# Shrub > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Shrub > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Shrub.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub > Source revision: 1355257323 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Small- to medium-sized perennial woody plant This article is about the plant. For other uses, see [Shrub (disambiguation)](/source/Shrub_(disambiguation)). "Bushes" redirects here. For the American political family, see [Bush family](/source/Bush_family). For other uses, see [Bush](/source/Bush_(disambiguation)). A [broom](/source/Cytisus_scoparius) shrub in flower A [rhododendron](/source/Rhododendron) shrubbery in [Sheringham Park](/source/Sheringham_Park) A **shrub** or **bush** is a small to medium-sized [perennial](/source/Perennial) [woody plant](/source/Woody_plant). Unlike [herbaceous plants](/source/Herbaceous_plant), shrubs have persistent woody stems above the ground. Shrubs can be either deciduous or evergreen. They are distinguished from [trees](/source/Tree) by their multiple [stems](/source/Plant_stem) and shorter [height](/source/Height), less than 6–10 m (20–33 ft) tall,[1][2] the cutoff point varying within this range for any one species due to suitability of growing conditions in any one environment.[2] Some tree species never achieve their mature height because of hostile, less than ideal growing conditions in certain areas, and can resemble shrub-sized plants. Small shrubs, less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall are sometimes termed as [subshrubs](/source/Subshrub). Some shrub species only last about five years in good conditions, while others, usually larger and more woody, live beyond 70 years; on average, shrub species die after about eight years.[3] [Shrubland](/source/Shrubland) is the natural landscape dominated by various shrubs; there are many distinct types around the world, including [fynbos](/source/Fynbos), [maquis](/source/Maquis_shrubland), [shrub-steppe](/source/Shrub-steppe), [shrub swamp](/source/Shrub_swamp) and [moorland](/source/Moorland). In gardens and parks, an area largely dedicated to shrubs (now somewhat less fashionable than a century ago) is called a [shrubbery](/source/Shrubbery), shrub border or shrub garden. There are many garden [cultivars](/source/Cultivar) of shrubs, bred for flowering, for example [rhododendrons](/source/Rhododendron), and sometimes even leaf colour or shape. Apart from the several [berry](/source/Berry)-bearing shrub species (using the culinary rather than botanical definition), few are eaten directly, and they are generally too small for much [timber](/source/Timber) use unlike trees. Those that are used include several perfumed species such as [lavender](/source/Lavandula_angustifolia) and [rose](/source/Rose), and a wide range of plants with medicinal uses. [Tea](/source/Camellia_sinensis) and [coffee](/source/Coffea) are on the tree-shrub boundary;[4] they are normally harvested from shrub-sized plants, but these would be large enough to become small trees if left to grow instead. ## Definition Shrubs are perennial woody plants, and therefore have persistent woody [stems](/source/Plant_stem) above ground (compare with succulent stems of [herbaceous plants](/source/Herbaceous_plant)). Usually, shrubs are distinguished from trees by their height and multiple stems. Some shrubs are [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) (e.g. [hawthorn](/source/Rhaphiolepis)) and others [evergreen](/source/Evergreen) (e.g. [holly](/source/Holly)).[2] [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greece) philosopher [Theophrastus](/source/Theophrastus) divided the plant world into trees, shrubs and herbs.[5] Small, low shrubs, generally less than 2 m (6.6 ft) tall, such as [lavender](/source/Lavender), [periwinkle](/source/Vinca) and most small garden varieties of [rose](/source/Rose), are often termed as [subshrubs](/source/Subshrub).[6][7] Most definitions characterize shrubs as possessing multiple stems with no main trunk below. This is because the stems have branched below ground level. There are exceptions to this, with some shrubs having main trunks, but these tend to be very short and divide into multiple stems close to ground level without a reasonable length beforehand. Many trees can grow in multiple stemmed forms also while being tall enough to be trees, such as [oak](/source/Oak) or [ash](/source/Ash_(tree)).[2] ## Evolution and adaptive value of growth form Ecologists and evolutionary biologists have paid little attention to why there are two major growth forms of woody plants; shrubs and trees, both occurring on large land area, and often together. While the time when the first shrubs appeared on the Earth is difficult to establish, hypotheses explaining the adaptive value of having multiple stems, compared to a single one in trees, exist. One model is based on the advantages of having many stems, with larger total stem area for photosynthesis (on, and under bark), larger area of cambium and phloem, and larger area for sprouting from stems, compared to a (small) tree with same initial woody volume.[8] This model could successfully predict faster shrub growth than tree growth at early stages. Other advantages for shrubs (compared to trees) include for instance extra stems in case one die, and faster seed production. It is not surprising that at least angiosperm trees, if cut or broken, revert to shrub growth form for fast growth (due to their capacity of sprouting at the base, and thus becoming shrub-like for some time). Many shrubs, such as *Salix* species, have good dispersal ability (seeds disperse by air) and many shrubs are also able to grow in more extreme habitats, such as alpine areas, where trees are less common. The last decades have seen 'shrubification' in the arctic, with marked increase of shrublands. One reason is increased temperature, with consequences for plant community structure and carbon balance.[9] ## Use in gardens and parks An area of [cultivated](/source/Plant_cultivation) shrubs in a [park](/source/Park) or a [garden](/source/Garden) is known as a [shrubbery](/source/Shrubbery).[10] When clipped as [topiary](/source/Topiary), suitable species or varieties of shrubs develop dense [foliage](/source/Foliage) and many small leafy [branches](/source/Branch) growing close together.[11] Many shrubs respond well to renewal [pruning](/source/Pruning), in which hard cutting back to a "[stool](/source/Living_stump)", removes everything but vital parts of the plant, resulting in long new stems known as "canes".[12] Other shrubs respond better to selective pruning to dead or unhealthy, or otherwise unattractive parts to reveal their structure and character.[13] Shrubs in common garden practice are generally considered [broad-leaved plants](/source/Flowering_plant), though some smaller [conifers](/source/Pinophyta) such as [mountain pine](/source/Mountain_pine) and [common juniper](/source/Common_juniper) are also shrubby in structure. Species that grow into a shrubby habit may be either [deciduous](/source/Deciduous) or [evergreen](/source/Evergreen).[14] ## Botanical structure See also: [Shrubland](/source/Shrubland) Shrub vegetation (with some [cactus](/source/Cactus)) in [Webb County](/source/Webb_County%2C_Texas), Texas. [Blackthorn shrub](/source/Prunus_spinosa) (*Prunus spinosa*) in the [Vogelsberg](/source/Vogelsberg_Mountains) *[Hydrangea macrophylla](/source/Hydrangea_macrophylla)* Winter-flowering [Witch-hazel](/source/Witch-hazel) (*Hamamelis*) *[Senecio angulatus](/source/Senecio_angulatus)*, a scrambling shrub by the sea (yellow-flowered). In [botany](/source/Botany) and [ecology](/source/Ecology), a shrub is more specifically used to describe the particular [physical canopy structure](/source/Canopy_(biology)) or [plant life-form](/source/Plant_life-form) of woody plants which are less than 8 metres (26 ft) high and usually multiple stems arising at or near the surface of the ground. For example, a descriptive system widely adopted in [Australia](/source/Australia) is based on structural characteristics based on life-form, plus the height and amount of foliage cover of the tallest layer or [dominant](/source/Dominance_(ecology)) [species](/source/Species).[15] For shrubs that are 2–8 metres (6.6–26.2 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: - dense foliage cover (70–100%) — **closed-shrubs** - mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — **open-shrubs** - sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — **tall shrubland** - very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — **tall open shrubland** For shrubs less than 2 metres (6.6 ft) high, the following structural forms are categorized: - dense foliage cover (70–100%) — **closed-[heath](/source/Heath_(habitat))** or **closed low shrubland**—(*North America*) - mid-dense foliage cover (30–70%) — **open-heath** or **mid-dense low shrubland**—(*North America*) - sparse foliage cover (10–30%) — **low shrubland** - very sparse foliage cover (<10%) — **low open shrubland** ## List Those marked with * can also develop into tree form if in ideal conditions. **A** - *[Abelia](/source/Abelia)* (Abelia) - *[Acer](/source/Acer_(plant))* (Maple) * - *[Actinidia](/source/Actinidia)* (Actinidia) - *[Aloe](/source/Aloe)* (Aloe) - *[Aralia](/source/Aralia)* (Angelica Tree, [Hercules' Club](/source/Aralia_spinosa)) * - *[Arctostaphylos](/source/Arctostaphylos)* ([Bearberry](/source/Bearberry), [Manzanita](/source/Manzanita)) * - *[Aronia](/source/Aronia)* (Chokeberry) - *[Artemisia](/source/Artemisia_(genus))* ([Sagebrush](/source/Sagebrush)) - *[Aucuba](/source/Aucuba)* (Aucuba) **B** - *[Berberis](/source/Berberis)* (Barberry) - *[Bougainvillea](/source/Bougainvillea)* (Bougainvillea) - *[Brugmansia](/source/Brugmansia)* (Angel's trumpet) - *[Buddleja](/source/Buddleja)* (Butterfly bush) - *[Buxus](/source/Buxus)* (Box) * **C** - *[Calia](/source/Calia)* (Mescalbean) - *[Callicarpa](/source/Callicarpa)* (Beautyberry) * - *[Callistemon](/source/Callistemon)* (Bottlebrush) * - *[Calluna](/source/Calluna)* (Heather) - *[Calycanthus](/source/Calycanthus)* (Sweetshrub) - *[Camellia](/source/Camellia)* (Camellia, [Tea](/source/Tea)) * - *[Caragana](/source/Caragana)* ([Pea-tree](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pea-tree&action=edit&redlink=1)) * - *[Carpenteria](/source/Carpenteria)* (Carpenteria) - *[Caryopteris](/source/Caryopteris)* ([Blue Spiraea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Blue_Spiraea&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Cassiope](/source/Cassiope)* ([Moss-heather](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moss-heather&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Ceanothus](/source/Ceanothus)* (Ceanothus) * - *[Celastrus](/source/Celastrus)* (Staff vine) * - *[Ceratostigma](/source/Ceratostigma)* ([Hardy Plumbago](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hardy_Plumbago&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Cercocarpus](/source/Cercocarpus)* (Mountain-mahogany) * - *[Chaenomeles](/source/Chaenomeles)* (Japanese Quince) - *[Chamaebatiaria](/source/Chamaebatiaria)* (Fernbush) - *[Chamaedaphne](/source/Chamaedaphne)* (Leatherleaf) - *[Chimonanthus](/source/Chimonanthus)* (Wintersweet) - *[Chionanthus](/source/Chionanthus)* (Fringe-tree) * - *[Choisya](/source/Choisya)* (Mexican-orange Blossom) * - *[Cistus](/source/Cistus)* (Rockrose) - *[Clerodendrum](/source/Clerodendrum)* (Clerodendrum) - *[Clethra](/source/Clethra)* (Summersweet, Pepperbush) * - *[Clianthus](/source/Clianthus)* ([Glory Pea](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glory_Pea&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Colletia](/source/Colletia)* (Colletia) - *[Colutea](/source/Colutea)* (Bladder Senna) - *[Comptonia](/source/Comptonia_(plant))* (Sweetfern) - *[Cornus](/source/Dogwood)* (Dogwood) * - *[Corylopsis](/source/Corylopsis)* (Winter-hazel) * - *[Cotinus](/source/Cotinus)* (Smoketree) * - *[Cotoneaster](/source/Cotoneaster)* (Cotoneaster) * - *[Cowania](/source/Cowania_(plant))* ([Cliffrose](/source/Cliffrose)) - *[Crataegus](/source/Crataegus)* (Hawthorn) * - *[Crinodendron](/source/Crinodendron)* (Crinodendron) * - *[Cytisus](/source/Cytisus)* and allied genera ([Broom](/source/Broom_(shrub))) * **D** - *[Daboecia](/source/Daboecia)* ([Heath](/source/Heath)) - *[Danae](/source/Danae_(plant))* (Alexandrian laurel) - *[Daphne](/source/Daphne_(plant))* (Daphne) - *[Decaisnea](/source/Decaisnea)* (Decaisnea) - *[Dasiphora](/source/Dasiphora)* (Shrubby Cinquefoil) - *[Dendromecon](/source/Dendromecon)* (Tree poppy) - *[Desfontainea](/source/Desfontainea)* (Desfontainea) - *[Deutzia](/source/Deutzia)* (Deutzia) - *[Diervilla](/source/Diervilla)* (Bush honeysuckle) - *[Dipelta](/source/Dipelta)* (Dipelta) - *[Dirca](/source/Dirca)* (Leatherwood) - *[Dracaena](/source/Dracaena_(plant))* (Dragon tree) * - *[Drimys](/source/Drimys)* ([Winter's Bark](/source/Winter's_Bark)) * - *[Dryas](/source/Dryas_(plant))* (Mountain Avens) **E** - *[Edgeworthia](/source/Edgeworthia)* (Paper Bush) * - *[Elaeagnus](/source/Elaeagnus)* ([Elaeagnus](/source/Elaeagnus)) * - *[Embothrium](/source/Embothrium)* ([Chilean Firebush](/source/Chilean_Firebush)) * - *[Empetrum](/source/Empetrum)* ([Crowberry](/source/Crowberry)) - *[Enkianthus](/source/Enkianthus)* ([Pagoda Bush](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pagoda_Bush&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Ephedra](/source/Ephedra_(genus))* (Ephedra) - *[Epigaea](/source/Epigaea)* ([Trailing Arbutus](/source/Trailing_Arbutus)) - *[Erica](/source/Erica_(plant))* ([Heath](/source/Heath)) - *[Eriobotrya](/source/Eriobotrya)* (Loquat) * - *[Escallonia](/source/Escallonia)* (Escallonia) - *[Eucryphia](/source/Eucryphia)* (Eucryphia) * - *[Euonymus](/source/Euonymus)* (Spindle) * - *[Exochorda](/source/Exochorda)* (Pearl Bush) **F** - *[Fabiana](/source/Fabiana_(plant))* (Fabiana) - *[Fallugia](/source/Fallugia)* (Apache Plume) - *[Fatsia](/source/Fatsia)* (Fatsia) - *[Forsythia](/source/Forsythia)* (Forsythia) - *[Fothergilla](/source/Fothergilla)* (Fothergilla) - *[Franklinia](/source/Franklinia)* (Franklinia) * - *[Fremontodendron](/source/Fremontodendron)* (Flannelbush) - *[Fuchsia](/source/Fuchsia)* (Fuchsia) * **G** - *[Garrya](/source/Garrya)* (Silk-tassel) * - *[Gaultheria](/source/Gaultheria)* ([Salal](/source/Salal)) - *[Gaylussacia](/source/Gaylussacia)* ([Huckleberry](/source/Huckleberry)) - *[Genista](/source/Genista)* ([Broom](/source/Broom_(shrub))) * - *[Gordonia](/source/Gordonia_(plant))* ([Loblolly-bay](/source/Loblolly-bay)) * - *[Grevillea](/source/Grevillea)* (Grevillea) - *[Griselinia](/source/Griselinia)* (Griselinia) * **H** - *[Hakea](/source/Hakea)* (Hakea) * - *[Halesia](/source/Halesia)* ([Silverbell](/source/Silverbell)) * - *[Halimium](/source/Halimium)* (Rockrose) - *[Hamamelis](/source/Hamamelis)* (Witch-hazel) * - *[Hebe](/source/Hebe_(plant))* (Hebe) - *[Hedera](/source/Hedera)* (Ivy) - *[Helianthemum](/source/Helianthemum)* (Rockrose) - *[Hibiscus](/source/Hibiscus)* (Hibiscus) * - *[Hippophae](/source/Hippophae)* (Sea-buckthorn) * - *[Hoheria](/source/Hoheria)* (Lacebark) * - *[Holodiscus](/source/Holodiscus)* ([Creambush](/source/Creambush)) - *[Hudsonia](/source/Hudsonia)* (Hudsonia) - *[Hydrangea](/source/Hydrangea)* (Hydrangea) - *[Hypericum](/source/Hypericum)* ([Rose of Sharon](/source/Hypericum_calycinum)) - *[Hyssopus](/source/Hyssopus_(plant))* (Hyssop) **I** - *[Ilex](/source/Ilex)* ([Holly](/source/Holly)) * - *[Illicium](/source/Illicium)* ([Star Anise](/source/Star_Anise)) * - *[Indigofera](/source/Indigofera)* (Indigo) - *[Itea](/source/Itea_(plant))* ([Sweetspire](/source/Sweetspire)) **J** - *[Jamesia](/source/Jamesia)* (Cliffbush) - *[Jasminum](/source/Jasminum)* (Jasmine) - *[Juniperus](/source/Juniperus)* (Juniper) * **K** - *[Kalmia](/source/Kalmia)* (Mountain-laurel) - *[Kerria](/source/Kerria_(plant))* (Kerria) - *[Kolkwitzia](/source/Kolkwitzia)* ([Beauty-bush](/source/Beautybush)) **L** - *[Lagerstroemia](/source/Lagerstroemia)* (Crape-myrtle) * - *[Lapageria](/source/Lapageria)* (Copihue) - *[Lantana](/source/Lantana)* (Lantana) - *[Lavandula](/source/Lavandula)* (Lavender) - *[Lavatera](/source/Lavatera)* (Tree Mallow) - *[Ledum](/source/Ledum)* (Ledum) - *[Leitneria](/source/Leitneria)* (Corkwood) * - *[Lespedeza](/source/Lespedeza)* (Bush Clover) * - *[Leptospermum](/source/Leptospermum)* (Manuka) * - *[Leucothoe](/source/Leucothoe_(plant))* (Doghobble) - *[Leycesteria](/source/Leycesteria)* (Leycesteria) - *[Ligustrum](/source/Ligustrum)* (Privet) * - *[Lindera](/source/Lindera)* (Spicebush) * - *[Linnaea](/source/Linnaea)* (Twinflower) - *[Lonicera](/source/Lonicera)* (Honeysuckle) - *[Lupinus](/source/Lupinus)* (Tree Lupin) - *[Lycium](/source/Lycium)* (Boxthorn) **M** - *[Magnolia](/source/Magnolia)* (Magnolia) - *[Mahonia](/source/Mahonia)* (Mahonia) - *[Malpighia](/source/Malpighia)* ([Acerola](/source/Acerola)) - *[Menispermum](/source/Menispermum)* (Moonseed) - *[Menziesia](/source/Menziesia)* (Menziesia) - *[Mespilus](/source/Mespilus)* ([Medlar](/source/Medlar)) * - *[Microcachrys](/source/Microcachrys)* (Microcachrys) - *[Myrica](/source/Myrica)* (Bayberry) * - *[Myricaria](/source/Myricaria)* (Myricaria) - *[Myrtus](/source/Myrtus)* and allied genera (Myrtle) * **N** - *[Neillia](/source/Neillia)* (Neillia) - *[Nerium](/source/Nerium)* (Oleander) **O** - *[Olearia](/source/Olearia)* (Daisy bush) * - *[Osmanthus](/source/Osmanthus)* (Osmanthus) **P** - *[Pachysandra](/source/Pachysandra)* (Pachysandra) - *[Paeonia](/source/Peony)* (Tree-peony) - *[Persoonia](/source/Persoonia)* (Geebungs) - *[Philadelphus](/source/Philadelphus)* (Mock orange) * - *[Phlomis](/source/Phlomis)* ([Jerusalem Sage](/source/Jerusalem_Sage)) - *[Photinia](/source/Photinia)* (Photinia) * - *[Physocarpus](/source/Physocarpus)* (Ninebark) * - *[Pieris](/source/Pieris_(plant))* (Pieris) - *[Pistacia](/source/Pistacia)* ([Pistachio](/source/Pistachio), [Mastic](/source/Pistacia_lentiscus)) * - *[Pittosporum](/source/Pittosporum)* (Pittosporum) * - *[Plumbago](/source/Plumbago)* (Leadwort) - *[Polygala](/source/Polygala)* (Milkwort) - *[Poncirus](/source/Poncirus)* * - *[Prunus](/source/Prunus)* (Cherry) * - *[Purshia](/source/Purshia)* ([Antelope Bush](/source/Antelope_Bush)) - *[Pyracantha](/source/Pyracantha)* (Firethorn) **Q** - *[Quassia](/source/Quassia)* (Quassia) * - *[Quercus](/source/Oak)* (Oak) * - *[Quillaja](/source/Quillaja)* ([Quillay](/source/Quillay)) - *[Quintinia](/source/Quintinia)* ([Tawheowheo](/source/Tawheowheo)) * **R** - *[Rhamnus](/source/Buckthorn)* (Buckthorn) * - *[Rhododendron](/source/Rhododendron)* (Rhododendron, [Azalea](/source/Azalea)) * - *[Rhus](/source/Rhus)* (Sumac) * - *[Ribes](/source/Ribes)* (Currant, Gooseberry) - *[Romneya](/source/Romneya)* (Tree poppy) - *[Rosa](/source/Rose)* (Rose) - *[Rosmarinus](/source/Rosmarinus)* ([Rosemary](/source/Rosemary)) - *[Rubus](/source/Rubus)* ([Bramble](/source/Bramble), [Raspberry](/source/Raspberry), [Salmonberry](/source/Salmonberry), [Wineberry](/source/Rubus_phoenicolasius)) - *[Ruta](/source/Ruta)* ([Rue](/source/Rue)) **S** - *[Sabia](/source/Sabia_(plant))* * - *[Salix](/source/Salix)* ([Willow](/source/Willow)) * - *[Salvia](/source/Salvia)* (Sage) - *[Sambucus](/source/Sambucus)* (Elder) * - *[Santolina](/source/Santolina)* ([Lavender Cotton](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lavender_Cotton&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Sapindus](/source/Sapindus)* (Soapberry) * - *[Senecio](/source/Senecio)* (Senecio) - *[Simmondsia](/source/Jojoba)* (Jojoba) - *[Skimmia](/source/Skimmia)* (Skimmia) - *[Smilax](/source/Smilax)* (Smilax) - *[Sophora](/source/Sophora)* ([Kōwhai](/source/K%C5%8Dwhai)) * - *[Sorbaria](/source/Sorbaria)* (Sorbaria) - *[Spartium](/source/Spartium)* (Spanish Broom) - *[Spiraea](/source/Spiraea)* (Spiraea) * - *[Staphylea](/source/Staphylea)* (Bladdernut) * - *[Stephanandra](/source/Stephanandra)* (Stephanandra) - *[Styrax](/source/Styrax)* * - *[Symphoricarpos](/source/Symphoricarpos)* (Snowberry) - *[Syringa](/source/Syringa)* ([Lilac](/source/Lilac)) * **T** - *[Tamarix](/source/Tamarix)* (Tamarix) * - *[Taxus](/source/Taxus)* (Yew) * - *[Telopea](/source/Waratah)* (Waratah) * - *[Thuja](/source/Thuja)* cvs. (Arborvitae) * - *[Thymelaea](/source/Thymelaea)* - *[Thymus](/source/Thyme)* (Thyme) - *[Trochodendron](/source/Trochodendron)* * **U** - *[Ulex](/source/Ulex)* (Gorse) - *[Ulmus pumila celer](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ulmus_pumila_celer&action=edit&redlink=1)* ([Turkestan elm – Wonder Hedge](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Turkestan_elm_%E2%80%93_Wonder_Hedge&action=edit&redlink=1)) - *[Ungnadia](/source/Ungnadia)* (Mexican Buckeye) **V** - *[Vaccinium](/source/Vaccinium)* ([Bilberry](/source/Bilberry), [Blueberry](/source/Blueberry), [Cranberry](/source/Cranberry)) - *[Verbesina centroboyacana](/source/Verbesina_centroboyacana)* - *[Verbena](/source/Vervain)* (Vervain) - *[Viburnum](/source/Viburnum)* (Viburnum) * - *[Vinca](/source/Vinca)* (Periwinkle) - *[Viscum](/source/Viscum)* ([Mistletoe](/source/Mistletoe)) **W** - *[Weigela](/source/Weigela)* (Weigela) **X** - *[Xanthoceras](/source/Xanthoceras)* - *[Xanthorhiza](/source/Xanthorhiza)* (Yellowroot) - *[Xylosma](/source/Xylosma)* **Y** - *[Yucca](/source/Yucca)* (Yucca, [Joshua tree](/source/Yucca_brevifolia)) * **Z** - *[Zanthoxylum](/source/Zanthoxylum)* * - *[Zauschneria](/source/Zauschneria)* - *[Zenobia](/source/Zenobia_(plant))* - *[Ziziphus](/source/Ziziphus)* * ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-LawrenceHawthorne2006_1-0)** Lawrence, Anna; Hawthorne, William (2006). [*Plant Identification: Creating User-friendly Field Guides for Biodiversity Management*](https://books.google.com/books?id=rHEpVBM5-eIC&pg=PA138). Routledge. pp. 138–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84407-079-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84407-079-4). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Allaby2019_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Allaby2019_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Allaby2019_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Allaby2019_2-3) Allaby, Michael (2019). *A dictionary of plant sciences*. Oxford Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780198833338](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198833338). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1097073225](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1097073225). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Life Spans of Small Trees and Shrubs"](https://temeculalandscapeconstruction.com/life-spans-of-small-trees-and-shrubs/). *McCabe's Landscape Construction*. 2014-02-27. Retrieved 2022-04-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Clayton, Liz (20 October 2021). ["Is The Coffee Plant A Tree, Bush, Or Shrub?"](https://sprudge.com/is-the-coffee-plant-a-tree-bush-or-shrub-181869.html). *sprudge.com*. Retrieved 2022-04-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Bremness1994_5-0)** Bremness, Lesley (1994). [*The complete book of herbs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=VqfnrH-W2kwC). Viking Studio Books. p. 8. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780140238020](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780140238020). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fischer1990_6-0)** Fischer, Peggy (1990). [*Essential shrubs: the 100 best for design and cultivation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=QuLtawHEsJMC). Friedman/Fairfax Publishers. pp. 9–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-56799-319-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56799-319-6). ... Examples of subshrubs include candytuft, lavender, and rosemary. These broad definitions are ... 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["What is a Subshrub?"](https://worldoffloweringplants.com/subshrub/). *World of Flowering Plants*. 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2022-04-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Götmark, F., Götmark, E. & Jensen, A.M. (2016). ["Why Be a Shrub? A Basic Model and Hypotheses for the Adaptive Values of a Common Growth Form"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961008). *Frontiers in Plant Science*. 7:1095: 1095. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2016FrPS....7.1095G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016FrPS....7.1095G). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3389/fpls.2016.01095](https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffpls.2016.01095). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [4961008](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4961008). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [27507981](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27507981).{{[cite journal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_journal)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Mekkonen, Z.A. at al. (2021). ["Arctic tundra shrubification: a review of mechanisms and impacts on ecosystem carbon balance"](https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/abf28b/meta). *Environmental Research Letters*. 16 053001 (5). [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2021ERL....16e3001M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021ERL....16e3001M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1088/1748-9326/abf28b](https://doi.org/10.1088%2F1748-9326%2Fabf28b). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Whitefield2002_10-0)** Whitefield, Patrick (2002). [*How to Make a Forest Garden*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3rd3e69BnC8C&pg=PA113). Permanent Publications. pp. 113–. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85623-008-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85623-008-7). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Varkulevicius, Jane (17 May 2010). [*Pruning for Flowers and Fruit*](https://books.google.com/books?id=a93TcRVsqLwC&q=topiary+pruning+dense+foliage&pg=PA100). Csiro Publishing. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780643101975](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780643101975). Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Rejuvenation or Renewal Pruning to Restore Overgrown Shrubs"](https://organicplantcarellc.com/rejuvenation-or-renewal-pruning-to-restore-overgrown-shrubs/). *Organic Plant Care LLC | Organic Lawn & Plant Health Service in Hunterdon, Morris, Somerset & Union Counties, NJ and Bucks County, PA*. 2019-02-21. Retrieved 2022-04-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Turpin, Jason (2018-08-29). ["What is Selective Tree and Shrub Pruning-How to Prune Correctly!"](https://www.turpinlandscapedesign.com/what-is-selective-tree-and-shrub-pruning-landscape-experts-answer-your-questions/). *Turpin Landscape Design/Build*. Retrieved 2022-04-29. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Elliott, Franklin Reuben (1 November 2008). [*Popular Deciduous and Evergreen Trees and Shrubs*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vlDxSBGB0cYC&q=shrub+deciduous+or+evergreen). Applewood Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781429012904](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429012904). Retrieved 19 December 2017 – via Google Books. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Chris Paul (2024). [The Best Evergreen Shrubs for Front Yards](https://shrubradar.com/best-evergreen-shrubs-for-the-front-of-your-house). Shrubs Radar, a website all about shrubs. v t e Botany History Outline Subdisciplines Archaeobotany Astrobotany Bryology Dendrology Ethnobotany Paleobotany Phycology Phytochemistry Phytogeography Geobotany Plant anatomy Plant ecology Plant intelligence Plant pathology Plant physiology Plant groups Algae Archaeplastida Bryophyte Non-vascular plants Vascular plants Fern Lycophyte Spermatophytes Gymnosperm Angiosperm Plant anatomy Plant morphology (glossary) Plant cells Cell wall Phragmoplast Plastid Plasmodesma Vacuole Tissues Cork Ground tissue Mesophyll Meristem Storage organs Vascular tissue Vascular bundle Wood Vegetative Bulb Root Rhizoid Rhizome Shoot Bud Leaf Cataphyll Petiole Sessility Stem Reproductive (incl. Flower) Archegonium Antheridium Androecium Pollen Stamen Anther Filament Staminode Tapetum Flower Aestivation Flower development Floral diagram Floral formula Floral symmetry Whorl Fruit Anatomy Berry Capsule Nut Pyrena Seed Dispersal Endosperm Gametophyte Gynandrium Gynoecium Carpel Ovary Locule Ovule Stigma Style Hypanthium (Floral cup) Inflorescence Bract Pedicellate Raceme Umbel Perianth Tepal Petal Sepal Plant embryo Receptacle Sporophyll Sporophyte Surface structures Cuticle Epicuticular wax Epidermis Nectar Stoma Thorns, spines, and prickles Trichome Plant physiology Materials Aleurone Apical dominance Bulk flow Cellulose Nutrition Photosynthesis Chlorophyll Phytomelanin Plant hormones Respiration Gas Exchange Cellular respiration Sap Starch Sugar Transpiration Turgor pressure Plant growth and habit Habit Cushion plants Rosettes Shrubs Prostrate shrubs Subshrubs Succulent plants Trees Vines Lianas Herbaceous plants Secondary growth Woody plants Reproduction Evolution Ecology Alternation of generations Double fertilization Evolutionary development Evolutionary history timeline Flora Germination Pollination Artificial Pollinators Pollen tube Self Sporangium Microsporangia Microspore Megasporangium Megaspore Spore Plant taxonomy Biological classification Botanical nomenclature Botanical name Correct name Author citation International Code of Nomenclature (ICN) ICN for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP) Cultivated plant taxonomy Citrus taxonomy Cultigen Cultivar Group Grex History of plant systematics Herbarium International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Plant taxonomy systems Taxonomic rank Practice Agronomy Floriculture Forestry Horticulture Phytochemical Lists Related Botanical terms Botanists by author abbreviation Botanical expeditions Individual trees Oldest trees Superlative trees Tallest trees Plants Category Authority control databases International GND National United States Japan Czech Republic Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Shrub](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrub?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.