# Sesame

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Plant cultivated for its edible seeds

"Black sesame" redirects here. For another "black sesame" crop plant of western and central Africa see [Sesamum radiatum](/source/Sesamum_radiatum).

For other uses, see [Sesame (disambiguation)](/source/Sesame_(disambiguation)).

Sesame Sesame plant Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Pedaliaceae Genus: Sesamum Species: S. indicum Binomial name Sesamum indicum L. Synonyms[1] Dysosmon amoenum Raf. Sesamum africanum Tod. Sesamum occidentalis Heer & Regel Sesamum oleiferum Sm. Sesamum orientale L. Volkameria orientalis (L.) Kuntze

**Sesame** ([/ˈsɛsəmi/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English);[2][3] *Sesamum indicum*) is a plant in the genus *[Sesamum](/source/Sesamum)*, also called **benne**.[4] Numerous wild relatives occur in Africa and a smaller number in India.[5] It is widely [naturalized](/source/Naturalization_(biology)) in tropical regions around the world and is cultivated for its edible seeds, which grow in pods. World production in 2024 was 6.7 million tonnes (7.4 million short tons), with India, [Myanmar](/source/Myanmar), and [Sudan](/source/Sudan) as the largest producers.[6]

Sesame seed is one of the oldest [oilseed](/source/Oilseed) crops known, domesticated well over 3,000 years ago. *Sesamum* has many other species, most being wild and native to [sub-Saharan Africa](/source/Sub-Saharan_Africa).[5] *S. indicum,* the cultivated type, originated in India.[7][5] It tolerates drought conditions well, growing where other crops fail.[8] Sesame has one of the highest oil contents of any seed. With a rich, nutty flavor, it is a common ingredient in cuisines around the world.[9][10] [Sesame allergies](/source/Sesame_allergy) are common relative to other foods.[11]

## Description

Sesame is a perennial plant growing 50 to 100 cm (1 ft 8 in to 3 ft 3 in) tall, with opposite leaves 4 to 14 cm (2 to 6 in) long with an entire margin; they are broad [lanceolate](/source/Lanceolate), to 5 cm (2.0 in) broad, at the base of the plant, narrowing to just 1 cm (0.39 in) broad on the flowering stem. The flowers are tubular, 2.5 to 3 cm (0.98 to 1.18 in) long.[12] The flowers vary in colour, from white to pink or purple.[13]

The fruit is a [capsule](/source/Capsule_(fruit)), normally pubescent. The length of the fruit capsule varies from 2 to 3 cm (0.79 to 1.18 in), its width varies between 0.6 and 1.2 cm (0.24 and 0.47 in); there are four locules. The seeds are either white or black.[12]

Sesame seeds are small. Their sizes vary widely by cultivar. Typically, the seeds are 3 to 4 mm (0.12 to 0.16 in). The seeds are ovate, slightly flattened, and somewhat thinner at the eye of the seed (hilum) than at the opposite end. The mass of 100 seeds sampled from a market in [Ibadan](/source/Ibadan), Nigeria is 0.203 grams (0.007 oz).[14]

		- Plant

		- Flowers and seed capsules on plant

		- Seed capsule

		- Magnified image of white sesame seeds

## Taxonomy

Sesame was described as the [species](/source/Species) *Sesamum indicum* by [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in 1753.[15]

### Etymology

The word "sesame" is from [Latin](/source/Latin) *sesamum* and [Greek](/source/Greek_language) σήσαμον: *sēsamon*; which in turn are derived from ancient [Semitic languages](/source/Semitic_languages) such as [Akkadian](/source/Akkadian_language) *šamaššamu*.[16] From these roots, words with the generalized meaning "oil, liquid fat" were derived.[17]

The specific epithet *indicum* means *of India*.[18]

The word "benne" was first recorded in [English](/source/English_language) in 1769; it comes from the African American creole [Gullah](/source/Gullah_language) *benne*, which in turn derives from [Malinke](/source/Maninka_language) *bĕne*.[19][4]

## Origins and history

From the *[Seikei Zusetsu](/source/Seikei_Zusetsu)* agriculture encyclopedia, 1804

Sesame seed is considered to be the oldest [oilseed](/source/Oilseed) crop known to humanity.[20] The genus has many species, and most are wild and native to sub-Saharan Africa.[5] *Sesamum indicum*, the cultivated type,[7][21] originated in India.[17][22][5]

Archaeological remnants of charred sesame dating to about 3500–3050 BC shows that sesame was domesticated in the [Indian subcontinent](/source/Indian_subcontinent) at least 5500 years ago.[23][10] The [archaeobotanist](/source/Archaeobotanist) Dorian Q. Fuller states that trading of sesame between Mesopotamia and the Indian subcontinent occurred by 2000 BC.[24] It is possible that the [Indus Valley civilization](/source/Indus_Valley_civilization) exported [sesame oil](/source/Sesame_oil) to [Mesopotamia](/source/Mesopotamia), where it was known as *ilu* in [Sumerian](/source/Sumerian_language) and *ellu* in [Akkadian](/source/Akkadian_language), similar to the Dravidian languages [Kannada](/source/Kannada) and [Malayalam](/source/Malayalam) *eḷḷu*, Tamil *eḷ*.[25]

Sesame was cultivated in ancient Egypt.[26] Egyptians called it *sesemt*, and it is included in the list of medicinal drugs in the scrolls of the c. 1550 BC *[Ebers Papyrus](/source/Ebers_Papyrus)*. Excavations of King Tutankhamen uncovered baskets of sesame among other grave goods, suggesting that sesame was present in Egypt by 1350 BC.[27] Sesame was grown and pressed to extract oil at least 750 BC in the empire of [Urartu](/source/Urartu).[10] Others believe it may have originated in [Ethiopia](/source/Ethiopia).[28]

Historically, sesame was favored for its ability to grow in areas that do not support the growth of other crops. It is a robust crop that needs little farming support—it grows in drought conditions, in high heat, with residual moisture in soil after monsoons are gone or even when rains fail or when rains are excessive. It can be grown by subsistence farmers at the edge of deserts, earning it the name of survivor crop from the sesame breeder Derald Ray Langham.[8]

## Agriculture

### Cultivation

Sesame varieties have adapted to many soil types. The high-yielding crops do best on fertile, well-drained, soils with a neutral pH. However, these have a low tolerance for soils with high salt and water-logged conditions. Commercial sesame crops require 90 to 120 frost-free days. Warm conditions above 23 °C (73 °F) favor growth and yields. While sesame crops can grow in poor soils, the best yields come from properly fertilized farms.[10][29]

Flowering depends on photoperiod and cultivar. The photoperiod also affects the seed's oil content: increased photoperiod increases oil content. The oil content of the seed is inversely proportional to its protein content.[10] Sesame is drought-tolerant, in part due to its extensive root system. However, it requires adequate moisture for germination and early growth. While the crop survives drought and the presence of excess water, the yields are significantly lower in either condition. Moisture levels before planting and flowering affect yield the most.[10] Most commercial cultivars of sesame are intolerant of waterlogging. Rainfall late in the season prolongs growth and increases loss to dehiscence, when the seedpod shatters, scattering the seed. Wind can also cause shattering at harvest.[10]

### Processing

Sesame seeds are protected by a capsule that bursts when the seeds are ripe. The time of this bursting, or "dehiscence", tends to vary, so farmers cut plants by hand and place them together in an upright position to continue ripening until all the capsules have opened. The 1943 discovery of an [indehiscent](/source/Indehiscent) mutant (analogous to [nonshattering](/source/Shattering_(agriculture)) in cereals) led breeders to try to create a high-yield variety that does not drop its seeds. Despite some progress, dehiscence continues to limit production.[10] Agronomists in [Israel](/source/Israel) are working on modern cultivars of sesame that can be harvested by mechanical means.[30]

Since sesame seed is small and flat, it is hard to dry after harvest because the seeds pack closely together, impeding the flow of air in a drying bin. Therefore, the harvested seeds need to be as dry as possible, and then stored at 6% moisture or less. Moist seed stores can rapidly heat up and become rancid.[9]

### Production

Sesame seed production

Sesame seed production 2024, tonnes India 866,111 Myanmar 720,000 Sudan 626,173 Nigeria 450,000 Ethiopia 435,455 Burkina Faso 272,201 World 6,681,657 Source: FAOSTAT of the United Nations[6]

In 2024, world production of sesame seeds was 6.7 million [tonnes](/source/Tonne), led by India, [Myanmar](/source/Myanmar), and [Sudan](/source/Sudan), which together accounted for 33% of the total (table).[6]

The white and other lighter-colored sesame seeds are common in Europe, the Americas, West Asia, and the Indian subcontinent. The black and darker-colored sesame seeds are mostly produced in China and [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia).[31]

In the United States most sesame is raised by farmers under contract to Sesaco, which also supplies proprietary seed.[32][33]

### Trade

Japan is the world's largest sesame importer. Sesame oil, particularly from roasted seed, is an important component of [Japanese cooking](/source/Japanese_cuisine) and traditionally the principal use of the seed. China is the second-largest importer of sesame, mostly oil-grade. China exports lower-priced food-grade sesame seeds, particularly to [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia). Other major importers are the United States, Canada, the Netherlands, Turkey, and France.[34]

Sesame seed is a high-value [cash crop](/source/Cash_crop). Prices ranged between US$800 and 1,700 per tonne (810 and 1,730/long ton) between 2008 and 2010.[35][36] Prices depend on perceived quality, based on factors such as the seed's appearance, freedom from impurities, oil content of at least 40%, and sorting by size and colour.[9]

## Nutrition

### Composition

Whole sesame seeds, dried Nutritional value per 100 grams Energy 2,400 kJ (570 kcal) Carbohydrates 23.4 Sugars 0.3 Dietary fiber 11.8 Fat 49.7 Saturated 7.0 Monounsaturated 18.8 Polyunsaturated 21.8 Protein 17.7 Vitamins and minerals Vitamins Quantity %DV† Vitamin A 9 IU Thiamine (B1) 66% 0.79 mg Riboflavin (B2) 19% 0.25 mg Niacin (B3) 28% 4.52 mg Vitamin B6 46% 0.79 mg Folate (B9) 24% 97 μg Vitamin C 0% 0 mg Vitamin E 2% 0.25 mg Minerals Quantity %DV† Calcium 75% 975 mg Iron 81% 14.6 mg Magnesium 84% 351 mg Phosphorus 50% 629 mg Potassium 16% 468 mg Sodium 0% 11 mg Zinc 71% 7.8 mg Other constituents Quantity Water 4.7 g Link to USDA FoodData Central entry †Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,[37] except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.[38]

Dried whole sesame seeds are 5% water, 23% [carbohydrates](/source/Carbohydrate), 50% [fat](/source/Fat), and 18% [protein](/source/Protein_(nutrient)) (table). In a reference amount of 100 grams (3+1⁄2 ounces), dried sesame seeds supply 2,400 kilojoules (570 kilocalories) of [food energy](/source/Food_energy), and are a rich source (20% or more of the [Daily Value](/source/Daily_Value), DV) of several [B vitamins](/source/B_vitamins) and [dietary minerals](/source/Mineral_(nutrient)), such as [calcium](/source/Calcium_in_biology), [iron](/source/Iron_in_biology), and [magnesium](/source/Magnesium_in_biology) (all 75% or more of the DV, table).

The byproduct that remains after oil extraction from sesame seeds, also called sesame oil meal, is rich in protein (35–50%) and is used as feed for [poultry](/source/Poultry) and [livestock](/source/Livestock).[10][9][31]

As many seeds do, whole sesame seeds contain a significant amount of [phytic acid](/source/Phytic_acid), which is considered an [antinutrient](/source/Antinutrient) in that it binds to certain nutritional elements consumed at the same time, especially minerals, and prevents their absorption by carrying them along as they pass through the small intestine. Heating and cooking reduce the amount of the acid in the seeds.[39] The seeds contain the [lignans](/source/Lignan) [sesamolin](/source/Sesamolin), [sesamin](/source/Sesamin), [pinoresinol](/source/Pinoresinol), and [lariciresinol](/source/Lariciresinol).[40][41]

### Health effects

A [meta-analysis](/source/Meta-analysis) showed that sesame consumption produced small reductions in both [systolic](/source/Systole) and [diastolic](/source/Diastole) [blood pressure](/source/Blood_pressure);[42] another demonstrated improvement in [fasting blood glucose](/source/Fasting_blood_glucose) and [hemoglobin A1c](/source/Hemoglobin_A1c).[43] Sesame oil studies reported a reduction of [oxidative stress](/source/Oxidative_stress) markers and [lipid peroxidation](/source/Lipid_peroxidation).[44]

## Possible harms

### Allergy

Main article: [Sesame allergy](/source/Sesame_allergy)

Sesame can trigger the same [allergic reactions](/source/Allergic_reaction), including [anaphylaxis](/source/Anaphylaxis), as seen with other [food allergens](/source/Food_allergy).[11] A cross-reactivity exists between sesame and peanuts, hazelnuts and almonds.[11][45] In addition to food products derived from sesame seeds, such as *[tahini](/source/Tahini)* and sesame oil, persons with sesame allergies are encouraged to be aware of foods that may contain sesame, such as baked goods.[11][45][46] In addition to food sources, individuals allergic to sesame have been warned that a variety of non-food sources may also trigger a reaction to sesame, including [cosmetics](/source/Cosmetics) and skin-care products.[46]

Prevalence of sesame allergy is on the order of 0.1–0.8% of the population according to studies and self-reports from Australia, Canada and the United States, but much higher in countries in the Middle East.[11] In the United States, sesame allergy possibly affects 1.5 million individuals.[47][48]

Canada requires sesame to be labelled as an allergen.[46] In the [European Union](/source/European_Union), identifying the presence of sesame, along with 13 other foods, either as an ingredient or an unintended contaminant in packaged food is compulsory.[49] In the United States, the FASTER Act mandated labeling[50] from 2023.[51][52]

### Contamination

Contamination by *[Salmonella](/source/Salmonella)*, *[E.coli](/source/E.coli)*, [pesticides](/source/Pesticide), or other [pathogens](/source/Pathogen) may occur in large batches of sesame seeds, such as in September 2020 when high levels of a common industrial compound, [ethylene oxide](/source/Ethylene_oxide), was found in a 250-[tonne](/source/Tonne) shipment of sesame seeds from India.[53][54] After detection in Belgium, [recalls](/source/Product_recall) for dozens of products and stores were issued across the [European Union](/source/European_Union), totaling some 50 countries.[53][54] Products with an [organic certification](/source/Organic_certification) were also affected by the contamination.[55] Regular governmental food inspection for sesame contamination, as for *Salmonella* and *E. coli* in [tahini](/source/Tahini), [hummus](/source/Hummus) or seeds, has found that poor hygiene practices during processing are common sources and routes of contamination.[56]

## Culinary use

Further information: [List of sesame seed dishes](/source/List_of_sesame_seed_dishes)

Sesame seed is a common ingredient in many cuisines. Sesame seeds were brought into 17th-century colonial America by enslaved West Africans.[57] The whole plant was used in West African cuisine. The seeds thickened soups and puddings, or were roasted and infused to produce a coffee-like drink.[27] Oil from the seeds substituted for butter, and served as a shortening for cakes.[27] The leaves on mature plants, which are rich in mucilage, can be used as a laxative as well as a treatment for dysentery and cholera.[58] After arriving in North America, the plant was grown by slaves as a subsistence staple to supplement their weekly rations.[59] In [Caribbean cuisine](/source/Caribbean_cuisine), sugar and white sesame seeds are combined into a bar resembling [peanut brittle](/source/Peanut_brittle) and sold in stores and street corners, like Bahamian Benny cakes.[60]

In Japan, whole seeds are found in many salads and baked snacks, and tan and black sesame seed varieties are roasted and used to make the flavouring *[gomashio](/source/Gomashio)*.[61] Ground black sesame and rice form [zhimahu](/source/Zhimahu), a Chinese dessert and breakfast dish.[62] The seeds and oil are used extensively in India, where sesame seeds mixed with heated [jaggery](/source/Jaggery), sugar, or palm sugar are made into balls and bars similar to peanut brittle or nut clusters and eaten as snacks, such as *[chikki](/source/Chikki)*.[63]

Sesame is a common ingredient in Middle Eastern cuisine. The seeds are made into *[tahini](/source/Tahini)* paste and sweet *[halva](/source/Halva)*. It is a common component of the [Levantine](/source/Levantine_cuisine) spice mixture *[za'atar](/source/Za'atar)*, popular throughout the Middle East.[64][65]

In Southern Italian cuisine, traditional sesame seed confections are one of many culinary remnants of the [Arabic period](/source/Muslim_Sicily). These include a brittle-style [torrone](/source/Turr%C3%B3n) served at Christmas known as [giurgiulena](/source/Giurgiulena) (from the Arabic *juljulàn*) and a lightly sweet, seed-covered biscuit called [reginelle](/source/Biscotti_regina) or sesamini.[66][*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Similar sweets are found in neighboring cultures throughout the Mediterranean.[67]

[Sesame oil](/source/Sesame_oil) is sometimes used [for cooking](/source/Cooking_oil), though not all varieties are suitable for high-temperature [frying](/source/Frying). The "toasted" form of the oil (as distinguished from the "cold-pressed" form) has a distinctive pleasant aroma and taste, and is sometimes used as a table [condiment](/source/Condiment).[68]

		- [Sesame oil](/source/Sesame_oil)

		- *[Jian dui](/source/Jian_dui)* covered with sesame seeds

		- *[Dango](/source/Dango)* with sweet sesame seed sauce

		- [Tahini](/source/Tahini) made of sesame seed paste

		- Sesame seeds are often added to baked goods and confectionery

		- Rolled *khao phan* with black sesame seeds

		- Sesame seed breadsticks

		- Sesame sweet cake

		- Sesame seed ball confection

		- *Til-patti* – a sesame brittle-type confection from India

		- *[Simit](/source/Simit)*, *koulouri*, or *gevrek*, a ring-shaped bread coated with sesame seeds

		- [Halva](/source/Halva), Turkey

		- Typical [Israeli](/source/Israeli_cuisine) [Bourekas](/source/Bourekas) with sesame seeds

		- Black sesame seeds, not to be confused with *[nigella sativa](/source/Nigella_sativa)*

## In literature

Main article: [Open sesame](/source/Open_sesame)

In myths, the opening of the capsule releases the treasure of sesame seeds, as applied in the story of "[Ali Baba and the Forty Thieves](/source/Ali_Baba_and_the_Forty_Thieves)" when the phrase "[Open sesame](/source/Open_sesame)" magically opens a sealed cave. Upon ripening, sesame pods split, releasing a pop and possibly indicating the origin of this phrase.[69]

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## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Sesame](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sesame).

- Data related to [Sesamum indicum](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sesamum_indicum) at Wikispecies

v t e Culinary herbs and spices Herbs Angelica Basil Holy Thai Lemon Bay leaf Indian bay leaf (tejpat) Boldo Borage Chervil Chives garlic / Chinese Cicely Coriander leaf / Cilantro Bolivian Vietnamese (rau răm) Culantro Cress Curry leaf Dill Epazote Hemp Hoja santa Houttuynia cordata (giấp cá) Hyssop Jimbu Kinh gioi (Vietnamese balm) Kkaennip Lavender Lemon balm Lemon grass Lemon myrtle Lemon verbena Limnophila aromatica (rice-paddy herb) Lovage Marjoram Mint Mugwort Mitsuba Oregano Parsley Perilla Rosemary Rue Sage Savory Sanshō leaf Shiso Sorrel Tarragon Thyme Woodruff Spices Aonori Ajwain Alligator pepper Allspice Amchoor Anise Asafoetida Black pepper Brazilian pepper Camphor Caraway Cardamom black Cassia Celery powder Celery seed Charoli Chenpi Chili Chili powder Cayenne Chipotle Crushed red pepper Jalapeño New Mexico Tabasco Cultivars Cinnamon Clove Coriander seed Cubeb Cumin Nigella sativa Bunium persicum Deulkkae Dill / Dill seed Fennel Fenugreek blue Fingerroot Galangal greater lesser Garlic Ginger Aromatic ginger Golpar Grains of paradise Grains of Selim Horseradish Japanese pricklyash Juniper berry Kokum Korarima Dried lime Liquorice Litsea cubeba Long pepper Mango-ginger Mastic Mahleb Mustard black brown white Nigella Njangsa Nutmeg Onion powder Paprika Peruvian pepper Pomegranate seed Poppy seed Radhuni Rose Saffron Sarsaparilla Sassafras Sesame Shiso Sichuan pepper (huājiāo) Star anise Sumac Tamarind Tasmanian pepper Tonka bean Turmeric Uzazi Vanilla Voatsiperifery Wasabi Yuzu zest Zedoary Zereshk Zest Blends Adjika Advieh Baharat Beau monde seasoning Berbere Bouquet garni Buknu Chaat masala Chaunk Cinnamon sugar Crab boil Curry powder Doubanjiang Douchi Duqqa Fines herbes Five-spice powder Garam masala Garlic powder Garlic salt Gochujang Harissa Hawaij Herbes de Provence Húng lìu Idli podi Italian seasoning Jamaican jerk spice Khmeli suneli Lemon pepper Mitmita Mixed spice Montreal steak seasoning Mulling spices Old Bay Seasoning Panch phoron Persillade Powder-douce Pumpkin pie spice Qâlat daqqa Quatre épices Ras el hanout Recado rojo Sharena sol Shichimi Tabil Tajin Tandoori masala Thuna paha Vadouvan Yuzu koshō Za'atar Lists Culinary By region Australian Bangladeshi Indian Pakistani Related topics Chinese herbology Herbal tea Marination Seasoning Spice rub

Taxon identifiers Sesamum indicum Wikidata: Q2763698 Wikispecies: Sesamum indicum AoFP: 1454 APA: 2830 APDB: 114820 APNI: 59258 BioLib: 209228 CoL: 4WYTB Ecocrop: 1937 EoL: 484896 EPPO: SEGIN EUNIS: 178171 FloraBase: 50448 FNA: 200021445 FoC: 200021445 GBIF: 3172622 GRIN: 33749 iNaturalist: 285850 IPNI: 675971-1 IRMNG: 10805996 ITIS: 34431 NBN: NBNSYS0500000360 NCBI: 4182 NZOR: bb683355-cb75-48fd-84d9-87bff69a419b Observation.org: 129133 Open Tree of Life: 504628 PFI: 8612 Plant List: kew-2588550 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:675971-1 TaiCOL: t0055317 Tropicos: 24300029 WisFlora: 8657 WFO: wfo-0000497088

Authority control databases International GND National United States Israel Other Yale LUX

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sesame](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sesame?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.