# September Laws (Sudan)

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/September_Laws_(Sudan)
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/September_Laws_(Sudan).md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)
> Source revision: 1348598466
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

Sharia laws in Sudan

Abdul Rahman Ali

Idris Al-Nur Koko

Garang Deng Bol

Al-Amin Kabashi

Images of some of the survivors of the September 1983 Laws after [amputation according to Sharia law](/source/Amputation_in_Islamic_Law). The images were taken by [Peter Anton von Arnim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Peter_Anton_von_Arnim&action=edit&redlink=1) [[de](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Anton_von_Arnim)] in 1986

In September 1983, president [Gaafar Nimeiry](/source/Gaafar_Nimeiry) introduced Islamic [sharia](/source/Sharia) laws in Sudan, known as **September Laws** ([Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): قوانين سبتمبر, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *Qawānīn Sibtambir*), disposing of alcohol and implementing [*hudud* punishments](/source/Hudud_punishments) such as public flogging for alcohol consumption and [amputations](/source/Cross-amputation) for theft. Nimeiry declared himself the "[imam](/source/Imam) of the Sudanese [umma](/source/Ummah)", leading to concerns about the undemocratic implementation of these laws. [Hassan al-Turabi](/source/Hasan_Al-Turabi) (then the [attorney general](/source/Attorney_General_of_Sudan)) assisted with drafting the laws and later supported the laws, unlike the leader of the opposition [Sadiq al-Mahdi](/source/Sadiq_al-Mahdi).

Nimeiry's alliance with the [Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Islamism_in_Sudan) aimed to end [sectarian divisions](/source/Al-Mirghani_and_al-Mahdi_rivalry) and consolidate Islamic governance. Despite Nimeiry's assertion that the sharia laws reduced crime rates, his economic policies, including [Islamic banking](/source/Islamic_banking_and_finance), led to severe economic issues in Sudan, including high inflation and substantial [external debt](/source/External_debt). This led to his removal in [1985](/source/1985_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat), and the law was frozen during the [transition to democracy](/source/1986_Sudanese_parliamentary_election) between 1985 and 1989.

Ultimately, Nimeiry's Islamic policies contributed to the [Second Sudanese Civil War](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) in southern Sudan in 1983, ending the [Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972](/source/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)), which had granted Southern Sudan [regional autonomy](/source/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)) and recognised the diversity of the Sudanese society. This shift towards [Islamic governance](/source/Islamic_governance) played a crucial role in Sudan's political landscape with multiple parties including the [National Islamic Front](/source/National_Islamic_Front) advocating for [Islamic laws](/source/Islamic_laws_in_Sudan) during the [Omar al-Bashir era](/source/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)) between 1989 and 2019.

## Background

As part of the terms for [national reconciliation](/source/National_Reconciliation_(Sudan)) in 1977 between president [Gaafar Nimeiry](/source/Gaafar_Nimeiry) and [Sadiq al-Mahdi](/source/Sadiq_al-Mahdi), the leader of the [National Front](/source/National_Front_(Sudan)), a requirement was the reassessment of Sudanese legislation and a review of the [1972 Addis Ababa Agreement](/source/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)), which had authorised [self-governance for the southern region](/source/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)).[1]

By 1977, a committee was working to align [Sudanese laws with the sharia](/source/Islamism_in_Sudan), and the [Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood_(Sudan)), headed by [Hassan al-Turabi](/source/Hasan_Al-Turabi), a professor of constitutional law at the [University of Khartoum](/source/University_of_Khartoum),[1] was gaining influence in university student political groups. The al-Turabi committee concluded that only 10% of the laws adhered to the sharia.[2] However, legislative attempts to Islamise the law through the [People's Assembly](/source/People's_Assembly_of_Sudan) were met with resistance.[3]

In 1979, a longstanding dispute between the [Sudanese Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood_(Sudan)) and the main [Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood) organisation re-emerged. At that time, al-Turabi, serving as the [attorney general](/source/Attorney_General_of_Sudan),[3] refused to pledge loyalty to the International Muslim Brotherhood, resulting in a division. Sheikh Sadiq al-Mahdi and his supporters sided with al-Turabi, causing a split within the organisation. Although [Youssef Nour al-Daim](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Youssef_Nour_al-Daim&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ar](https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%81_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%85)] had assumed leadership of the Sudanese Brotherhood in 1969, it remained a smaller faction with restricted influence. Al-Turabi named his faction the "Sudanese Islamic Movement".[1]

Between 1977 and 1985, Nimeiry's implemented an "Islamic approach" in Sudan, which aimed to end sectarian divisions, especially the [al-Mirghani and al-Mahdi rivalry](/source/Al-Mirghani_and_al-Mahdi_rivalry),[4] and consolidate Islamic governance.[5] His transition from [nationalist leftist ideologies](/source/Left-wing_nationalism) to a stricter Islamic stance was documented in his books *The Islamic approach, why?* and *The Islamic approach, how*? The link between the revival of Islam and his efforts to reconcile with opponents of the [1976 coup attempt](/source/1976_Sudanese_coup_attempt) coincided with the emergence of [militant Islam](/source/Jihadism) in other global regions. In addition, Nimeiry's association with the [Abu Qurun](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abu_Qurun&action=edit&redlink=1) Sufi order also played a role in his turn towards Islam, leading him to assign followers of this order to significant positions.[5]

## The law and its implications

[Gaafar Nimeiry](/source/Jaafar_Nimeiry) (left) switched from [communism](/source/Sudanese_Communist_Party) to [sharia laws](/source/Sharia_law_in_Sudan) with [Hasan Al-Turabi](/source/Hassan_al-Turabi)'s (right) aid, after the [1977 National Reconciliation](/source/1977_National_Reconciliation).

The commencement of the legislation for the "Islamic approach" (path or revolution) in early 1983 resulted in the introduction of several directives and laws to enforce sharia law and other fundamental Islamic doctrines.[5] By September 1983, Nimeiry introduced sharia law in Sudan,[6] later known as the "September Laws".[7][8] A group of Islamists, including al-Nile Abu Qarun, Awad al-Jaid, and Badriya Suleiman, who were students of al-Turabi, assisted Nimeiry in drafting the laws.[9][10][11] The laws led to [prohibition](/source/Prohibition) and implementing [*hudud* punishments](/source/Hudud_punishments),[12] like public [amputations](/source/Cross-amputation) for theft and floggings for drinking alcohol.[13] [Economic reforms to confirm with Islam](/source/Islamic_economy) were introduced in early 1984, removing interest and implementing [zakat](/source/Zakat). Nimeiry proclaimed himself the "[imam](/source/Imam) of the Sudanese [umma](/source/Ummah)" in 1984.[5]

Hassan al-Turabi backed the September Laws, in contrast to Sadiq al-Mahdi's opposing stance. al-Turabi, along with supporters within the government, also objected to autonomy in the southern region, a non-religious constitution, and the adoption of non-Islamic cultural practices.[5] Opposition to Nimeiry's Islamisation came from various quarters. Southerners, northern seculars and religious voices, and the judiciary voiced concerns about the undemocratic implementation and lack of consultation. Sadiq al-Mahdi, leader of the [Umma Party](/source/National_Umma_Party), was initially jailed for his opposition.[8] In addition, the state-wide declaration of sharia law alienated the predominantly [Christian](/source/Christianity) and [animist](/source/Animism) south,[14] which exacerbated the conflict in the south to a [civil war](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) in 1983. Thereafter, in 1984, Nimeiry declared a state of emergency, giving special powers to the military.[15]

To show his dedication to sharia, Nimeiry banned "[European dancing](/source/European_dances)"[14] and ordered all alcoholic beverages in Khartoum spectacularly dumped into the [Blue Nile](/source/Blue_Nile).[16][17] In total, [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)11 million worth of alcohol was dumped.[14] Until this prohibition, the trade in such goods as well as ownership of nightclubs and bars had traditionally been dominated by [Sudanese Greek](/source/Sudanese_Greeks) merchants, who controlled around 80% of the market.[18] Since then, the purveying, consumption, and purchasing of alcohol have been banned in Sudan, with the penalty for violating the prohibition being 40 lashes.[19]

Nimeiry was allied with the Muslim Brotherhood led by al-Turabi and allowed the group to work freely which they used to empower themselves and take control. They publicly supported the introduction of laws in September 1983 through large marches and offered significant political support using their networks and influential members such as judges Muhammad Mahjoub Haj Nour and Al-Makashfi Taha Al-Kabashi.[20] In 1984, Nimeiry articulated his vision of establishing an Islamic state in Sudan at an Islamic conference.[5] He initiated proposals to extensively amend Sudan's [1973 constitution](/source/1973_Constitution_of_Sudan) to declare the country an "Islamic republic". These amendments aimed to designate the president as "a leader of the believers and the head and imam of the state" and assert sharia as the primary source of law, excluding non-Muslims from certain aspects of public life.[21] Nimeiry's affiliation with the Abu Qurun Sufi order influenced his belief in being the sole authority to interpret laws based on sharia principles.[5]

Nimeiry defended the adoption of sharia law by citing an increase in crime rates. He asserted that the implementation of the sharia led to a significant decline in crime, reporting a reduction of more than 40% within a year, attributing it to the imposition of new penalties. However, the historian [Gabriel Warburg](/source/Gabriel_Warburg) asserted that examining the validity of Nimeiry's assertion regarding the decrease in crime rates in Sudan in 1985 is challenging as there appears to be a lack of independent statistical evidence that can either disprove or support this claim.[5] Nimeiry credited Sudan's economic prosperity to the zakat and taxation law, emphasising its advantages for both the impoverished and non-Muslims. Nevertheless, his economic strategies, which encompassed Islamic banking, resulted in severe financial problems that worsened Sudan's economic condition, with inflation escalating to 41% and an [external debt](/source/External_debt) of [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)9 billion.[5][22]

### Amputation

[Cross amputation](/source/Cross_amputation) survivors, Adam Ismaeel (left) and Ibrahim Osman (right), in 1986

The period from 1983 to 1985 brought severe drought and [desertification](/source/Desertification) in Sudan, which had a significant impact on agricultural productivity and food availability in the region. This led to a famine declared on 29 November 1984 by the [United States Agency for International Development](/source/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development).[23] However, the implementation of the September Laws and *hudud* punishment was not hindered by the famine.[24]

Three hundred Sudanese individuals underwent limb amputations as a penalty for stealing property valued at more than [US$](/source/United_States_dollar)40. These amputees faced continuous social stigma, struggled to secure employment due to the perception of their severed limbs as symbols of criminality, and often were subject to wrongful arrests. The amputation procedures, performed publicly by untrained individuals, exacerbated amputees' suffering.[25][26]

To cope with the physical and emotional pain, some amputees resorted to crime or addiction. However, they rallied together to form a self-help association, aiming to establish small businesses and obtain medical and legal assistance. They sought recognition as a charity but faced opposition from the government, citing concerns that it might be used as a front for criminals and disrupt the Sudan's form of Islamic justice.[25]

Sudanese historian al-Mahbob Abdul Salam recounts that Hassan al-Turabi lost consciousness while witnessing an amputation at [Kober prison](/source/Kobar_Prison).[2] In 1985, Hassan al-Turabi stated, "Ultimately you cannot do away with amputations because it is there in the book [Quran]."[26]

### Execution of Mahmoud Muhammad Taha

[Taha](/source/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha) was executed in 1985 for apostasy and sedition under the September Law

The [Republican Brotherhood](/source/Republican_Brotherhood), established by [Mahmoud Mohammed Taha](/source/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha), represented another Islamic movement in Sudan. This movement endorsed the idea of Islam having two messages and discarded various Islamic traditions. It advocated for peaceful relations with Israel, gender equality, and various freedoms. It also criticised [Wahhabism](/source/Wahhabism), opposed the enforcement of Islamic penal codes, and supported a federal social democratic governance system. Taha vehemently opposed the prohibition of the [Sudanese Communist Party](/source/Sudanese_Communist_Party), denouncing it as an undermining of democracy, despite not being affiliated with communism.[1] He was convicted of [apostasy](/source/Apostasy_in_Islam) in 1968 by [Ismail al-Azhari](/source/Ismail_al-Azhari)'s government and faced a similar sentence again in 1984.[5]

Taha was executed on 18 January 1985 under the September Laws.[27][28] He was sentenced to death for the crime of apostasy and sedition. Taha's execution sparked international outrage and condemnation, with many human rights organisations and individuals decrying the violation of his right to freedom of thought and expression.[29][26]

### Southern Sudan

Main article: [Second Sudanese Civil War](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War)

To counter the south’s growing political power, on 5 June 1983, Nimeiry re-divided the [Southern Region](/source/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)) into the three provinces of [Bahr al Ghazal](/source/Bahr_el_Ghazal_(region_of_South_Sudan)), [Al Istiwai](/source/Equatoria), and [Aali an Nil](/source/Upper_Nile_(state)). He had already suspended the [Southern Regional Assembly](/source/Southern_Sudan_Regional_Assembly) nearly two years earlier. The southern-based [Sudanese People's Liberation Movement](/source/Sudanese_People's_Liberation_Movement) (SPLM) and its military wing, the [Sudanese People's Liberation Army](/source/Sudanese_People%E2%80%99s_Liberation_Army), which emerged in mid-1983, unsuccessfully opposed this re-division and called for the creation of a new united Sudan.[30]

Nimeiry's Islamic phase marked the end of the [Addis Ababa Agreement of 1972](/source/Addis_Ababa_Agreement_(1972)), sparking [renewed tensions in Southern Sudan](/source/Second_Sudanese_Civil_War) in 1983. The initial agreement had provided [regional autonomy](/source/Southern_Sudan_Autonomous_Region_(1972%E2%80%931983)) and acknowledged Sudan's diverse societal makeup. It guaranteed equality irrespective of race or faith, permitting different personal laws for non-Muslims. However, conflicts heightened due to the discovery of oil, the dissolution of the Southern Regional Assembly, and attempts at decentralisation.[8]

In the south, the September Laws were bitterly resented both by secularised Muslims and by the predominantly non-Muslim southerners,[30] as Christians faced sharia punishment, including 8, who were hanged.[26] The SPLM denounced the sharia, and the executions and amputations ordered by religious courts. Meanwhile, the security situation in the south had deteriorated so much that by the end of 1983 it amounted to a resumption of the civil war.[30][8]

## Aftermath

Further information: [Sharia law in Sudan](/source/Sharia_law_in_Sudan), [Islamism in Sudan § Kizan Era (1989–1999)](/source/Islamism_in_Sudan#Kizan_Era_(1989–1999)), and [Capital punishment in Sudan](/source/Capital_punishment_in_Sudan)

Nimeiry's partnership with the [Muslim Brotherhood](/source/Muslim_Brotherhood_(Sudan)) and the [Ansar](/source/Ansar_(Sudan)) was intended to unify religious factions and introduce sharia law. However, despite initially working together, the Ansar criticised Nimeiry's application of these laws as being both un-Islamic and corrupt. After Nimeiry's removal after the [1985 coup d'état](/source/1985_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat), Sudan's political landscape transformed, giving rise to multiple political parties. The [National Islamic Front](/source/National_Islamic_Front) (NIF), Ansar, and [Khatmiyya](/source/Khatmiyya) Sufi order (DUP) became significant players in Sudanese politics. Hassan al-Turabi and the NIF consistently advocated for Islamic laws and opposed alterations to the existing framework.[5]

The laws were frozen during Sudan’s transition to democracy after the 1985 coup d'état, but were reinstated during the [Omar al-Bashir era](/source/Republic_of_Sudan_(1985%E2%80%932019)) between 1989 and 2019, after the [1989 coup d'état](/source/1989_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat).[31][32]

[Omar al-Bashir](/source/Omar_al-Bashir) came after the [1989 coup d'état](/source/1989_Sudanese_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) that was orchestrated by al-Turabi. They re-introduced sharia laws through the [1991 Sudanese Criminal Act](/source/1991_Sudanese_Criminal_Act)

Sharia remained a source of legislation in the 15 states of the North. The [1991 Sudanese Criminal Act](/source/1991_Sudanese_Criminal_Act),[33] in accordance with sharia, authorised *hudud* punishments in the north.[34] The consumption of [alcohol](/source/Islamic_dietary_laws) was punishable by 40 [lashes](/source/Flagellation) for a Muslim and 20 lashes for a Christian. [Islamic family jurisprudence](/source/Islamic_family_jurisprudence) applied to Muslims in Sudan, while certain Islamic law provisions [discriminated against women](/source/Women_in_Sudan), especially regarding [inheritance](/source/Inheritance_in_Islam), [marriage](/source/Marriage_in_Islam) and [divorce](/source/Divorce_in_Islam). Women were instructed to dress modestly according to Islamic standards, including wearing a head covering which was enforced by the [Public Order Police](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_Order_Police&action=edit&redlink=1). In addition, converting from Islam to another religion was considered apostasy under sharia and was punishable by death in the North.[35]

For example, in 2009 a group of women, excluding journalist [Lubna al-Hussein](/source/Lubna_al-Hussein), were lashed for wearing jeans.[36] As reported in 2012, since 2005, numerous individuals have been convicted of adultery, facing penalties such as [flogging](/source/Flogging) and, in some instances, [stoning](/source/Stoning). In July 2013, a 23-year-old mother of a six-month-old baby was sentenced to death by stoning for adultery.[31] In 2022, a woman was due to be [stoned](/source/Stoning) for adultery[37] before being jailed for 6 months.[38]

In 2013, According to Deputy Chief Justice Abdul Rahman Sharfi, since 2001, 16 people were amputated or [cross-amputated](/source/Cross-amputated).[31] In 1991,[39] 2013,[13] 2015,[40] 2021,[40] and 2023,[32] there were documented cases of men being sentenced to hand amputation for theft.[32] In 2013, three men were sentenced to amputation for stealing cooking oil in [North Darfur](/source/North_Darfur) under article 173 of the 1991 Sudanese Criminal code,[41][42] but the sentence was later overturned.[42] On 14 February 2013, a man's right hand and foot were amputated at al-Ribat Hospital after he was convicted with armed robbery,[43][44] known as "[Hirabah](/source/Hirabah)" in article 167 of the 1991 Sudanese Criminal Act.[45] A similar cross-amputation sentence was issued and enforced in 2021.[40]

Until the [2005 Comprehensive Peace Agreement](/source/2005_Comprehensive_Peace_Agreement), the Sudanese government condoned certain discriminatory practices against Christians living in the North. For instance, it mandated that all students in the North study Islam in school, regardless of their religious beliefs.[35]

On 17 March 2000, [Curtis Francis Doebbler](/source/Curtis_Doebbler), a lawyer and human rights advocate, filed a case against Sudan, known as Curtis Francis Doebbler v. Sudan,[40] before the [African Union Commission](/source/African_Union_Commission). Doebbler alleged that Sudan violated various provisions of the [African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights](/source/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples'_Rights) by arbitrarily arresting, detaining, and torturing individuals, including himself, during his work as legal counsel.[46] On 29 May 2003, the African Union Commission found that Sudan violated Article 5 of the African Charter. The Government of Sudan was urged to revise its 1991 Criminal Law to meet international human rights standards, abolish flogging as a punishment, and ensure victims receive compensation.[46]

## Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [September 1983 Laws](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:September_1983_Laws).

- Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). ["The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/4328194.pdf) (PDF). *Middle East Journal*. **44** (4): 624–637. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0026-3141](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4328194](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194).

- Warburg, Gabriel (2003). [*Islam, Sectarianism and Politics in Sudan Since the Mahdiyya*](https://books.google.com/books?id=BiGPWGvlnpIC&dq=%22September+1983+Laws%22+-wikipedia&pg=PA192). Hurst & Company. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-85065-588-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-588-6).

- Layish, Aharon; Warburg, Gabriel R. (1 January 2002). ["Background to Islamization"](https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004491168_006). [*The Reinstatement of Islamic Law in Sudan under Numayrī*](https://brill.com/display/book/9789004491168/B9789004491168_s006.xml). Brill. pp. 1–69. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1163/9789004491168](https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004491168). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-49116-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-49116-8).

- ["Sudan Criminal Act 1991"](https://www.ilo.org/dyn/natlex/docs/ELECTRONIC/80450/118284/F-1325877900/SDN80450%20Eng.pdf) (PDF). *[International Committee of the Red Cross](/source/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross)*. 31 January 1991.

- Kamali, Mohammad Hashim (18 July 2019), ["Shariah Punishments in Republic of Sudan"](https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190910648.003.0031), *Crime and Punishment in Islamic Law*, Oxford University Press, pp. 315–320, [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1093/oso/9780190910648.003.0031](https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foso%2F9780190910648.003.0031), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-091064-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-091064-8){{[citation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Citation)}}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_work_parameter_with_ISBN))

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:02_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:02_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:02_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:02_1-3) هدهود, محمود (15 April 2019). ["تاريخ الحركة الإسلامية في السودان"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230828194009/https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/). *إضاءات* (in Arabic). Archived from [the original](https://www.ida2at.com/history-islamic-movement-sudan/) on 28 August 2023. Retrieved 30 August 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:6_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:6_2-1) al-Arabiya (8 March 2023). [*تطبيق الشريعة – الجزء الاول*](https://www.alarabiya.net/podcast/jamaat/2023/03/08/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84) [*Application of Sharia - Part One*] (in Arabic). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085954/https://www.alarabiya.net/podcast/jamaat/2023/03/08/%D8%AA%D8%B7%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%82-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%87-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%B2%D8%A1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-loc201522_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-loc201522_3-1) Shinn, David H. (2015). ["Popular Congress Party"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192820/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf) (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). *Sudan : a country study* (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: [Federal Research Division](/source/Federal_Research_Division), [Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress). pp. 254–256. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8444-0750-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0). Archived from [the original](https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf) (PDF) on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).{{[cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia)}}: CS1 maint: postscript ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Rivalry between the two Sayyids, al-Mirrghani and al-Mahdi"](https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R001800550005-1.pdf) (PDF). *CIA Library*. 27 August 1948. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231104112523/https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP82-00457R001800550005-1.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2023. Retrieved 15 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:5_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:5_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:5_5-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:5_5-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-:5_5-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-:5_5-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-:5_5-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-:5_5-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-:5_5-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-:5_5-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-:5_5-10) Warburg, Gabriel R. (1990). ["The Sharia in Sudan: Implementation and Repercussions, 1983-1989"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194). *Middle East Journal*. **44** (4): 624–637. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0026-3141](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4328194](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221213030201/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328194) from the original on 13 December 2022. Retrieved 21 July 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Sudan court sentences three men to hand amputation for stealing | Global development | The Guardian"](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/14/sudan-sentences-three-men-hand-amputation-stealing-theft). *amp.theguardian.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123805/https://amp.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/14/sudan-sentences-three-men-hand-amputation-stealing-theft) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["September Laws"](https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100455281). *Oxford Reference*. Retrieved 13 November 2024.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:3_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:3_8-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:3_8-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:3_8-3) Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (1990). ["Islamization in Sudan: A Critical Assessment"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193). *Middle East Journal*. **44** (4): 610–623. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0026-3141](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3141). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4328193](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230227181754/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4328193) from the original on 27 February 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["أبرز المشكلات والأزمات السياسية التي مر بها السودان"](https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-65302906). *BBC News عربي* (in Arabic). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085954/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/middleeast-65302906) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** ["بدرية الداعشية نصيرة الاستبداد .. بقلم: عصام جزولي"](https://sudanile.com/%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%b1%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b9%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d9%86%d8%b5%d9%8a%d8%b1%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%a8%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%af-%d8%a8%d9%82%d9%84%d9%85/). *سودانايل* (in Arabic). 17 December 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085955/https://sudanile.com/%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A8%D9%82%D9%84%D9%85/) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["النار ولعت! – النيلين"](https://www.alnilin.com/129832.htm). *al-Nilin* (in Arabic). 12 February 2014. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123733/https://www.alnilin.com/129832.htm) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["SUDAN"](https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/sudan/). *www.hrw.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221005172932/https://www.hrw.org/reports/1994/sudan/) from the original on 5 October 2022. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:2_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:2_13-1) Laessing, Ulf (27 February 2013). ["Sudan cuts off hand, foot of man convicted of robbery: activists"](https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-amputation-idUSBRE91Q15L20130227). *Reuters*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085954/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-sudan-amputation-idUSBRE91Q15L20130227) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:03_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:03_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:03_14-2) Meredith, Martin (2005). *The fate of Africa : from the hopes of freedom to the heart of despair : a history of fifty years of independence* (1st ed.). New York: Public Affairs. p. 357. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-58648-246-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58648-246-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [58791298](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/58791298).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-jessup2_15-0)** John E. Jessup (1998). [*An Encyclopedic Dictionary of Conflict and Conflict Resolution, 1945-1996*](https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA531). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 530–531. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780313281129](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313281129). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123430/https://books.google.com/books?id=hP7jJAkTd9MC&pg=PA531) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 5 September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:152_16-0)** Deckert, Roman; Joerin, Julia (2015). "Der Grexit von Khartum". *Zenith* (in German). **4**.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Ap (25 September 1983). ["Alcohol Is Dumped in Nile"](https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/25/world/alcohol-is-dumped-in-nile.html). *The New York Times*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0362-4331](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231025103618/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/09/25/world/alcohol-is-dumped-in-nile.html) from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:282_18-0)** Chaldeos, Antonis (2017). *The Greek community in Sudan (19th-21st cen.)*. Athens. pp. 138–158. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-618-82334-5-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-618-82334-5-4).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fleming_20102_19-0)** Fleming, Lucy (29 April 2010). ["Sudan's date-gin brewers thrive despite Sharia"](http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/8638670.stm). *[BBC News](/source/BBC_News)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200516030925/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/8638670.stm) from the original on 16 May 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** al-Faisal, Babkir (3 November 2021). ["حلقة التكفير الشريرة | الحرة"](https://www.alhurra.com/different-angle/2021/02/03/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9). *www.alhurra.com* (in Arabic). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085954/https://www.alhurra.com/different-angle/2021/02/03/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Shaib, Abdelkhalig (15 December 2020). ["ثُنائيَّة الدّين والدّولة في السودان: هل فَكَّت اتفاقيات جوبا وأديس أبابا طَلاَسِم هذه العلاقة؟"](https://www.arab-reform.net/ar/publication/%d8%ab%d9%8f%d9%86%d8%a7%d8%a6%d9%8a%d9%91%d9%8e%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%91%d9%8a%d9%86-%d9%88%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%af%d9%91%d9%88%d9%84%d8%a9-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b3%d9%88%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86/). *Arab Reform Initiative* (in Arabic). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085958/https://www.arab-reform.net/ar/publication/%D8%AB%D9%8F%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%91%D9%8E%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%91%D9%8A%D9%86-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%91%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86/) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Metz, Helen Chapin (10 December 1992). ["Sudan, a country study"](https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/tr/pdf/ADA258661.pdf) (PDF). *Federal Research Division, Library of Congress*. p. 49. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192820/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Sudan - Drought/Famine"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085955/https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaab327.pdf) (PDF). *USAID*. Archived from [the original](https://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/pbaab327.pdf) (PDF) on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Khogali, Mustafa M. (1991). ["Famine, Desertification and Vulnerable Populations: The Case of Umm Ruwaba District, Kordofan Region, Sudan"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313823). *Ambio*. **20** (5): 204–206. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0044-7447](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-7447). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [4313823](https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313823). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231103085900/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4313823) from the original on 3 November 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:1_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:1_25-1) Rule, Sheila (16 July 1986). ["LIFE OF SHAME OF AMPUTEES IN THE SUDAN"](https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/16/world/life-of-shame-of-amputees-in-the-sudan.html). *New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231022155649/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/06/16/world/life-of-shame-of-amputees-in-the-sudan.html) from the original on 22 October 2023. Retrieved 20 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:7_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:7_26-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:7_26-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:7_26-3) Dickey, Christopher (22 April 1985). ["Sudan's Harsh Law"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1985/04/22/sudans-harsh-law/bfcaf39b-6dcd-4b95-aa18-6a92302df98f/). *Washington Post*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0190-8286](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286). Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** ["Ustadh Mohamed Taha: 12 years after his execution"](https://www.alfikra.org/article_page_view_e.php?article_id=1017&page_id=1). *Sudan Human Rights Organization*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085956/https://www.alfikra.org/article_page_view_e.php?article_id=1017&page_id=1) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** O'Sullivan, D. (September 2001). ["The Death Sentence for Mahmoud Muhammad Taha: Misuse of the Sudanese Legal System and Islamic Shari'a law?"](http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714003729). *The International Journal of Human Rights*. **5** (3): 45–70. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1080/714003729](https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714003729). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1364-2987](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1364-2987). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [144481416](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144481416). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029090010/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/714003729) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** Packer, George (3 September 2006). ["The Moderate Martyr"](https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-moderate-martyr). *The New Yorker*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0028-792X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-792X). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240601114339/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2006/09/11/the-moderate-martyr) from the original on 1 June 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:0_30-2) ["Sudan - National Reconciliation"](https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm). *countrystudies.us*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230529153009/https://countrystudies.us/sudan/26.htm) from the original on 29 May 2023. Retrieved 28 August 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:10_31-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:10_31-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:10_31-2) Belay, Netsanet (16 March 2013). ["Opinion: Sudan must end 'cruel' amputation punishment"](https://edition.cnn.com/2013/03/16/opinion/opinion-amnesty-international-sudan-amputations). *CNN*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123425/https://www.cnn.com/2013/03/16/opinion/opinion-amnesty-international-sudan-amputations/index.html) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:4_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:4_32-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:4_32-2) Salih, Zeinab Mohammed (14 February 2023). ["Sudan court sentences three men to hand amputation for stealing"](https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/14/sudan-sentences-three-men-hand-amputation-stealing-theft). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123426/https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2023/feb/14/sudan-sentences-three-men-hand-amputation-stealing-theft) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Sudan Criminal Code of 1991"](https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/criminal-code-1991). *ICRC*. 31 January 1991. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125112820/https://ihl-databases.icrc.org/en/national-practice/criminal-code-1991) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Sudan begins implementation of Muslim Sharia law - UPI Archives"](https://www.upi.com/Archives/1991/03/24/Sudan-begins-implementation-of-Muslim-Sharia-law/3223669790800/). *UPI*. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-loc20152_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-loc20152_35-1) Shinn, David H. (2015). ["The Legal System"](https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf) (PDF). In Berry, LaVerle (ed.). *Sudan: a country study* (5th ed.). Washington, D.C.: [Federal Research Division](/source/Federal_Research_Division), [Library of Congress](/source/Library_of_Congress). pp. 244–251. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8444-0750-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8444-0750-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220207192820/https://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Sudan.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 7 February 2022. Retrieved 22 October 2023. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain). Though published in 2015, this work covers events in the whole of Sudan (including present-day South Sudan) until the 2011 secession of South Sudan.{{[cite encyclopedia](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia)}}: CS1 maint: postscript ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** ["جلد فتيات سودانيات بسبب البنطلون"](https://www.bbc.com/arabic/tvandradio/2009/07/090714_lubna). *BBC News عربي* (in Arabic). 14 July 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123730/https://www.bbc.com/arabic/tvandradio/2009/07/090714_lubna) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 29 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["Sudan: 'No-one to intervene' for woman sentenced to stoning"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63383361). *BBC News*. 26 October 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123847/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63383361) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Sudanese woman jailed for kissing man"](https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63991855). *BBC News*. 15 December 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231029085954/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-63991855) from the original on 29 October 2023. Retrieved 22 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Sudan: Amputation sentences: Adam Mohamed Adam, Hussein Abdul Karim"](https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr540151991en.pdf) (PDF). *Amnesty International*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125114015/https://www.amnesty.org/es/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/afr540151991en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:8_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:8_40-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-:8_40-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-:8_40-3) acjps. ["Sudanese man sentenced to cross amputation for committing armed robbery – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies"](https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230811145104/https://www.acjps.org/sudanese-man-sentenced-to-cross-amputation-for-committing-armed-robbery/) from the original on 11 August 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** SudanTribune (6 April 2013). ["Darfur court sentences 3 men to amputation for cooking oil theft"](https://sudantribune.com/article45272/). *Sudan Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123430/https://sudantribune.com/article45272/) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:11_42-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:11_42-1) ["Three men sentenced to amputation following unfair trial in Darfur – African Centre for Justice and Peace Studies"](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125113028/https://www.acjps.org/three-men-sentenced-to-amputation-following-unfair-trial-in-darfur/). Archived from [the original](https://www.acjps.org/three-men-sentenced-to-amputation-following-unfair-trial-in-darfur/) on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** AFP (27 February 2013). ["Sudan man's foot, hand 'amputated' by court order"](https://www.modernghana.com/news/448675/sudan-mans-foot-hand-amputated-by-court-order.html). *Modern Ghana*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125092030/https://www.modernghana.com/amp/news/448675/sudan-mans-foot-hand-amputated-by-court-order.html) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** Dabanga (28 February 2013). ["Sudanese Doctors Union condemn reintroduction of cutting hand and foot"](https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-doctors-union-condemn-reintroduction-of-cutting-hand-and-foot). *Dabanga Radio TV Online*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125112820/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/sudanese-doctors-union-condemn-reintroduction-of-cutting-hand-and-foot) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** ["Sudan: Doctors Perform Amputations for Courts | Human Rights Watch"](https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/27/sudan-doctors-perform-amputations-courts). 27 February 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20231125105930/https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/02/27/sudan-doctors-perform-amputations-courts) from the original on 25 November 2023. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:9_46-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:9_46-1) ["University of Minnesota Human Rights Library"](http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/comcases/236-2000.html). *hrlibrary.umn.edu*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20241009123348/http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/africa/comcases/236-2000.html) from the original on 9 October 2024. Retrieved 25 November 2023.

## External links

- [*Pouring of alcohol in the Nile*](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vNmI7Dym66Q). 23 September 1983.

v t e Sudan articles History Timeline Pre-independence governors Pre and early history Medieval Islamization Turkish occupation Mahdiyya Anglo-Egyptian occupation History Independent Sudan First Civil War 1958 coup 1969 coup Nimeiry Era Communist coup National Reconciliation Second Civil War 1985 coup First Transitional Military Council Coalitions/Bashir Era 1989 coup RCCNS War in Darfur United Nations Mission Nomadic conflicts Conflict in South Kordofan and Blue Nile 2019 coup Second Transitional Military Council Transitional Sovereignty Council 2019–2021 transition to democracy Peace process October 2021 coup Sudanese civil war (2023–present) Geography Geology Lakes Mountains Rivers Volcanoes Wildlife Fauna Mammals Birds Horses Butterflies Moths Non-marine molluscs Reptiles Natural disasters Climate change Floods States Gezira Al Qadarif Blue Nile Central Darfur East Darfur Kassala Khartoum North Darfur North Kordofan Northern Red Sea River Nile Sennar South Darfur South Kordofan West Darfur West Kordofan White Nile Districts Cities Politics Ambassadors Cabinet Constitution 1956 1973 1985 1998 2005 2019 Coups Corruption Elections Foreign relations Human rights LGBT rights Massacres Islamism Ansar–Khatmiyya rivalry September Laws Criminal Act Military Army Native administration Parliament Prime Minister President Vice President State Governors Economy Agriculture Banking Central Bank Companies Dinar (former currency) Energy Pound (currency) Taxation Telecommunications Transport Society Abortion Cuisine Demographics Education Ethnic groups minorities Health Languages LGBT Marriage Polygamy Child marriage Public toilets Refugee crisis since 2023 Refugees and internally displaced people Religion Islam Christianity Slavery Squatting Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Cinema Clothing Cuisine Decorations Emblem Flag History Literature Media Music Photography Postal history Sport Television Outline Category

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [September Laws (Sudan)](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_Laws_(Sudan)?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.