# Shabaran

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{{Short description|Former settlement in Azerbaijan}}
{{Infobox ancient site
| name = Shabaran
| caption  = Ruins of Shabaran
| map_type = Azerbaijan
| map_caption  = Location of Shabaran in [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan)
| coordinates  = {{coord|41|17|44|N|48|52|53|E|display=inline,title}} 
|region = [Shirvan](/source/Shirvan)
|type = Settlement
|condition = Ruined
}}
'''Shabaran''' (also spelled '''Shaburan''' and '''Shaberan'''; {{langx|fa|شاوران}}), was a town and district in the historical region of [Shirvan](/source/Shirvan), in what is now the eastern part of [Azerbaijan](/source/Azerbaijan).{{sfn|Minorsky|1937|p=404}}

Shabaran was founded by the [Sasanian](/source/Sasanian_Empire) king [Shapur II](/source/Shapur_II) ({{reign|309|379}}).{{sfn|Gould|2016|p=26}} The 10th-century Persian geography ''[Hudud al-'Alam](/source/Hudud_al-'Alam)'' refers to it as ''Shav.ran'', whilst [The Georgian Chronicles](/source/The_Georgian_Chronicles) calls it ''Shaburan'', which points to a possible relation to Shavur (Shapur?), an Iranian name that is attested in the Caucasus.{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=77}} Shabaran was the earliest capital of the Shirvan kingdom.{{sfn|Gould|2016|p=26}}

It was often contested between the [Shirvanshahs](/source/Shirvanshahs), the [Hashimids](/source/Hashimids_(Darband)) of [Darband](/source/Derbent), and the rulers of [Arran](/source/Arran_(Caucasus)).{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=77}} According to the 10th-century Arab geographer [al-Maqdisi](/source/al-Maqdisi), the majority of Shabaran's population was Christian.{{sfn|Le Strange|1905|pp=179–180}} In 983, the Shirvanshah [Muhammad IV](/source/Muhammad_IV_of_Shirvan) ({{reign|981|991}}) had a wall constructed around Shabaran.{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=29}} The sudden emergence of Iranian names among the descendants of Shirvanshah [Yazid ibn Ahmad](/source/Yazid_ibn_Ahmad) ({{reign|991|1027}}) is significant in relation to the fact that he and his daughter Shamkuya were buried in Shabaran. This development most likely resulted from Yazid ibn Ahmad's union with a princess of an ancient local dynasty.{{sfn|Minorsky|1958|p=78}}

In 1167, [Akhsitan I](/source/Akhsitan_I) of [Shirvan](/source/Shirvanshahs) asked the [King of Georgia](/source/Kingdom_of_Georgia) [George III](/source/George_III_of_Georgia) to help him to defend from [Kipchak](/source/Kipchaks), [Khazar](/source/Khazars), [Alan](/source/Alans) and [Rus'](/source/Rus'_people) assaulters. George III marched against them and conquered Shabaran, which in Georgian sources is referred to as "Shaburani". George III proceeded to give this town to Shirvanshah, who was his subject.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Georgian Chronicles|url=http://science.org.ge/old/books/Kartlis%20cxovreba/Kartlis%20Cxovreba%202012%20Eng.pdf|publisher=Georgian National Academy of Science|year=2012|pages=234–235}}</ref>

In 1538 Shirvanshah rule was abolished by the [Safavid](/source/Safavid_dynasty) [shah](/source/shah)s (kings) of [Iran](/source/Safavid_Iran), who turned Shirvan into a [province](/source/Safavid_Shirvan),{{sfn|Bosworth|2011}} which Shabaran was part of.{{sfn|Floor|2008|pp=127–128}} The German explorer [Engelbert Kaempfer](/source/Engelbert_Kaempfer) (died 1716) mentions Shabaran as one of the villages in Iran that had coffeehouses.{{sfn|Matthee|2005|p=164}}

Shabaran was completely destroyed in 1723.{{sfn|Floor|2008|p=278}}

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==Sources==
* {{cite encyclopedia | title = Šervānšāhs | last = Bosworth | first = C. E. | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/servansahs | editor-last = | editor-first =  | editor-link = | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | pages = | location = | publisher = | year = 2011 | isbn = }}
* {{cite book|last1=Floor|first1=Willem M.|authorlink=Willem Floor|title=Titles and Emoluments in Safavid Iran: A Third Manual of Safavid Administration, by Mirza Naqi Nasiri|date=2008|publisher=Mage Publishers|isbn=978-1933823232}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Gould|first1=Rebecca Ruth|authorlink=Rebecca Gould|title= Wearing the Belt of Oppression: Khāqāni's Christian Qasida and the Prison Poetry of Medieval Shirvān|journal= Journal of Persianate Studies|year=2016|volume=9|issue=1|pages=19–44|doi=10.1163/18747167-12341296}}
* {{Lands of the Eastern Caliphate}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lornejad |first1=Siavash |last2=Doostzadeh |first2=Ali |editor1-last=Arakelova |editor1-first=Victoria |editor2-last=Asatrian |editor2-first=Garnik |title=On the modern politicization of the Persian poet Nezami Ganjavi |date=2012 |publisher=Caucasian Centre for Iranian Studies |url=https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf |access-date=2023-01-16 |archive-date=2022-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914063448/https://persianpoetry.arizona.edu/sites/persianpoetry.sites.arizona.edu/files/POLITICIZATION%20OF%20NEZAMI_0.pdf |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite book |last1=Matthee |first1=Rudolph P. |authorlink=Rudi Matthee|title=The pursuit of pleasure: drugs and stimulants in Iranian history, 1500-1900 |date=2005 |publisher=Princeton University Press |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=YOUXEAAAQBAJ |isbn=978-0691144443}}
* {{cite book |last1=Minorsky |first1=Vladimir |authorlink= Vladimir Minorsky|title=Ḥudūd al-ʿĀlam, The Regions of the World: A Persian Geography|date=1937|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0906094037|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.281514|url-access = registration}}
* {{cite book | last=Minorsky | first=Vladimir | title = A History of Sharvān and Darband in the 10th-11th Centuries | year=1958 | publisher=W. Heffer & Sons, Ltd. | location=Cambridge }}

Category:Former populated places in Azerbaijan
Category:Sasanian cities
Category:Shapur II

[de:Şabran](/source/de%3A%C5%9Eabran)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Shabaran](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaran) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shabaran?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.