# Shailendra dynasty

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Dynasty in Java from about 750 to 850 CE

The bas relief of 8th century [Borobudur](/source/Borobudur) depict a King sitting in  *Maharajalilasana* ([king's posture or royal ease](/source/Lalitasana)) pose, with his Queen and their subjects, the scene is based on Shailendran royal court.

Part of a series on the History of Indonesia Timeline Prehistory Paleolithic Java Man 1,000,000 BP Flores Man 94,000–12,000 BP Neolithic Toba catastrophe 75,000 BP Buni culture 400 BCE–500 CE Hindu-Buddhist kingdoms Kutai Kingdom 350–1605 Taruma Kingdom 400s–500s Kantoli Kingdom 400s–500s Kalingga Kingdom 500s–600s Melayu Kingdom 600s–1347 Srivijaya Empire 600s–1025 Shailendra Dynasty 600s–900s Bima Kingdom 709–1621 Mataram Kingdom 716–1016 Bali Kingdom 914–1908 Sunda Kingdom 932–1579 Kahuripan Kingdom 1019–1045 Kediri Kingdom 1045–1221 Dharmasraya Kingdom 1183–1347 Pannai Kingdom 1000s–1300s Singhasari Empire 1222–1292 Majapahit Empire 1293–1527 Kingdom of Luwu c. 1300–1954 Islamic sultanates Spread of Islam 800–1600 Peureulak Sultanate 840–1292 Aru Kingdom 1225–1613 Ternate Sultanate 1257–1914 Samudera Pasai Sultanate 1267–1521 Sultanate of Gowa 1320–1957 Pagaruyung Kingdom 1347–1833 Bruneian Empire 1368–1888 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1511 Sultanate of Sulu 1405–1851 Sultanate of Cirebon 1445–1677 Demak Sultanate 1475–1554 Aceh Sultanate 1496–1903 Sultanate of Ternate 1486–1914 Sultanate of Bacan 1515–1946 Sultanate of Tidore 1500s–1967 Sultanate of Jailolo 1496–1903 Banten Sultanate 1526–1813 Banjar Sultanate 1526–1863 Kalinyamat Sultanate 1527–1599 Mataram Sultanate 1586–1755 Johor Sultanate 1528s–1877 Kingdom of Kaimana 1600s–1926 Jambi Sultanate 1604s–1904 Bima Sultanate 1621s–1958 Palembang Sultanate 1659–1823 Siak Sultanate 1725–1946 Surakarta Sunanate 1745–present Yogyakarta Sultanate 1755–present Deli Sultanate 1814–1946 Riau-Lingga Sultanate 1824–1911 Christian kingdoms Kingdom of Siau 1510–1956 Kingdom of Larantuka 1515–1962 Kingdom of Sikka 1607–1959 Sonbai Kecil 1658–1917 Kingdom of Bolaang Mongondow 1670–1950 Lore Kingdom 1903–1959 Chinese Kongsi federations Heshun Confederation 1776–1854 Lanfang Republic 1777–1884 Santiaogou Republic 1777–1853 European colonization Portuguese Insulindia 1512–1850 Spanish East Indies 1521–1677 Dutch East India Company rule 1602–1800 British Bencoolen 1685–1824 French and British interregnum 1806–1816 Dutch East Indies 1800–1942 1945–1949 Emergence of Indonesia National Awakening 1908–1942 Japanese occupation 1942–1945 National Revolution 1945–1949 United States of Indonesia 1949–1950 Republic of Indonesia Liberal democracy 1950–1959 Guided Democracy 1959–1966 Transition 1966–1967 New Order 1967–1998 Reformasi 1998–present Regions Jakarta Bali Bogor Bandung By topic Agriculture Archaeology Currency Economy Education Javanese historical texts Religion Buddhism Christianity Hinduism Islam Judaism Mass media Military Sport Women Indonesia portal v t e

The **Shailendra dynasty** ([IAST](/source/IAST): *Śailēndra*, Indonesian pronunciation: [\[ʃaɪlenˈdraː\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay) derived from [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) combined words *Śaila* and *Indra*, meaning "King of the Mountain",[1] also spelled **Sailendra**, **Syailendra** or **Selendra**) was the name of a notable [Indianised](/source/Indianized_kingdom) dynasty that emerged in 8th-century [Java](/source/Java), whose reign signified a cultural renaissance in the region.[2] The Shailendras were active promoters of [Mahayana](/source/Mahayana) [Buddhism](/source/Buddhism) and covered the [Kedu Plain](/source/Kedu_Plain) of [Central Java](/source/Central_Java) with Buddhist [monuments](/source/Candi_of_Indonesia), one of which is the colossal [stupa](/source/Stupa) of [Borobudur](/source/Borobudur), now a [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).[3][4][5]

The Shailendras are considered to have been a [thalassocracy](/source/Thalassocracy) and ruled vast swathes of maritime Southeast Asia; however, they also relied on agricultural pursuits, by way of intensive rice cultivation on the [Kedu Plain](/source/Kedu_Plain) of Central Java. The dynasty appeared to be the ruling family of the [Mataram kingdom](/source/Mataram_kingdom) of Central Java, and for some period, the [Srivijaya](/source/Srivijaya) Kingdom in Sumatra.

The inscriptions created by Shailendras use three languages; [Old Javanese](/source/Old_Javanese), [Old Malay](/source/Old_Malay), and [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) — written either in the [Kawi alphabet](/source/Kawi_alphabet), or pre-[Nāgarī script](/source/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script).[6][*[failed verification](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] The use of Old Malay has sparked speculation of a Sumatran origin, or Srivijayan connection of this family. On the other hand, the use of Old Javanese suggests their firm political establishment on Java. The use of Sanskrit usually indicates the official nature, and/or religious significance, of the event described in any given inscription.[7]

## Primary sources

The [Sojomerto inscription](/source/Sojomerto_inscription) (9th century CE) discovered in [Batang Regency](/source/Batang_Regency), Central Java, mentioned the name *Dapunta Selendra* and *Selendranamah*. The name 'Selendra' has been suggested as another spelling of Shailendra, meaning that Dapunta Selendra was the progenitor of Shailendra family in Central Java.[8] However, recent analysis suggested that this was not true: The inscription has diphthong *ai* in it, so it is unlikely that Selendra was another name for Shailendra, and the Sumatran origin of Sailendra dynasty was thus unproven.[2]: 24–25

The earliest dated inscription in Indonesia in which clearly mentioned the dynastic name of **Śailēndra** as **Śailēndravamśatilaka** appears is the [Kalasan inscription](/source/Kalasan_inscription) (778) of central Java, which mention its ruler [Mahārāja dyāḥ Pañcapaṇa kariyāna Paṇaṃkaraṇa](/source/Panangkaran) and commemorates the establishment of a Buddhist shrine, [Candi](/source/Candi_of_Indonesia) [Kalasan](/source/Kalasan), dedicated for the goddess [Tara](/source/Tara_(Buddhism)).[2][9]

The name also appears in several other inscriptions like the [Kelurak inscription](/source/Kelurak_inscription) (782) and the [Karangtengah inscription](/source/Karangtengah_inscription) (824). Outside Indonesia, the name Shailendra is to be found in the [Ligor inscription](/source/Ligor_inscription) (775) on the Malay peninsula and [Nalanda inscription](/source/Nalanda_inscription) (860) in India.[9] It is possible that it was [Paṇaṃkaraṇa](/source/Panangkaran) that create the Chaiya, or [Ligor inscription](/source/Ligor_inscription) (775), and took control over Srivijayan realm in the Southern Thailand Malay Peninsula.[2]

## Possible origins

Although the rise of the Shailendras occurred in [Kedu Plain](/source/Kedu_Plain) in the Javanese heartland, their origin has been the subject of discussion.[10] Apart from Java itself, an earlier homeland in [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra), [India](/source/India), or [Funan](/source/Funan) ([Cambodia](/source/Cambodia)) has been suggested. The latest studies apparently favour a native origin of the dynasty. Despite their connections with Srivijaya in Sumatra and Thai-Malay Peninsula, the Shailendras were more likely of Javanese origin.[2]: 27

### Java

See also: [Sanjaya dynasty](/source/Sanjaya_dynasty)

Borobudur relief depicting a royal elephant escorted by soldiers, during Mataram (Medang) era Java.

One theory suggests that Shailendra was a native Javanese dynasty and the [Sanjaya dynasty](/source/Sanjaya_dynasty) was actually a branch of the Shailendras since [Sri Sanjaya](/source/Sri_Sanjaya) and his offspring belong to the Shailendra family that were initially the [Shaivist](/source/Shaivism) rulers of the [Mataram kingdom](/source/Mataram_kingdom).[11] The association of Shailendra with Mahayana Buddhism began after the conversion of Panaraban or Panangkaran to Buddhism. This theory is based on the *[Carita Parahyangan](/source/Carita_Parahyangan)*, which tells of the ailing King Sanjaya ordering his son, Rakai Panaraban or Panangkaran, to convert to Buddhism because their faith in [Shiva](/source/Shiva) was feared by the people in favor of the pacifist Buddhist faith. The conversion of Panangkaran to Buddhism also corresponds to the [Raja Sankhara inscription](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raja_Sankhara_inscription&action=edit&redlink=1), which tells of a king named Sankhara (identified as Panangkaran) converting to Buddhism because his Shaiva faith was feared by the people. Unfortunately, the Raja Sankhara inscription is now missing.

### Sumatra

Other scholars hold that the expansion of Buddhist kingdom of [Srivijaya](/source/Srivijaya) was involved in the rise of the dynasty in Java.[12] Supporters of this connection emphasize the shared Mahayana patronage; the intermarriages and the Ligor inscription. Also the fact that some of Shailendra's inscriptions were written in [old Malay](/source/Old_Malay), which suggested Srivijaya or Sumatran connections. The name 'Selendra' was first mentioned in [Sojomerto inscription](/source/Sojomerto_inscription) as "Dapunta Selendra". Dapunta Selendra is suggested as the ancestor of Shailendras. The title Dapunta is similar to those of Srivijayan King [Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa](/source/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa), and the inscription — although discovered in Central Java north coast — was written in old Malay, which suggested the Sumatran origin or Srivijayan connection to this family. The Sojomerto inscription is often used as evidence that the Shailendra dynasty came from Sumatra because it assumes the word *Selendra* as the Malay designation for Shailendra and assumed that Dapunta Selendra was the predecessor of the dynasty. Recent studies show no such evidence: According to Damais, the Sojomerto inscription dates from early 9th century,[13] placing it after the [Kedukan Bukit inscription](/source/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription) (683 AD). In addition, the name Selendra from the Sojomerto inscription does not seem to have anything to do with Shailendra: The inscription mentions the words *hakairu* and *daiva* which have the diphthong ai, so that diphthong should also be used in the name *Dapunta Selendra*. In addition, this theory is obsolete because there is no data on the existence of the Shailendra dynasty in Sumatra earlier than the ninth century and Srivijaya was unable to conquer Java. What happened was the opposite — the Shailendra dynasty subdued Srivijaya and its area on the Malay peninsula.[2]: 22–27

### Odisha (Kalinga)

According to the old theory of [Ramesh Chandra Majumdar](/source/Ramesh_Chandra_Majumdar) (1933), an Indian scholar, the Shailendra dynasty that established itself in the Indonesian archipelago originated from [Kalinga](/source/Kalinga_(historical_region)) (modern [Odisha](/source/Odisha)) in Eastern India.[14] This opinion is also shared by [Nilakanta Sastri](/source/Nilakanta_Sastri) and J. L. Moens. Moens (1937) further describes that the Shailendras originated in India and established themselves in [Palembang](/source/Palembang) before the arrival of Srivijaya's [Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa](/source/Dapunta_Hyang_Sri_Jayanasa). In 683, the Shailendras moved to Java because of the pressure exerted by Dapunta Hyang and his troops.[15]

### Discounted proposal

In 1934, the French scholar [Coedes](/source/George_Coed%C3%A8s) proposed a relation with the [Funan](/source/Kingdom_of_Funan) kingdom in [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia). Coedes believed that the Funanese rulers used similar-sounding 'mountainlord' titles, but several Cambodia specialists have discounted this. They hold there is no historical evidence for such titles in the Funan period.[16]

## Shailendras in Java

[Borobudur](/source/Borobudur), the largest Buddhist structure in the world

The Shailendra rulers maintained cordial relations, including marriage alliances with [Srivijaya](/source/Srivijaya) in [Sumatra](/source/Sumatra). For instance, [Samaragrawira](/source/Samaragrawira) married Dewi Tara, a daughter of Srivijayan Maharaja [Dharmasetu](/source/Dharmasetu). The mutual alliance between the two kingdoms ensured that Srivijaya had no need to fear the emergence of a Javanese rival and that the Shailendra had access to the international market.

Karangtengah inscription dated 824 mentioned about king Samaratungga. His daughter named [Pramodhawardhani](/source/Pramodhawardhani) has inaugurated a *Jinalaya*, a sacred buddhist sanctuary. The inscription also mentioned a sacred Buddhist building called *Venuvana* to place the cremated ashes of King Indra. The [Tri Tepusan inscription](/source/Tri_Tepusan_inscription) dated 842 mentioned about the *sima* (tax free) lands awarded by Śrī Kahulunan (Pramodhawardhani, daughter of Samaratungga) to ensure the funding and maintenance of a *Kamūlān* called *Bhūmisambhāra*.[17] *Kamūlān* itself from the word *mula* which means 'the place of origin', a sacred building to honor the [ancestors](/source/Ancestors). These findings suggested that either the ancestors of the Shailendras were originated from Central Java, or as the sign that Shailendra have established their holds on Java. Casparis suggested that *Bhūmi Sambhāra Bhudhāra* which in [Sanskrit](/source/Sanskrit) means "The mountain of combined virtues of the ten stages of [Boddhisattvahood](/source/Boddhisattva)", was the original name of Borobudur.[18]

The received older version holds that the Shailendra dynasty existed next to the [Sanjaya dynasty](/source/Sanjaya_dynasty) in Java. Much of the period was characterized by peaceful co-existence and cooperation but towards the middle of the 9th century relations had deteriorated. Around 852 the Sanjaya ruler Pikatan had defeated Balaputra, the offspring of the Shailendra monarch Samaratunga and princess Tara. This ended the Shailendra presence in Java and Balaputra retreated to the Srivijaya kingdom in Sumatra, where he became the paramount ruler.[19][20]: 108

Earlier historians, such as N.J. Krom and Coedes, tend to equate [Samaragrawira](/source/Samaragrawira) and [Samaratungga](/source/Samaratungga) as the same person.[20]: 108 However, later historians such as Slamet Muljana equate Samaratungga with Rakai Garung, mentioned in [Mantyasih inscription](/source/Mantyasih_inscription) as fifth monarch of [Mataram kingdom](/source/Mataram_kingdom). Which means Samaratungga was the successor of Samaragrawira, and [Balaputradewa](/source/Balaputradewa) that is also Samaragrawira's son, is Samaratungga's younger brother and ruled in Suvarnadvipa (Sumatra), and he is not Samaratungga's son. This version holds Balaputra that reign in Sumatra challenged the Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani legitimation in Java, arguing that his niece and her husband has less rights to rule Java compared to his.

Further information: [Javanese raids on Indochina § Javanese invasion of Chenla](/source/Javanese_raids_on_Indochina#Javanese_invasion_of_Chenla)

In 851 an [Arabic](/source/Arab) merchant named Sulaiman recorded an event about Javanese Sailendras staging a surprise attack on the Khmers by approaching the capital from the river, after a sea crossing from Java. The young king of Khmer was later punished by the Maharaja, and subsequently the kingdom became a vassal of Sailendra dynasty.[21]: 35 In 916 CE, Abu Zaid Hasan mentioned that a polity called [Zabag](/source/Zabag_(ancient_territory)) invaded the Khmer kingdom, using 1000 "medium-sized" vessels, which resulted in a Zabag victory. The head of the Khmer king was then brought to Zabag.[22]: 137–138 Regardless of whether the story was true or not or just a legend, it may have a connection with the independence of Cambodia from Javanese suzerainty in 802 CE. Zabag might corresponds to Jawaka/Javaka, which may refer to Java or South Sumatra.[23]: 269, 302

## Shailendras in Sumatra

After 824, there are no more references to the Shailendra house in the Javanese epigraphic record. Around 860 the name re-appears in the [Nalanda inscription](/source/Nalanda_inscription) in India. According to the text, the king Devapaladeva of Bengala ([Pala Empire](/source/Pala_Empire)) had granted '[Balaputra](/source/Balaputra), the king of Suvarna-dvipa' (Sumatra) the revenues of 5 villages to a Buddhist monastery near [Bodh Gaya](/source/Bodh_Gaya). Balaputra was styled a descendant from the Shailendra dynasty and grandson of the king of Java.[20]: 108–109[24]

From Sumatra, the Shailendras also maintained overseas relations with the [Chola](/source/Chola) kingdom in Southern India, as shown by several south Indian inscriptions. An 11th-century inscription mentioned the grant of revenues to a local Buddhist sanctuary, built in 1005 by the king of the Srivijaya. In spite the relations were initially fairly cordial, hostilities had broken out in 1025.[25] [Rajendra Chola I](/source/Rajendra_Chola_I) the Emperor of the [Chola dynasty](/source/Chola_dynasty) conquered some territories of the Shailendra dynasty in the 11th century.[26] The devastation caused by [Chola invasion of Srivijaya](/source/Chola_invasion_of_Srivijaya) in 1025, marked the end of Shailendra family as the ruling dynasty in Sumatra. The last king of Shailendra dynasty — the Maharaja [Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman](/source/Sangrama_Vijayatunggavarman) — was imprisoned and taken as hostage. Nevertheless, amity was re-established between the two states, before the end of the 11th century. In 1090 a new charter was granted to the old Buddhist sanctuary, it is the last known inscription with a reference to the Shailendras. With the absence of legitimate successor, Shailendra dynasty seems ceased to rule. Other family within Srivijaya mandala took over the throne, a new Maharaja named [Sri Deva](/source/Sri_Deva) according to Chinese source establishing new dynasty to rule Srivijaya. He sent an embassy to the court of China in 1028 CE.

## Shailendras in Bali

[Sri Kesari Warmadewa](/source/Sri_Kesari_Warmadewa) was said to be a Buddhist king of the Shailendra dynasty who led a military expedition[27] to establish a [Mahayana](/source/Mahayana) Buddhist government in [Bali](/source/Bali).[28] In 914, he left a record of his endeavour in the [Belanjong pillar](/source/Belanjong_pillar) in [Sanur](/source/Sanur_(Bali)) in Bali. According to this inscription, the [Warmadewa dynasty](/source/Warmadewa_dynasty) was probably the branch of Shailendras that ruled Bali.

## List of Shailendran rulers

Traditionally, the Shailendra period was viewed to span from the 8th to the 9th century, confined only in Central Java, from the era of Panangkaran to Samaratungga. However the recent interpretation suggests the longer period of Shailendra family might existed, from the early 9th century (edict of Sojomerto inscription) to early 11th century (the fall of Shailendran dynasty of Srivijaya under Chola invasion). For certain period, Shailendras ruled both Central Java and Sumatra. Their alliance and intermarriage with Srivijayan ruling family resulted with the merging of two royal houses, with Shailendran finally emerge as the ruling family of both Srivijaya and Mataram (Central Java).

Some historians tried to reconstruct the order and list of Shailendra rulers, although there is some disagreement on the list. Boechari tried to reconstruct the early stage of Shailendra based on Sojomerto inscription, while other historians such as Slamet Muljana and Poerbatjaraka tried to reconstruct the list of Shailendran king in middle and later period with their connections to [Sanjaya](/source/Sri_Sanjaya) and Srivijaya, based on inscriptions and [Carita Parahyangan](/source/Carita_Parahyangan) manuscript. However, there is some confusion occurred, because the Shailendra seems to rule many kingdoms; Kalingga, Mataram and later Srivijaya. As the result name of the same kings often overlapped and seem to rule these kingdoms simultaneously. The questionmark (?) signify doubt or speculation because of the scarcity of available valid sources.

Date King's or ruler's name Capital Stone inscription and source of historical account Event 674—703 Shima (?) Kalingga, somewhere between Pekalongan and Jepara Carita Parahyangan, Chinese account on Hwi-ning visits to Ho-ling kingdom (664) and the reign of queen Hsi-mo (674) Ruling the kingdom of Kalingga 703—710 Shalendra Sri Prakash (?) ? Carita Parahyangan Son-in-law of Shima, ruling the kingdom of Galuh 710—717 Sanna ? Canggal inscription (732), Carita Parahyangan Sanna ruled Java, but after his death the kingdom fell to chaotic disunity by usurper or foreign invasion 717—760 Sanjaya Mataram, Central Java Canggal inscription (732), Carita Parahyangan Sanjaya, the nephew (or son?) of Sanna restore the order and ascend to throne, some early historian took this event as the establishment of new Sanjaya dynasty, while other hold that this only the continuation of Shailendras 760—775 Rakai Panangkaran Mataram, Central Java Raja Sankhara inscription, Kalasan inscription (778), Carita Parahyangan Rakai Panangkaran converted from Shaivism to Mahayana Buddhism, construction of Kalasan temple[20]: 89 775—800 Dharanindra Mataram, Central Java Kelurak inscription (782), Ligor inscription (c. 782 or 787)[20]: 91 Also ruled Srivijaya in Sumatra, construction of Manjusrigrha temple, started the construction of Borobudur (c. 770), Java ruled Ligor and Southern Cambodia (Chenla) (c. 790) 800—812 Samaragrawira[20]: 92–93 Mataram, Central Java Ligor inscription (c. 787) Also ruled Srivijaya, lost Cambodia (802) 812—833 Samaratungga Mataram, Central Java Karangtengah inscription (824)[20]: 92 Also ruled Srivijaya, completion of Borobudur (825) 833—856 Pramodhawardhani co-reign with her husband Rakai Pikatan[20]: 108 Mataram, Central Java Shivagrha inscription (856) Defeated and expelled Balaputra to Srivijaya (Sumatra). Construction of Prambanan and Plaosan temple. The successors of Pikatan, the series of Mataram kings from Lokapala (850—890) to Wawa (924—929) could be considered as the continuation of Shailendra lineage, although King Balitung (898—910) in Mantyasih inscription (907) sought ancestor only as far as Sanjaya, thus enforced the Sanjaya dynasty theory. 833—850 Balaputradewa Srivijaya, South Sumatra Shivagrha inscription (856), Nalanda inscription (860) Defeated by Pikatan-Pramodhawardhani, expelled from Central Java, took refuge in Sumatra and rule Srivijaya, claim as the legitimate successor of Shailendra dynasty from Java[20]: 108 c. 960 Śri Udayadityavarman Srivijaya, South Sumatra Embassies to China (960 and 962) Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China c. 980 Haji (Hia-Tche) Srivijaya, South Sumatra Embassies to China (980–983) Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China c. 988 Sri Cudamani Warmadewa Srivijaya, South Sumatra Embassies to China (988-992-1003), Tanjore Inscription or Leiden Inscription (1044) Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China, Javanese King Dharmawangsa invasion on Srivijaya, building of temple for Chinese Emperor, gift of village by Raja-raja I c. 1008 Sri Maravijayottungga Srivijaya, South Sumatra Embassies to China (1008) Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1008) c. 1017 Sumatrabhumi Srivijaya, South Sumatra Embassies to China (1017) Sending embassies, tribute and trade mission to China (1017) c. 1025 Sangrama Vijayatunggavarman Srivijaya, South Sumatra Chola Inscription on the temple of Rajaraja, Tanjore Chola raid on Srivijaya, the capital captured by Rajendra Chola

## See also

- [Indonesia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Indonesia)

- [List of monarchs of Java](/source/List_of_monarchs_of_Java)

- [Slendro](/source/Slendro)

- [Candi of Indonesia](/source/Candi_of_Indonesia)

- [Indonesian Esoteric Buddhism](/source/Indonesian_Esoteric_Buddhism)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Cœdes, G (1983). [*The making of South East Asia*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qgrAFlAC4-QC). translated by H.M. Wright. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 96. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780520050617](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520050617). Retrieved 11 September 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-ISEAS-Zakharov_2-5) Zakharov, Anton O. (August 2012). ["The Śailendras Reconsidered"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131101014301/http://nsc.iseas.edu.sg/documents/working_papers/nscwps012.pdf) (PDF). *nsc.iseas.edu.sg*. Singapore: The Nalanda-Srivijaya Centre Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. Archived from [the original](https://iseas.edu.sg/images/pdf/nscwps12.pdf) (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved 2013-10-30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Borobudur Temple Compounds"](https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/592). *UNESCO World Heritage Centre*. [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO). Retrieved 2006-12-05.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** "Patrons of Buddhism, the Śailēndras during the height of their power in central Java constructed impressive monuments and temple complexes, the best known of which is the Borobudur on the Kedu Plain" (quoted from Hall 1985: 109).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-eb_5-0)** ["Shailendra dynasty"](http://www.britannica.com/topic/Shailendra-dynasty). *Encyclopædia Britannica*. Retrieved 11 September 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Ningsih, Widya Lestari (11 June 2021). ["Prasasti Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno"](https://www.kompas.com/stori/read/2021/06/11/140000479/prasasti-peninggalan-kerajaan-mataram-kuno?page=all). *[Kompas.com](/source/Kompas.com)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["10 Peninggalan Kerajaan Mataram Kuno yang Menyimpan Sejarah"](https://kumparan.com/sejarah-dan-sosial/10-peninggalan-kerajaan-mataram-kuno-yang-menyimpan-sejarah-21vQrkjCv9C). *kumparan* (in Indonesian). Retrieved 2024-12-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Boechari_8-0)** [Boechari](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Boechari&action=edit&redlink=1) (1966). "Preliminary report on the discovery of an Old Malay inscription at Sojomerto". *MISI*. **III**: 241–251.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Hall1985:110_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Hall1985:110_9-1) Hall (1985: 110)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Roy E. Jordaan (2006). "Why the Shailendras were not a Javanese dynasty". *Indonesia and the Malay World*. **34** (98): 3–22. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/13639810600650711](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13639810600650711). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [162972179](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162972179).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** (Poerbatjaraka, 1958: 254–264)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** e.g. Munoz (2006: 139)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Degroot, Véronique M. Y. (2009). [*Candi, Space and Landscape. A study on the distribution, orientation and spatial organization of Central Javanese temple remains*](https://books.google.com/books?id=u2HzduME8OcC&dq=sojomerto+inscription&pg=PA84). Leiden, Netherlands: Sidestone Press. p. 84. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-8890-039-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8890-039-6). Retrieved 7 November 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Majumdar, 1933: 121–141

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Moens, 1937: 317–487

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** (Jacques 1979; Vickery 2003–2004)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Drs. R. Soekmono (1988) [1973]. Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2*, 2nd ed* (5th reprint ed.). Yogyakarta: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 46.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Walubi. ["Borobudur : Candi Berbukit Kebajikan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130510142025/http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml). Archived from [the original](http://www.walubi.or.id/waisak2004/Borobudur%20-%20Candi%20Berbukit%20Kebajikan.shtml) on 2013-05-10. Retrieved 2009-12-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** "De Casparis proposed that in 856 Balaputra was defeated by Pikatan, whereupon Balaputra retreated to Srivijaya, the country of his mother, to become the first Shailendra ruler of Srivijaya. Thus in the late 9th century Srivijaya was ruled by a Buddhist Shailendra ruler, while Java was ruled by Pikatan and his successors who patronized Siva" (cf. De Casparis, 1956; Hall, 1985: 111).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-Coedes_20-8) [Coedès, George](/source/George_Coed%C3%A8s) (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). *The Indianized States of Southeast Asia*. Translated by Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8248-0368-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rooney-Angkor_21-0)** Rooney, Dawn (16 April 2011). [*Angkor, Cambodia's Wondrous Khmer Temples*](https://www.bookdepository.com/Angkor-Dawn-Rooney/978-9622178021). Hong Kong: Odyssey Publications. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-9622178021](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9622178021). Retrieved 2019-01-21. {{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: |website= ignored ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). *Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and Malay Peninsula*. Singapore: Editions Didier Millet.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:02_23-0)** Miksic, John N.; Goh, Geok Yian (2017). *Ancient Southeast Asia*. London: Routledge.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Hall (1985: 109)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Hall (1985: 200)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Indian Civilization and Culture by Suhas Chatterjee p. 499

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** *Bali handbook with Lombok and the Eastern Isles* by Liz Capaldi, Joshua Eliot p. 98 *[\[1\]](https://books.google.com/books?id=-iPvaB380_8C&pg=PA98)*

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** [*Bali & Lombok* Lesley Reader, Lucy Ridout p.156](https://books.google.com/books?id=JlcL6HeY-uAC&pg=PA156)

## References

- De Casparis, J.G. de (1956). *Prasasti Indonesia II : Selected inscriptions from the 7th to the 9th centuries AD*. Bandung: Masu Baru, 1956

- [Kenneth Perry Landon](/source/Kenneth_Perry_Landon) (1969). *Southeast Asia. Crossroad of Religions*. University of Chicago Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-226-46840-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-46840-2).

- Briggs, Lawrence Palmer (1951). "[Review of] South East Asia. Crossroad of Religions by K.P. Landon". *The Far Eastern Quarterly*. **9** (3): 271–277.

- G. Coedes (1934). "On the origins of the Sailendras of Indonesia". *Journal of the Greater India Society*. **I**: 61–70.

- K.R. Hall (1985). *Maritime Trade and State Development in Early South East Asia*. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8248-0959-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-0959-9).

- Claude Jacques (1979). "'Funan', 'Zhenla '. The Reality Concealed by These Chinese Views of IndoChina". In R.B. Smith and W. Watson (ed.). *Early South East Asia. Essays in Archaeology, History and Historical Geography*. New York/Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press. pp. 371–389.

- M. Vickery (2003–2004). "Funan reviewed: Deconstructing the Ancients". *Bulletin de l'École Française d'Extrême-Orient*. **90**: 101–143. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3406/befeo.2003.3609](https://doi.org/10.3406%2Fbefeo.2003.3609). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [192026203](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:192026203).

- Paul Michel Munoz (2006). *Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula*. Editions Didier Millet. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [981-4155-67-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/981-4155-67-5).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Sailendra](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sailendra).

- [Borobudur website](https://borobudurpark.com/)

v t e Former states in Indonesia Java and Madura Hindu/Buddhist Blambangan Galuh Ishana Janggala Kahuripan Kalingga Kediri Majapahit Mataram Rajasa Sanjaya Shailendra Singhasari Srivijaya Sunda Tarumanagara Islamic Banten Cirebon Demak Giri Kedaton Kalinyamat Mataram Pajang Sumedang Larang Sumenep Surabaya Surakarta Yogyakarta Sumatra Hindu/Buddhist Bharadvaja Dharmasraya Heluodan Kantoli Malayu Mauli Pannai Samaskuta Sanfotsi Srivijaya Islamic Aceh Aru Asahan Bilah Deli Jambi Jambu Lipo Johor Kotapinang Langkat Malacca Palembang Pagaruyung Riau-Lingga Samudera Pasai Serdang Siak Others (native religion) Bakkara Kalimantan Ambawang Banjar Brunei Bulungan Kutai Martapura Kutai Kartanegara Landak Lanfang Republic Mempawah Nan Sarunai Negara Dipa Negara Daha Pontianak Sambas Sarawak Sintang Tanjungpura Sulawesi Banggai Bantaeng Bolaang Mongondow Bone Bungku Buton Gorontalo Gowa Kulawi Lore Luwu Manado Mori Moutong Pamona Siau Suwawa Tallo Tanette Tolinggula Wajo Lesser Sunda Islands Bali Bima Larantuka Mengwi Sikka West Timor Amabi Amanatun Amanuban Amarasi Amfoang Malaka Wehali Wewiku Mollo Sonbai Sonbai Besar Sonbai Kecil Tasifeto Maluku Bacan Iha Jailolo Kisar Loloda Moro Sahulau South Maluku Ternate Tidore Papua Arguni Atiati Fatagar Kaibus Kaimana Mapia Rumbati Salawati Sekar Waropen

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Shailendra dynasty](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shailendra_dynasty?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.