# Senusret II > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Senusret_II > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Senusret_II.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_II > Source revision: 1354358949 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Pharaoh of Egypt}} {{Infobox pharaoh | name=Senusret II | alt_name=Senwosret II, Sesostris II | image = Upper part of portrait statue of pharaoh Sesostris II with nemes and ritual beard 01 (cropped).jpg | image_alt = | caption=Statue of Senusret II in the Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen inv: AEIN 659 | nomen_hiero=F12-S29-D21:X1-O34:N35 | nomen={{center|Senusret
''S-n-Wsrt''
''The man belonging to [Wosret](/source/Wosret)''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}}}} | prenomen_hiero=N5-N28-L1 | prenomen={{center|Khakheperre
''Ḫˁ-ḫpr-Rˁ''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}
''The very appearance of the manifestation of Re''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}} | horus_hiero=S29-T32-N16:N16 | horus={{center|Seshemtawy
''Sšm-t3wy''
''The one who has guided the Two Lands''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}} | nebty_hiero= | nebty={{center|Sekhamaat
''Sḫˁ M3ˁt''
''The one who has caused [Maat](/source/Maat) to appear''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}
G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1-Aa11:D36:X1-H6
'''Variant:'''
Sekhainebti
''Sḫˁ.j-Nb.tj''
''He who causes the two ladies to appear''
G16-S29-N28:D36:Y1 }} | golden_hiero=R4:R8A | golden={{center|Hetep netjeru
''Ḥtp-nṯr.w''
''With whom the gods are satisfied''{{sfn|Leprohon|2013|p=59}}}} | reign=[19] regnal years{{br}}8 yearshigh. att.{{br}}Co-regent of five years; sole reign of around fifteen years.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}}{{efn|group=note|Proposed dates for Senusret II's reign: c. 1900{{endash}}1880 BC,{{sfn|Dodson|Hilton|2004|p=289}} c. 1897{{endash}}1878 BC,{{sfn|Lehner|2008|p=8}}{{sfn|Arnold|2003|p=267}}{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=78}} c. 1897{{endash}}1877 BC,{{sfn|Frey|2001|p=150}} c. 1895{{endash}}1878 BC,{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=391}} c. 1877{{endash}}1870 BC.{{sfn|Shaw|2004|p=483}}{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}}}} | predecessor=[Amenemhat II](/source/Amenemhat_II) | successor=[Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III) | spouse=[Khenemetneferhedjet I](/source/Khenemetneferhedjet_I) and [Nofret II](/source/Nofret_II) | children=[Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III), Senusret-sonbe, and Neferet | dynasty=[12th Dynasty](/source/12th_Dynasty) | burial = [Pyramid of Senusret II](/source/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II) |death_date=c. 1878 BC}} '''Senusret II''' or '''Sesostris II''' (died {{Circa}} 1878 BC) was the fourth [king](/source/pharaoh) of the [12th Dynasty of Egypt](/source/Twelfth_dynasty_of_Egypt). [His pyramid](/source/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II) was constructed at [El-Lahun](/source/El-Lahun). Senusret II took a great deal of interest in the [Faiyum](/source/Faiyum) oasis region and began work on an extensive irrigation system from [Bahr Yussef](/source/Bahr_Yussef) through to [Lake Moeris](/source/Lake_Moeris) through the construction of a dike at [El-Lahun](/source/El-Lahun) and the addition of a network of drainage canals. The purpose of his project was to increase the amount of cultivable land in that area.{{sfn|Verner|2002|p=386}} The importance of this project is emphasized by Senusret II's decision to move the royal necropolis from [Dahshur](/source/Dahshur) to El-Lahun where he built his [pyramid](/source/Pyramid_of_Senusret_II). This location would remain the political capital for the 12th and 13th Dynasties of Egypt. Senusret II was known by his prenomen '''Khakheperre''', which means "The Ka of Re comes into being". The king also established the first known workers' quarter in the nearby town of Senusrethotep ([Kahun](/source/El-Lahun)).{{sfn|Petrie|1891|p=5ff}} == Family == Senusret II was the son of Amenemhat II.Dodson & Hilton, 2004, p. 96 The relationship is confirmed by the shared co-regency period, as Amenemhat II appointed Senusret II as his co-ruler in the 33rd year of his reign to ensure a stable transition of power.Lehner, 1997, p. 177 Following a patrilineal succession, no contemporary evidence suggests a break in the line between Amenemhat II and Senusret II.Dodson & Hilton, 2004, p. 91 His mother is identified as Queen [Senet](/source/Senet_(queen)).Rice, 1999, p. 190 This identification is supported by her titles, "''King's Daughter''", "''King's Wife''" and "''King's Mother''" (mwt-nswt).Dodson & Hilton, 2004, p. 96. While several Egyptologists prefer this identification it is not certain. === Children with Khenemetneferhedjet I === * [Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III) (died {{Circa}} 1839 BC): His successor === Children with unknown spouse(s) === * Senusret-sonbe * Neferet === Possible children === * [Itakayt](/source/Itakayt) * [Sithathoriunet](/source/Sithathoriunet) == Reign == === Co-regency === Co-regencies are a major issue for Egyptologists' understanding of the history of the Middle Kingdom and the 12th Dynasty.{{sfn|Callender|2004|pp=137{{endash}}138}}{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The Egyptologist [Claude Obsomer](/source/Claude_Obsomer) wholly rejects the possibility of co-regencies in the 12th Dynasty.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=170}} The Egyptologist Karl Jansen-Winkeln{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=115{{endash}}135}} having investigated Obsomer's work concluded in favour of co-regencies.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|pp=170{{endash}}171}} Jansen-Winkeln cites a rock stele found at Konosso as irrefutable evidence in favour of a co-regency between Senusret II and Amenemhat II, and by extension proof of co-regencies in the 12th Dynasty.{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} The Egyptologist [William Murnane](/source/William_J._Murnane) states that "the co-regencies of the period are all known ... from double-dated{{efn|group=note|A document with regnal dates for two kings. One such double-date is found on the stela from Konosso cited by Jansen-Winkeln,{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|pp=188{{endash}}189}} which identifies Senusret II's third regnal year first, and Amenemhat II's thirty-fifth regnal year after it.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172}}}} documents".{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=7}} The Egyptologist Thomas Schneider concludes that recently discovered documents and archaeological evidence are effectively proof of co-regencies in this period.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=171}} Some sources ascribe a co-regency period to Senusret II's rule, with Amenemhat II as his co-regent. The Egyptologist [Peter Clayton](/source/Peter_A._Clayton) ascribes at least three years of co-regency to Senusret II's reign.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=82}} The Egyptologist Nicolas Grimal assigns nearly five years of co-regency prior to sole accession to the throne.{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}} === Length of reign === [[File:GuardianStatueofAmenemhmatII.jpg|thumb|A figure wearing the red crown of Lower Egypt and whose face appears to reflect the features of the reigning king, most probably [Amenemhat II](/source/Amenemhat_II) or Senusret II. It functioned as a divine guardian for the [imiut](/source/Imiut_fetish), and it is wearing a divine kilt, which suggests that the statuette was not merely a representation of the living ruler.{{cite web |title=Guardian Figure |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/543864 |website=www.metmuseum.org |publisher=[Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) |access-date=9 February 2022}}]] The lengths of the reigns of Senusret II and [Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III) are one of the main considerations for discerning the chronology of the 12th Dynasty.{{sfn|Simpson|2001|p=453}} The [Turin Canon](/source/Turin_Canon) is believed to assign a reign of 19 years to Senusret II and 30 years of reign to Senusret III.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}} This traditional view was challenged in 1972 when the Egyptologist [William Simpson](/source/William_Kelly_Simpson) observed that the latest attested regnal year for Senusret II was his 7th, and similarly for Senusret III his 19th.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|p=14}} [Kim Ryholt](/source/Kim_Ryholt), a professor of Egyptology at the [University of Copenhagen](/source/University_of_Copenhagen), suggests the possibility that the names on the canon had been misarranged and offers two possible regnal lengths for Senusret II: 10+ years, or 19 years.{{sfn|Ryholt|1997|pp=14{{endash}}15}} Several Egyptologists, such as [Thomas Schneider](/source/Thomas_Schneider_(Egyptologist)), cite Mark C. Stone's 1997 article in the ''Göttinger Miszellen'' as determining that Senusret II's highest recorded regnal year was his 8th, based on Stela Cairo JE 59485.{{sfn|Schneider|2006|p=172 citing {{harvtxt|Stone|1997|pp=91–100}}}} Some scholars prefer to ascribe him a reign of only 10 years and assign the 19-year reign to [Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III) instead. Other Egyptologists, however, such as [Jürgen von Beckerath](/source/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath) and [Frank Yurco](/source/Frank_Yurco), have maintained the traditional view of a longer 19-year reign for Senusret II given the level of activity undertaken by the king during his reign.{{citation needed|reason=Weasel words, and imprecision: "some scholars"|date=March 2018}} Yurco notes that reducing Senusret II's regnal length to 6 years poses difficulties because: {{cquote|That pharaoh built a complete pyramid at [Kahun](/source/El-Lahun), with a solid granite funerary temple and complex of buildings. Such projects optimally took fifteen to twenty years to complete, even with the mudbrick cores used in Middle Kingdom pyramids.{{sfn|Yurco|2014|p=69 citing {{harvtxt|Edwards|1985|pp=98 & 292}} and {{harvtxt|Grimal|1992|pp=166 & 391}}}}}} At present, the problem concerning the reign length of Senusret II is irresolvable but many Egyptologists today prefer to assign him a reign of 9 or 10 years only given the absence of higher dates attested for him beyond his 8th regnal year. This would entail amending the 19-year figure which the Turin Canon assigns for a 12th dynasty ruler in his position to 9 years instead. However, Senusret II's monthly figure on the throne might be ascertained. According to [Jürgen von Beckerath](/source/J%C3%BCrgen_von_Beckerath), the temple documents of [El-Lahun](/source/El-Lahun), the pyramid city of Sesostris/Senusret II often mention the Festival of "Going Forth to Heaven" which might be the date of death for this ruler.{{sfn|von Beckerath|1995|p=447}} These documents state that this Festival occurred on IV Peret day 14.{{sfn|Borchardt|1899|p=91}}{{sfn|Gardiner|1945|pp=21–22}}{{sfn|Simpson|n.d.|loc=LA V900}} However, Rita Gautschy states that this Festival date did not mark the actual day of Senusret II's death, but of his funeral or burial.Rita Gautschy, "''Monddaten aus dem Archiv von Illahun: Chronologie des Mittleren Reiches.''" ZÄS 138 (2011), p.17 Lisa Saladino Haney observes based on Gautschy's interpretation of this date, "Therefore, if one takes seventy days from the feast day IV Peret 14, one gets II Peret 4 as the approximate date of death of Senwosret/[Senusret II].Haney, Lisa Saladino. ''Visualizing Coregency: An Exploration of the Link between Royal Image and Co-Rule during the Reign of Senwosret III and Amenemhet III''. Brill: Leiden/Boston, 2020, p.55 === Domestic activities === [[File:Uraeus provenant d'une couronne royale de Sesostris II (la Villette, 2023).jpg|thumb|Senusret II's royal [uraeus](/source/uraeus) found in his pyramid tomb]] The [Faiyum Oasis](/source/Faiyum_Oasis), a region in Middle Egypt, has been inhabited by humans for more than 8,000 years.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} It became an important centre in Egypt during the Middle Kingdom.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} Throughout the period, rulers undertook developmental projects turning Faiyum into an agricultural, religious, and resort-like centre.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} The oasis was located {{convert|80|km|mi|abbr=on}} south-west of Memphis offering arable land{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}} centred around Lake Moeris, a natural body of water.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} Senusret II initiated a project to exploit the marshy region's natural resources for hunting and fishing, a project continued by his successors and which "matured" during the reign of his grandson [Amenemhat III](/source/Amenemhat_III).{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}} To set off this project, Senusret II developed an irrigation system with a dyke and a network of canals which siphoned water from Lake Moeris.{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}}{{sfn|Grimal|1992|p=166}} The land reclaimed in this project was then farmed.{{sfn|Callender|2004|pp=152{{endash}}153}} Cults honouring the crocodile god [Sobek](/source/Sobek) were prominent at the time.{{sfn|Wilfong|2001|p=496}} === Activities outside Egypt === Senusret II's reign ushered in a period of peace and prosperity, with no recorded military campaigns and the proliferation of trade between Egypt and the Near-East.{{sfn|Callender|2004|p=152}} Around the same time, parties of Western Asiatic foreigners visiting the King with gifts are recorded, as in the tomb paintings of [12th-dynasty](/source/12th_dynasty) official [Khnumhotep II](/source/Khnumhotep_II), who also served under Senusret III. These foreigners, possibly [Canaan](/source/Canaan)ites or [Bedouins](/source/Bedouins), are labelled as ''[Aamu](/source/Aamu)'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [Nubian ibex](/source/Nubian_ibex) labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''𓋾𓈎𓈉''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "Hyksos"), the first known instance of the name "[Hyksos](/source/Hyksos)".{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://archaeology.org/issues/online/collection/egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty/}} {{multiple image | perrow = 2 | total_width = 450 | caption_align = center | align = center | direction = vertical | image1 = Procession of the Aamu, Tomb of Khnumhotep II (composite).jpg | image2 = Drawing of the procession of the Aamu group tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan.jpg | footer = A group of West Asiatic foreigners bringing gift to the King. They are possibly [Canaan](/source/Canaan)ites, labelled as ''[Aamu](/source/Aamu)'' ({{lang|egy|ꜥꜣmw|italics=yes}}), including the leading man with a [Nubian ibex](/source/Nubian_ibex) labelled as ''Abisha the Hyksos'' ('''𓋾𓈎𓈉''' ḥḳꜣ-ḫꜣsw, ''Heqa-kasut'' for "[Hyksos](/source/Hyksos)"). Tomb of [12th-dynasty](/source/12th_dynasty) official [Khnumhotep II](/source/Khnumhotep_II), who served under Senusret II, at [Beni Hasan](/source/Beni_Hasan) ({{Circa|1900 BC}}).{{sfn|Van de Mieroop|2011|p=131}}{{sfn|Bard|2015|p=188}}{{sfn|Kamrin|2009|p=25}}{{cite journal |last1=Curry |first1=Andrew |title=The Rulers of Foreign Lands - Archaeology Magazine |website=www.archaeology.org |date=2018 |url=https://archaeology.org/issues/online/collection/egypt-hyksos-foreign-dynasty/}} | alt1 = | caption1 = | caption2 = }} === Succession === In Year [19], Senusret II died and was succeeded by his son, Senusret III. There has been a debate if the succession was by ordinary accession or an established coregency. ====Coregency==== There are two schools of thought concerning a coregency between Senusret II and Senusret III. The majority view is that there was a coregency of three regnal years, while the minority upholds a regular succession or only a very short coregency. There is an absence of serious evidence for a co-regency between Senusret II and [Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III).{{sfn|Jansen-Winkeln|1997|p=119}} Murnane identifies that the only existing evidence for a coregency of Senusret II and III is a scarab with both kings names inscribed on it.{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=9}} The association can be explained as being the result of retroactive dating where Senusret II's final regnal year was absorbed into Senusret III's first one, as would be supported by contemporaneous evidence from the Turin Canon which give Senusret II a regnal duration of 19 full regnal years and a partial one.{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=228}} A dedicatory inscription celebrating the resumption of rituals begun by Senusret II and III, and a papyrus with entries identifying Senusret II's nineteenth regnal year and Senusret III's first regnal year are scant evidence and do not necessitate a coregency.{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=9}} Murnane argues that if there was a coregency, it could not have lasted more than a few months.{{sfn|Murnane|1977|p=9}} The evidence from the papyrus document is now obviated by the fact that the document has been securely dated to Year 19 of [Senusret III](/source/Senusret_III) and Year 1 of [Amenemhet III](/source/Amenemhet_III).{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} At present, no document from Senusret II's reign has been discovered from Lahun, the king's new capital city. ==Royal Court== ===Nomarchs=== Unlike his successor, Senusret II maintained good relations with the various [nomarch](/source/nomarch)s or provincial governors of Egypt who were almost as wealthy as the king.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=83}} His Year 6 is attested in a wall painting from the tomb of a local nomarch named [Khnumhotep II](/source/Khnumhotep_II) at [Beni Hasan](/source/Beni_Hasan). * [Khnumhotep II](/source/Khnumhotep_II) (UE 16) ==Death and Burial== === Tomb treasure === [[Image:Crown of Sit-Hathor Yunet (Senusret II's daughter).jpg|thumb|right|250px|Crown of Princess [Sithathoriunet](/source/Sithathoriunet)]] In 1889, the Egyptologist [Flinders Petrie](/source/Flinders_Petrie) found "a marvellous gold and inlaid royal [uraeus](/source/uraeus)" that must have originally formed part of Senusret II's looted burial equipment in a flooded chamber of the king's pyramid tomb.{{sfn|Clayton|1994|p=80}} It is now located in the [Egyptian Museum](/source/Egyptian_Museum%2C_Cairo). The tomb of Princess [Sithathoriunet](/source/Sithathoriunet), a daughter of Senusret II, was also discovered in a separate burial site. Several pieces of jewellery from her tomb, including a pair of pectorals and a crown or diadem, were found there. They are now displayed at the [Metropolitan Museum of Art](/source/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art) or the Egyptian Museum. In 2009, Egyptian archaeologists announced the results of new excavations led by the Egyptologist Abdul Rahman Al-Ayedi. They reported unearthing a cache of pharaonic-era mummies in brightly painted wooden coffins near the Lahun pyramid. The mummies were reportedly the first to be found in the sand-covered desert rock surrounding the pyramid.See [El-Lahun recent discoveries](/source/El-Lahun) and online [http://www.redorbit.com/news/science/1677296/new_cache_of_mummies_discovered_in_egypt/ Cache of mummies unearthed at Egypt's Lahun pyramid.] === Pyramid === {{main|Pyramid of Senusret II}} [[File:El Lahun Pyramid 01.JPG|thumb|250px|The pyramid of Senusret II at [El-Lahun](/source/El-Lahun)]] The pyramid was built around a framework of limestone radial arms, similar to the framework used by Senusret I. Instead of using an infill of stones, mud and mortar, Senusret II used an infill of mud bricks before cladding the structure with a layer of limestone veneer. The outer cladding stones were locked together using dovetail inserts, some of which still remain. A trench was dug around the central core that was filled with stones to act as a [French Drain](/source/French_Drain). The limestone cladding stood in this drain, indicating that Senusret II was concerned with water damage. There were eight mastabas and one small pyramid to the north of Senusret's complex and all were within the enclosure wall. The wall had been encased in limestone that was decorated with niches, perhaps as a copy of Djoser's complex at Saqqara. The mastabas were solid and no chambers have found within or beneath, indicating that they were cenotaphs and possibly symbolic in nature. Flinders Petrie investigated the auxiliary pyramid and found no chambers.{{Citation needed|date=May 2024}} [[File:Limestone slab showing the cartouche of Senusret II and name and image of goddess Nekhbet. From Mastaba 4, north side of Senusret II Pyramid at Lahun, Egypt. The Petrie Museum of Egyptian Archaeology, London.jpg|thumb|upright|Limestone slab showing the cartouche of Senusret II and the name and image of the goddess Nekhbet. From Mastaba 4, north side of Senusret II Pyramid at Lahun, Egypt. [Petrie Museum](/source/Petrie_Museum), London.]] The entrances to the underground chambers were on the southern side of the pyramid, which confused Flinders Petrie for some months as he looked for the entrance on the traditional northern side. The builders' vertical access shaft had been filled in after construction and the chamber made to look like a burial chamber. This was no doubt an attempt to convince tomb robbers to look no further. [[Image:Pectoral of Senusret II by John Campana.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[Pectoral](/source/pectoral_(Ancient_Egypt)) of Senusret II (tomb of [Sithathoriunet](/source/Sithathoriunet))]] A secondary access shaft led to a vaulted chamber and a deep well shaft. This may have been an aspect of the cult of Osiris, although it may have been to find the water table. A passage led northwards, past another lateral chamber and turned westwards. This led to an antechamber and vaulted burial chamber, with a sidechamber to the south. The burial chamber was encircled by a unique series of passages that may have reference to the birth of Osiris. A large sarcophagus was found within the burial chamber; it is larger than the doorway and the tunnels, showing that it was put in position when the chamber was being constructed and it was open to the sky. The limestone outer cladding of the pyramid was removed by Rameses II so he could re-use the stone for his own use. He left inscriptions that he had done so. == See also == *[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt family tree](/source/Twelfth_Dynasty_of_Egypt_family_tree) *[List of Egyptian pyramids](/source/List_of_Egyptian_pyramids) *[List of megalithic sites](/source/List_of_megalithic_sites) == Notes == {{reflist|group=note}} == References == {{reflist|colwidth=20em}} == Sources == {{refbegin}} *{{cite book|last1=Arnold|first1=Dieter|title=The Encyclopaedia of Ancient Egyptian Architecture|year=2003|location=London|publisher=I.B Tauris & Co Ltd|isbn=978-1-86064-465-8|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofa00diet}} * {{cite book |last=Bard |first=Kathryn A. |author-link=Kathryn A. Bard |title=An Introduction to the Archaeology of Ancient Egypt |edition=2nd |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |year=2015|isbn=9780470673362 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lFscBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188}} *{{cite journal|last1=Borchardt|first1=Ludwig|year=1899|title=Der zweite Papyrusfund von Kahun und die zeitliche Festlegung des mittleren Reiches der ägyptische Geschichte|pages=89–103|language=de|editor-last1=Erman|editor-first1=A.|editor-last2=Steindorff|editor-first2=G.|journal=Zeitschrift für ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde|issue=37|publisher=J. C. Hinrichs'sche Buchhandlung|location=Leipzig|issn=2196-713X}} *{{cite book|last1=Callender|first1=Gae|year=2004|chapter=The Middle Kingdom Renaissance (c.2055–1650 BC)|pages=[https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/137 137–171]|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|location=Oxford|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw/page/137}} *{{cite book|last1=Clayton|first1=Peter|year=1994|title=Chronicle of the Pharaohs|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd|isbn=978-0-500-05074-3|url=https://archive.org/details/chronicleofphara00clay}} *{{cite book|last1=de Morgan|first1=Jacques|last2=Bouriant|first2=Urbain|last3=Legrain|first3=Georges Albert|last4=Jéquier|first4=Gustave|last5=Barsanti|first5=Alfred|year=1894|title=Catalogue des monuments et inscriptions de l'Ègypte|url=https://archive.org/details/cataloguedesmonu00egyp|language=fr|publisher=Adolphe Holzhausen|location=Vienne|oclc=741162031}} *{{cite journal|last1=Delia|first1=Robert D.|year=1997|title=Sésostris Ier; Étude chronologique et historique de règne. Étude No. 5 by Claude Obsomer|pages=267–268|language=fr|journal=Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt|issn=0065-9991|doi=10.2307/40000813|jstor=40000813 }} *{{cite book|last1=Dodson|first1=Aidan|last2=Hilton|first2=Dyan|year=2004|title=The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt|location=London|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-05128-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Edwards|first1=Iorwerth Eiddon Stephen|year=1985|title=The Pyramids of Egypt|location=New York|publisher=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0-140-22549-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Frey|first1=Rosa A.|year=2001|chapter=Illahun|pages=150–151|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 2|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}} *{{cite journal|last1=Gardiner|first1=Alan H.|year=1945|title=Regnal Years and Civil Calendar in Pharaonic Egypt|pages=11–28|journal=The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology|volume=31|issue=1|issn=0307-5133|doi=10.2307/3855380|jstor=3855380 }} *{{cite book|last1=Grimal|first1=Nicolas|author-link=Nicolas Grimal|title=A History of Ancient Egypt|publisher=Blackwell publishing|others=Translated by Ian Shaw|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-631-19396-8|year=1992}} *{{cite journal|last1=Jansen-Winkeln|first1=Karl|year=1997|title=Zu den Koregenz der 12. Dynastie|pages=115–135|language=de|journal=Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur|issue=24|issn=0340-2215|url=http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/propylaeumdok/2295/1/Jansen_Winkeln_Zu_den_Koregenzen_der_12_Dynastie.pdf}} * {{cite journal |last=Kamrin |first=Janice |title=The Aamu of Shu in the Tomb of Khnumhotep II at Beni Hassan |journal=Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections |date=2009 |volume=1 |pages=22–36 |s2cid=199601200 }} *{{cite book|last1=Lehner|first1=Mark|year=2008|title=The Complete Pyramids|location=New York|publisher=Thames & Hudson|isbn=978-0-500-28547-3}} *{{cite book|last1=Leprohon|first1=Ronald J.|year=2013|title=The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary|volume=33 of Writings from the ancient world|location=Atlanta|publisher=Society of Biblical Literature|isbn=978-1-589-83736-2}} *{{cite journal|last1=Murnane|first1=William J.|year=1977|title=Ancient Egyptian Coregencies|journal=Studies in Ancient Oriental Civilization|issue=40|location=Chicago|publisher=The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago|isbn=978-0-918986-03-0|issn=0081-7554}} *{{cite book|last1=Petrie|first1=W. M. F.|year=1891|title=Illahun, Kahun and Gurob |publisher=D. Nutt|location=London}} *{{cite book|last1=Ryholt|first1=Kim Steven Bardrum|author-link=Kim Ryholt|year=1997|title=The Political Situation in Egypt during the Second Intermediate Period, c. 1800–1550 B.C|series=CNI publications, 20|location=Copenhagen|publisher=Museum Tusculanum Press, University of Copenhagen|isbn=978-87-7289-421-8}} *{{cite book|last1=Schneider|first1=Thomas|year=2006|chapter=The relative chronology of the Middle Kingdom and the Hyksos Period (Dyns. 12–17)|pages=168–196|editor-last1=Hornung|editor-first1=Erik|editor-last2=Krauss|editor-first2=Rolf|editor-last3=Warburton|editor-first3=David A.|title=Ancient Egyptian Chronology|location= Leiden, Boston|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-11385-5}} *{{cite book|editor-last=Shaw|editor-first=Ian|location=Oxford|title=The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt|year=2004|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-815034-3|url=https://archive.org/details/oxfordhisto00shaw}} *{{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=W. K.|date=n.d.|title=LA V900}} *{{cite book|last1=Simpson|first1=William Kelly|year=2001|chapter=Twelfth Dynasty|pages=453–457|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 3|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}} *{{cite journal|last1=Stone|first1=Mark|year=1997|title=Reading the Highest Attested Date for Senwosret II: Stela Cairo JE 59485|pages=91–100|journal=Göttinger Miszellen|issue=159|issn=0344-385X}} * {{cite book| last=Van de Mieroop |first=Marc |author-link=Marc van de Mieroop |title=A History of Ancient Egypt |year=2011 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=9781405160704 }} *{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|year=2001e|title=The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture and Science of Egypt's Great Monuments|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-8021-1703-8|url=https://archive.org/details/pyramidscomplete00vern}} *{{cite book|last1=Verner|first1=Miroslav|year=2002|title=The Pyramids: The Mystery, Culture, and Science of Egypt's Great Monument|publisher=Grove Press|location=New York}} *{{cite journal|last1=von Beckerath|first1=Jürgen|year=1995|title=Nochmals zur Chronologie der XII. Dynastie|pages=445–449|journal=Orientalia|volume=64|issue=4|language=de|publisher=Gregorian Biblical Press|issn=0030-5367}} *{{cite book|last1=Wilfong|year=2001|chapter=Faiyum|pages=496–497|editor-last=Redford|editor-first=Donald B.|title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt, Volume 1|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-510234-5}} *{{cite book|last1=Yurco|first1=Frank|year=2014|chapter=Black Athena: An Egyptological Review|pages=[https://archive.org/details/blackathenarevis00lefk_0/page/62 62–100]|title=Black Athena Revisited|editor-last1=Lefkowitz|editor-first1=Mary|editor-link=Mary Lefkowitz |editor-last2=Rogers|editor-first2=Guy Maclean|location=Chapel Hill|publisher=University of North Carolina Press|isbn=978-0-8078-4555-4|chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/blackathenarevis00lefk_0/page/62}} {{refend}} == Further reading == *W. Grajetzki, ''The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt: History, Archaeology and Society'', Duckworth, London 2006 {{ISBN|0-7156-3435-6}}, 48-51 == External links == {{Commons category|Senusret II}} * [http://www.digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk/chronology/senusretII.html Senusret (II) Khakheperre] {{Pharaohs}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Senusret 02}} Category:Year of birth unknown Category:20th-century BC births Category:19th-century BC deaths Category:19th-century BC pharaohs Category:Pharaohs of the Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Senusret II](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_II) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senusret_II?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.