associated with reproduction, which are often referred to as "alternative reproductive tactics".[3]

Orange-throated females lay many small eggs and are very territorial. Yellow-throated females lay fewer, larger eggs, and are more tolerant of each other.[4]

Orange-throated males are "ultra-dominant, high [testosterone](/source/Testosterone)" males that establish large territories and control areas that contain multiple females. Yellow stripe-throated males ("sneakers") do not defend a territory but cluster on the fringes of orange-throated lizard territories and mate with the females on those territories while the orange-throat is absent, as the territory to defend is large. Blue-throated males are less aggressive and guard only one or two females; they can fend off the yellow stripe-throated males, but cannot withstand attacks by orange-throated males.[5]

This is called the [rock paper scissors](/source/Rock_paper_scissors) effect,[6] borrowed from the name of the playground game, because the outcome of the mating success shows that one morph of the lizard takes advantage over another but not over the third.[7]

In 1996, herpetologists Sinervo and Lively published a mathematical model of the three-part male lizard game. At the time, they assumed that the three color morphs reflected three different genotypes. After years of piecing together a side-blotched lizard genome and the spread of more accurate methods of genetic analysis in 2012, a team led by Lively and biologist Ammon Corl finally found that the three color morphs come from just two alleles, O and B: The orange from the recessive homozygous OO genotype and both blue and yellow from the OB and BB genotypes. Yellow morph males can change to blue males, but they cannot later change back.[5]

The orange and blue-throated males can sometimes be seen approaching a human "intruder". One speculation is that he could be giving the female(s) a chance to escape, but whether he is defending the female has not been documented. Another speculation is that he is highly motivated to engage whenever he sees movement on his territory, which he may be interpreting as a possible intruding male, or another female.

## Systematics

The [systematics](/source/Systematics) and [phylogeny](/source/Phylogeny) of the side-blotched lizards is very confusing, with many local forms and morphs having been described as full species.[8] Following the 1997 review of Upton and Murphy, which included new data from [mtDNA](/source/MtDNA) [cytochrome *b*](/source/Cytochrome_b) and [ATPase](/source/ATPase) 6 [sequences](/source/DNA_sequence), the following species can be recognized pending further research:

- [Enchanted side-blotched lizard](/source/Enchanted_side-blotched_lizard), *U. encantadae*

- [Dead side-blotched lizard](/source/Dead_side-blotched_lizard), *U. lowei*

- [Isla San Pedro Nolasco lizard](/source/Isla_San_Pedro_Nolasco_lizard), *U. nolascensis*

- [San Pedro side-blotched lizard](/source/San_Pedro_side-blotched_lizard), *U. palmeri*

- [Isla Santa Catalina side-blotched lizard](/source/Isla_Santa_Catalina_side-blotched_lizard), *U. squamata*

- [Common side-blotched lizard](/source/Common_side-blotched_lizard), *U. stansburiana* - [Western side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Western_side-blotched_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1), *U. (stansburiana) elegans* - [Nevada side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nevada_side-blotched_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1), *U. (stansburiana) nevadensis* - [Northern side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_side-blotched_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1), *U. (stansburiana) stansburiana* - [Eastern side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eastern_side-blotched_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1), *U. (stansburiana) stejnegeri* - [Plateau side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Plateau_side-blotched_lizard&action=edit&redlink=1), *U. (stansburiana) uniformis*

- [Swollen-nosed side-blotched lizard](/source/Swollen-nosed_side-blotched_lizard), *U. tumidarostra*

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Sinervo_1-0)** Sinervo, B.; C.M. Lively (1996). "The rock–paper–scissors game and the evolution of alternative male strategies". Nature 380 (6571): 240–243. doi:10.1038/380240a0.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Pennock *et al.* (1968)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Taborsky_&_Brockman_3-0)** Taborsky, M & Brockmann HJ (2010) Alternative reproductive tactics and life history phenotypes. pp 537-586, In P. Kappeler, Ed. Animal Behaviour: Evolution and Mechanisms. Springer Berlin Heidelberg

1. **[^](#cite_ref-roughgarden_4-0)** Roughgarden, Joan (2004). *Evolution's Rainbow: Diversity, Gender, and Sexuality in Nature and People*. University of California Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-24073-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-24073-1) Especially chapter 6, *Multiple Gender Families*, pp. 90-93.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT_5-1) Carl Zimmer (January 1, 2026). ["This Diminutive Reptile Plays Rock-Paper-Scissors"](https://www.nytimes.com/2026/01/01/science/this-diminutive-reptile-plays-rock-paper-scissors.html?campaign_id=9&emc=edit_nn_20260102&instance_id=168721&nl=the-morning&regi_id=10600428&segment_id=213021&user_id=49bdfe51d23b984a30a622f0314c4661). *New York Times*. Retrieved January 2, 2026.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Sinervo, B & Lively C.M. (1996) The rock-scissors-paper game and the evolution of alternative male strategies. Nature 340: 240-246

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Goodenough, J (2010). *Perspectives on Animal Behaviour*. p. 70.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** See e.g. Oliver (1943)

- [Collins JT](/source/Joseph_T._Collins) (1991). "Viewpoint: a new taxonomic arrangement for some North American amphibians and reptiles". *Herpetological Review* **22**(2): 42-43. [PDF fulltext](https://web.archive.org/web/20070929092139/http://www.cnah.org/pdf_files/5.pdf)

- [Grismer LL](https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larry_Lee_Grismer) (1994). "Three new species of intertidal side-blotched lizards (Genus*Uta*) from the Gulf of California, Mexico". *Herpetologica* **50**: 451–474.

- Murphy, Robert W.; Aguirre-León, Gustavo (2002). "The Nonavian Reptiles: Origins and Evolution". pp. 181-220. In: Case, Ted J.; Cody, Martin L.; Ezcurra, Exequiel (editors) (2002). *A New Island Biogeography of the Sea of Cortés*. New York: Oxford University Press. 690 pp. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-513346-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513346-3). [PDF fulltext](https://web.archive.org/web/20081002154234/http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/drbob/PDFs%20of%20papers/2002%20Murphy%20Nonavian.pdf) [Appendices 2-4](https://web.archive.org/web/20081002154215/http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/drbob/PDFs%20of%20papers/2002%20Checklist%20Cortes%20Islands.pdf)

- [Oliver JA](/source/James_Arthur_Oliver) (1943). "The Status of *Uta ornata lateralis* Boulenger". *[Copeia](/source/Copeia)* 1943(2): 97-107. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/1437774](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1437774) (First page image)

- Pennock, Lewis A.; [Tinkle, Donald W.](/source/Donald_W._Tinkle); Shaw, Margery W. (1968). "Chromosome Number in the Lizard Genus *Uta* (Family Iguanidae)". *Chromosoma* 24(4): 467-476. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/BF00285020](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00285020) [PDF fulltext](http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/47352/1/412_2004_Article_BF00285020.pdf)

- Upton, Darlene E.; Murphy, Robert W. (1997). "Phylogeny of the Side-Blotched Lizards (Phrynosomatidae: *Uta*) Based on mtDNA Sequences: Support for a Midpeninsular Seaway in Baja California". *[Mol. Phyl. Evol.](/source/Molecular_Phylogenetics_and_Evolution)* **8** (1): 104-113. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1006/mpev.1996.0392](https://doi.org/10.1006%2Fmpev.1996.0392) [PDF fulltext](https://web.archive.org/web/20081002154227/http://www.zoo.utoronto.ca/drbob/PDFs%20of%20papers/1997%20Upton%20and%20Murphy%20Uta.pdf)

[Wikisource](/source/Wikisource) has the text of the 1905 *[New International Encyclopedia](/source/New_International_Encyclopedia)* article  "**[Uta](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Uta)**".

Taxon identifiers Uta Wikidata: Q613830 Wikispecies: Uta ADW: Uta BOLD: 165149 CoL: 85GP EoL: 14507 GBIF: 2451479 iNaturalist: 36090 IRMNG: 1202147 ITIS: 173955 NCBI: 43651 Open Tree of Life: 427279 Paleobiology Database: 37880

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Side-blotched lizard](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-blotched_lizard) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Side-blotched_lizard?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.