# Senate of Spain

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Upper house of the Cortes Generales

"Senado" redirects here. For other uses, see [Senado (disambiguation)](/source/Senado_(disambiguation)).

Senate of Spain Senado de España Co-official languages Basque: Espainiako Senatua Catalan: Senat d'Espanya Galician: Senado de España Aranese: Senat d'Espanha 15th Senate of Spain Type Type Upper house History Founded 1834 (disbanded 1923–1977) 1977 (reinstituted) Leadership President Pedro Rollán (PP) since 17 August 2023 First Vice President Javier Maroto (PP) since 17 August 2023 Second Vice President Concha Andreu (PSOE) since 21 October 2025 Majority leader Alicia García Rodríguez (PP) since 30 November 2023 Minority leader Juan Espadas (PSOE) since 27 November 2023 Structure Seats 266 Political groups Government (95) PSOE (91) MM (1) EiFS (1) ASG (1) GBai (1) Confidence and supply (17) ERC-EH Bildu (9)[a] PNV (5) Compromís (1) BNG (1) CCa (1) Opposition (154) PP (145) Junts (4) Vox (3) AHI (1) UPN (1) Elections Voting system Limited voting (208 seats) Election by the legislatures of the autonomous communities (57 seats) Last election 23 July 2023 Meeting place Palacio del Senado Centro, Madrid Kingdom of Spain Website senado.es Rules Senate Standing Orders

The **Senate** ([Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *Senado*) is the [upper house](/source/Upper_house) of the [Cortes Generales](/source/Cortes_Generales), the bicameral parliament of the [Kingdom of Spain](/source/Kingdom_of_Spain). The [Congress of Deputies](/source/Congress_of_Deputies) is the [lower house](/source/Lower_house). The Senate meets in the [Palace of the Senate](/source/Palacio_del_Senado) in [Madrid](/source/Madrid). The presiding officer of the Senate is the [president of the Senate](/source/President_of_the_Senate_of_Spain), who is elected by the members at the first sitting after each national election.

The composition of the Senate is established in [Part III of the Spanish Constitution](/source/Spanish_Constitution#Part_III:_Cortes_Generales). Each senator represents a [province](/source/Provinces_of_Spain), an [autonomous city](/source/Autonomous_city#Spain) or an [autonomous community](/source/Autonomous_Community). Each mainland province, regardless of its population size, is equally represented by four senators; in the insular provinces, the larger islands are represented by three senators and the minor islands are represented by a single senator. Likewise, the autonomous cities of [Ceuta](/source/Ceuta_(Senate_constituency)) and [Melilla](/source/Melilla_(Senate_constituency)) elect two senators each. This direct election results in the election of 208 senators by the citizens. In addition, the [regional legislatures](/source/List_of_Spanish_regional_legislatures) also designate their own representatives, one senator for each autonomous community and another for every million residents, resulting in a total of 58 additional senators.

The Spanish Senate is constitutionally described as a territorial chamber. Consequently, although in general its powers are similar to those of the Congress of Deputies, it is endowed with exceptional powers such as authorising the [Government](/source/Government_of_Spain) to apply direct rule to a region or to dissolve local government councils.

Intensive debates about reforming the Senate's function and purpose have been going on for many years without any resolution.[1]

## History

Main article: [Spanish parliamentarism](/source/Spanish_parliamentarism)

The first Spanish Constitution, the [constitution of 1812](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1812), established a unicameral legislature; an upper Chamber did not exist.

The Senate was first established under the [Royal Statute of 1834](/source/Spanish_Royal_Statute_of_1834) approved by [Queen Regent](/source/Early_life_of_Isabella_II_of_Spain#The_regency_of_Maria_Christina) [Maria Christina of the Two Sicilies](/source/Maria_Christina_of_the_Two_Sicilies) under the denomination of [House of Peers](/source/House_of_Peers_(Spain)) alongside the [Deputies of the Realm](/source/Congress_of_Deputies). Under the constitution of 1837 it was named the Senate. Members were royal princes, hereditary nobility and clergy, and one appointed member for every 85 000 inhabitants. The districts were not yet fixed as today the electors were typically wealthy male citizens, selected through a [census suffrage](/source/Suffrage) system. These electors then proposed a list of three persons to the king, who would choose one senator.[2][3] It remained under the regimes of the [constitution of 1845](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1845), [draft constitution 1856](/source/Spanish_Draft_Constitution_of_1856).

With the [glorious revolution](/source/Glorious_Revolution_(Spain)) [1869](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1869) the terna system was abolished; for a brief period of time Senators were elected indirectly until a hybrid model was adopted under [constitution of 1876](/source/Spanish_Constitution_of_1876). Senators were of three main categories: senators by their own right, [senators for life](/source/Senator_for_life) appointed by the crown, ex officio, or by institutions (archbishops, etc), and elected senators.

This house, along with the Congress of Deputies, was suppressed after the [coup](/source/1923_Spanish_coup_d'%C3%A9tat) of General [Miguel Primo de Rivera](/source/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera) in 1923.

After the restoration of democracy during the [Second Spanish Republic](/source/Second_Spanish_Republic) (1931-1939) the new regime opted for a unicameral system, which was continued under the [Francoist dictatorship](/source/Francoist_dictatorship).

Only after the [Spanish transition to democracy](/source/Spanish_transition_to_democracy) in 1977 was the Senate re-established, including regional representation, similar to the [US senate](/source/United_States_Senate) and [Swiss council of states](/source/Council_of_States_(Switzerland)).

## Role

The Spanish parliamentary system is bicameral but asymmetric. The [Congress of Deputies](/source/Spanish_Congress_of_Deputies) has more independent functions, and it can also override most Senate measures. Only the Congress can grant or revoke confidence in the [Prime Minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Spain).

Either house may propose an ordinary law (or bill, [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language): *proyecto de ley*). A bill passed by Congress can be [amended](/source/Friendly_amendment) or vetoed by the Senate, in which case the bill is then sent back to the lower house. The Congress can then override an amendment by a simple majority vote; in contrast, a veto can be overridden either directly by an [absolute majority](/source/Absolute_majority) vote or by a simple majority vote after a wait of two months.[4] [Organic laws](/source/Organic_Law_(Spain)), which govern basic civil rights and regional devolution, need an absolute majority of the Congress to pass, which applies to the defeat of Senate vetoes too.

The process for constitutional amendments is more complicated: the rule is to require a [three fifths](/source/Supermajority) (60%) of both houses, but if the Senate does not achieve such a supermajority and a joint congress-senate committee fails to resolve the issues, the Congress may force the amendment through with a two-thirds vote as long as an absolute majority of the Senate was in favour. But for some specific types of amendments including those related to most clauses related to human rights, both houses must approve of the amendment by a two thirds vote, and an election must be held and the amendment must pass by a two thirds vote a second time, and if that is approved, the people must vote for the amendment in a referendum by majority vote.

The Senate has certain exclusive functions including

- the appointment of constitutional posts, such as judges of the [Constitutional Court](/source/Constitutional_Court_of_Spain) or the members of the [General Council of the Judiciary](/source/General_Council_of_the_Judiciary);

- disciplining regional governments.[5] It exercised this power in October 2017 over the region of [Catalonia](/source/2017_Catalan_independence_referendum). This decision gave to prime minister [Mariano Rajoy](/source/Mariano_Rajoy) the power to remove the [regional government](/source/Government_of_Catalonia) and to dissolve the [regional legislature](/source/Parliament_of_Catalonia), and govern directly from [Madrid](/source/Madrid).

- suspending local governments.[6] It exercised this power in April 2006, [dissolving the Marbella city council](/source/Marbella_City_Council_dissolution) when most of its members were found to have engaged in [corrupt practices](/source/Political_corruption).

Senate reform has been a topic of discussion since the early days of Spanish democracy. One proposal would advance the [federalization](/source/Federation) of Spain by remaking the Senate to represent the [autonomous communities of Spain](/source/Autonomous_communities_of_Spain).

## Organization

Senators form [groups](/source/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)) along party lines. Parties with fewer than ten senators form the Mixed Group. If the membership of an existing group falls below six during a session, it is merged into the Mixed Group at the next session. For example, [Coalición Canaria](/source/Coalici%C3%B3n_Canaria) lost its senate caucus in 2008 after [electoral losses](/source/2008_Spanish_general_election) reduced its group from six to two. The [Basque Nationalist Party](/source/Basque_Nationalist_Party), falling from seven to four, "borrowed" senators from the ruling [Socialist Party](/source/Spanish_Socialist_Workers'_Party) to form their group; in exchange, they supported the election of socialist Javier Rojo as President of the Senate.

Legally, 133 seats are required for an absolute majority, vacant seats notwithstanding.

Politics of Spain Constitution Constitution Constitutional Court President Cándido Conde-Pumpido Vice President Inmaculada Montalbán Huertas Constitutional history Spanish transition to democracy Human rights Taxation Law Abortion Capital punishment Life imprisonment Monarchy The Monarch (list) Felipe VI Heir presumptive (list) Leonor, Princess of Asturias Heads of state Royal family Royal Household Succession to the Spanish throne Executive Government of the Nation Prime Minister (list) Pedro Sánchez Deputy Prime Minister (list) Carlos Cuerpo (first) Yolanda Díaz (second) Sara Aagesen (third) Council of Ministers Sánchez III Government Ministries Government Delegations Government Delegated Committees Interministerial Committees Spanish prime-ministerial transition List of agencies in Spain Council of State Economic and Social Council Legislature Cortes Generales (15th Cortes Generales) Senate (15th Senate) Speaker (list) Pedro Rollán Congress of Deputies (15th Congress) Speaker (list) Francina Armengol Parliamentary groups Permanent Deputation Bureaus of the Cortes Generales Board of Spokespersons People's Defender (ombudsman) Solemn Opening of the Parliament of Spain Judiciary General Council of the Judiciary Supreme Court President (list) Isabel Perelló Vice President Dimitry Berberoff Audiencia Nacional High courts of justice Court of Auditors Prosecution Ministry Opening of the Judicial Year Euro European Central Bank Bank of Spain Governor of the Bank of Spain José Luis Escrivá Deputy Governor of the Bank of Spain Soledad Núñez Royal Mint of Spain Administrative subdivisions Autonomous communities Legislatures Governments Presidents Autonomous cities Provinces Comarcas Municipalities Plazas de soberanía Elections Political parties Recent elections General: 2019 (Nov) 2023 Next Regional: 2023 2024 2026 European: 2014 2019 2024 Referendums: 1978 1986 2005 Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Foreign Minister: José Manuel Albares Diplomatic missions of / to Spain Spanish Foreign Service Ambassadors of Spain Nationality law Spanish passport Visa requirements for Spanish citizens Visa policy of the Schengen Area European Union NATO G20 Related topics Political parties: PP PSOE Podemos C's Spanish transition to democracy Dictatorship of Francisco Franco Anarchism in Spain Liberalism and radicalism in Spain Spanish Civil War Nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain: Basque Catalan Galician Catalan independence movement (Spanish constitutional crisis of 2017–18) Disputed status of Gibraltar Republicanism in Spain (Second Spanish Republic) Spain portal Other countries v t e

## Elections to the Senate

To date, senate elections have coincided with elections to the lower house, but the prime minister may advise the king to call elections for one house only.[7] While the [Congress of Deputies](/source/Spanish_Congress_of_Deputies) is chosen by [party list proportional representation](/source/Party_list_proportional_representation), the members of the senate are chosen in two distinct ways: popular election by [limited voting](/source/Limited_voting) and appointment from regional legislatures.

### Directly elected members

Most members of the senate (currently 208 of 266) are directly elected by the people. Each [province](/source/Provinces_of_Spain) elects four senators without regard to population. Insular provinces are treated specially. The larger islands of the [Balearics](/source/Balearics) (Baleares) and [Canaries](/source/Canary_Islands) (Canarias)—[Mallorca](/source/Mallorca_(Senate_constituency)), [Gran Canaria](/source/Gran_Canaria), and [Tenerife](/source/Tenerife)—are assigned three seats each, and the smaller islands—[Menorca](/source/Menorca_(Senate_constituency)), [Ibiza–Formentera](/source/Ibiza-Formentera_(Senate_constituency)), [Fuerteventura](/source/Fuerteventura), [Gomera](/source/Gomera), [Hierro](/source/Hierro), [Lanzarote](/source/Lanzarote) and [La Palma](/source/La_Palma)—one each; [Ceuta](/source/Ceuta_(Senate_constituency)) and [Melilla](/source/Melilla_(Senate_constituency)) are assigned two seats each.[8][9] This allocation is heavily weighted in favor of small provinces; [Madrid](/source/Community_of_Madrid), with its 6.5 million people, and [Soria](/source/Province_of_Soria), with 90,000 inhabitants, are each represented by four senators.

In non-insular constituencies, each party nominates three candidates. Candidates' names are organized in columns by party on a large ([DIN A3](/source/DIN_A3) or larger) [ochre](/source/Ochre)-colored ballot called a *sábana* or *bedsheet*.

Each voter may mark up to three candidates' names, from any party. This is the only occasion when Spanish voters vote for individuals rather than a [party list](/source/Party_list). [Panachage](/source/Panachage) is allowed, but typically voters cast all three votes for candidates of a single party. As a result, the four senators are usually the three candidates from the most popular party and the first placed candidate from the next most popular.

Before 2011, a party could not choose the order of its candidates on the ballot paper; candidates were sorted alphabetically by [surname](/source/Spanish_and_Portuguese_names). When a party did not get all three of its candidates elected, this arrangement favored candidates with surnames early in the alphabet. This was the case for 2nd placed parties in every province and for both parties in tight races when voters did not vote for three candidates of the same party ([panachage](/source/Panachage)).

Key to parties EH Bildu EiFS ERC PSC PSE–EE PSOE ASG PNV Junts AHI UPN PP Ind. Vacant (*) Autonomous Community Provinces Senators Population (2023) Senator/pop.-ratio Distribution Andalusia 8 32 8,584,147 268,254 11 21 Aragon 3 12 1,341,289 111,774 3 9 Asturias 1 4 1,006,060 251,515 1 3 Balearic Islands 1* 5[b] 1,209,906 241,981 1 1 3 Basque Country 3 12 2,216,302 184,691 4 4 4 Canary Islands 2* 11[c] 2,213,016 201,183 7 1 1 2 Cantabria 1 4 588,387 147,096 1 3 Castile and León 9 36 2,383,703 66,213 9 27 Castilla–La Mancha 5 20 2,084,086 104,204 5 15 Catalonia 4 16 7,901,963 493,872 3 12 1 Extremadura 2 8 1,054,306 131,788 4 4 Galicia 4 16 2,699,424 168,714 4 12 La Rioja 1 4 322,282 80,570 1 3 Madrid 1 4 6,871,903 1,717,975 1 3 Murcia 1 4 1,551,692 387,923 1 3 Navarre 1 4 672,155 168,038 3 1 Valencian Community 3 12 5,216,195 434,682 4 8 Ceuta N/A 2 83,052 41,526 2 Melilla N/A 2 85,493 42,746 2 Total 50 208 48,085,361 276,039 Source: [1]

### Regional legislatures-appointed members

The legislative assembly of each [autonomous community](/source/Autonomous_community) of Spain appoints a senators to represent the community, with one senator per one million citizens, rounded up.[10] Demographic growth increased the combined size of the regional appointed senators from 51 to 57 since 1983.

[Conventionally](/source/Convention_(norm)#Government), the proportions of the regional senators mimic their legislative assemblies. However, autonomous communities have considerable leeway, and a motion to appoint the regional senators often requires no more than a [plurality](/source/Plurality_(voting)):

Key to parties EH Bildu BNG Más Madrid Compromís ERC PSC PSE–EE PSOE GBai PNV Junts CC PP Vox Ind. Vacant (*) Autonomous Community Population (2023) Senators Senator/pop.-ratio Election Distribution Andalusia 8,584,147 9 953,794 2022 3 5 1 Aragon 1,341,289 2 670,644 2023 1 1 Asturias 1,006,060 2 503,030 2023 1 1 Balearic Islands 1,209,906 2 604,953 2023 1 1 Basque Country 2,216,302 3 738,767 2024 1 1 1 Canary Islands 2,213,016 3 737,672 2023 1 1 1 Cantabria 588,387 1 588,387 2023 1 Castile and León 2,383,703 3 794,567 2022 1 2 Castilla–La Mancha 2,084,086 3 694,695 2023 2 1 Catalonia 7,901,963 8 987,745 2024 1 3 3 1 Extremadura 1,054,306 2 527,153 2023 1 1 Galicia 2,699,424 3 899,808 2024 1 2 La Rioja 322,282 1 322,282 2023 1 Madrid 6,871,903 7 981,700 2023 1 1 5 Murcia 1,551,692 2 775,846 2023 1 1 Navarre 672,155 1 672,155 2023 1 Valencian Community 5,216,195 6 869,365 2023 1 2 2 1 Total 48,085,361 58 724,856 Source: [2]

## Composition

Main article: [Parliamentary group (Spain) § Senate](/source/Parliamentary_group_(Spain)#Senate)

The [last election](/source/2023_Spanish_general_election) was held on 23 July 2023. Following the election, the composition of the 15th Senate was:

Parliamentary group Elected App. Total

People's Party Group in the Senate 120 24 144

Socialist Group 72 19 91 Spanish Socialist Workers' Party 53 14 67 Socialists' Party of Catalonia 12 3 15 Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left 4 1 5 Socialists' Party of Galicia 3 0 3

Republican Left–EH Bildu Group 7 4 11 Republican Left of Catalonia 3 3 6 EH Bildu 4 1 5

Plural Group in the Senate (JxCat–CC-AHI-BNG) 2 4 6 Together for Catalonia 1 2 3 Galician Nationalist Bloc 0 1 1 Canarian Coalition 0 1 1 Independent Herrenian Group 1 0 1

Basque Group in the Senate 4 1 5

Confederal Left Group 2 3 5 Gomera Socialist Group 1 0 1 Geroa Bai 0 1 1 Pacte Progressista 1 0 1 More Madrid 0 1 1 Commitment Coalition 0 1 1

Mixed Group 1 3 4 Vox 0 3 3 Navarrese People's Union 1 0 1

Vacant 0 2 2 Total 208 58 266

## Committees

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (July 2023)

Committee[11] Chair(s) Term Agriculture, Fisheries and Food María Teresa Macías PSOE 2019–present Foreign Affairs Antonio Gutiérrez Limones PSOE 2019–present Ibero-American Affairs César Alejandro Mogo Zaro PSOE 2019–present Science, Innovation and Universities Francisco Javier de Lucas Martín PSOE 2019–present Constitutional Antonio Magdaleno Alegría PSOE 2019–present International Cooperation for Development Elena Diego PSOE 2019–present Culture and Sport Manuel Escarda Escarda PSOE 2019–present Defence Pilar Llop Cuenca PSOE 2019–present Rights of Families, Childhood and Adolescence María de los Ángeles Luna Morales PSOE 2019–present Economy and Business Javier Garcinuño Rama PSOE 2019–present Education and Vocational Training José Asensi Sabater PSOE 2019–present Local Administrations Miguel Carmelo Dalmau Blanco PSOE 2019–present Public Works José Fernández Blanco PSOE 2019–present Civil Service Salvador Vidal Varela PSOE 2019–present General on Autonomous Communities Joan Lerma Blasco PSOE 2019–present Finance Cosme Bonet Bonet PSOE 2019–present Equality Josefina Antonia Bueno Alonso PSOE 2019–present Incompatibilities Julia María Liberal Liberal PSOE 2019–present Industry, Trade and Tourism Marisa Bustinduy PSOE 2019–present Home Affairs María Jesús Castro Mateos PSOE 2019–present Justice Francisco Manuel Fajardo Palarea (PSOE) PSOE 2019–present Nominations Manuel Cruz PSOE 2019–present Rules Comprehensive Disability Policies María Teresa Fernández Molina PSOE 2019–present Petitions Micaela Navarro PSOE 2019–present Budget José Antonio Monago PP 2019–present Health, Consumer Affairs and Social Welfare Modesto Pose Mesura PSOE 2019–present Petitions by a Court Félix Ortega Fernández PSOE 2019–present Labour, Migrations and Social Security Antonio Armando Ferrer PSOE 2019–present Ecological Transition María Isabel Moreno Duque PSOE 2019–present

## Presidents of the Senate of Spain

Further information: [President of the Senate of Spain](/source/President_of_the_Senate_of_Spain) and [List of presidents of the Senate of Spain](/source/List_of_presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain)

This is a list of the Presidents of the Senate since the reestablishment of the upper house in 1977. To see previous presidents, look the full [list of presidents of the Senate](/source/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Spain).

Portrait Name (Birth–Death) Term of office Tenure (Years and days) Party Legislature Monarch (Reign) Ref. Antonio Fontán President of the Senate (1923–2010) 13 July 1977 — 2 January 1979 1 year, 173 days Union of the Democratic Centre Constituent (1977) Juan Carlos I (1975–2014) Cecilio Valverde Mazuelas President of the Senate (1927–2001) 27 April 1979 — 31 August 1982 3 years, 126 days Union of the Democratic Centre I (1979) José Federico de Carvajal President of the Senate (1930–2015) 18 November 1982 — 2 September 1989 6 years, 349 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party II (1982) III (1986) Juan José Laborda President of the Senate (born 1947) 21 November 1989 — 9 January 1996 6 years, 49 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party IV (1989) V (1993) Juan Ignacio Barrero President of the Senate (born 1943) 27 March 1996 — 8 February 1999 2 years, 318 days People's Party VI (1996) Esperanza Aguirre Countess consort of Murillo President of the Senate (born 1952) 8 February 1999 — 21 October 2002 3 years, 255 days People's Party VII (2000) Juan José Lucas President of the Senate (born 1944) 22 October 2002 — 20 January 2004 1 year, 90 days People's Party Javier Rojo President of the Senate (born 1949) 2 April 2004 — 27 September 2011 7 years, 178 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party VIII (2004) IX (2008) Pío García-Escudero 4th Count of Badarán President of the Senate (born 1952) 13 December 2011 — 20 May 2019 7 years, 158 days People's Party X (2011) Felipe VI (2014–present) XI (2015) XII (2016) Manuel Cruz Rodríguez President of the Senate (born 1951) 21 May 2019 — 2 December 2019 195 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party XIII (2019) Pilar Llop President of the Senate (born 1973) 3 December 2019 — 8 July 2021 1 year, 217 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party XIV (2019) Ander Gil President of the Senate (born 1974) 12 July 2021 — 16 August 2023 2 years, 35 days Spanish Socialist Workers' Party XIV (2019) Pedro Rollán President of the Senate (born 1974) 17 August 2023 — Incumbent 2 years, 320 days People's Party XV (2023)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** - [EH Bildu](/source/EH_Bildu) (5) - [ERC](/source/Republican_Left_of_Catalonia) (4)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** 3 for [Mallorca](/source/Mallorca) (major island) and 1 for [Menorca](/source/Menorca) and [Eivissa](/source/Eivissa)-[Formentera](/source/Formentera) (minor islands).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** 3 each for [Gran Canaria](/source/Gran_Canaria) and [Tenerife](/source/Tenerife) (major islands) and 1 each for [El Hierro](/source/El_Hierro), [Fuerteventura](/source/Fuerteventura), [La Gomera](/source/La_Gomera), [La Palma](/source/La_Palma) and [Lanzarote](/source/Lanzarote) (minor islands).

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDivision_of_Powersparagraph_4_2-0)** [Division of Powers](#CITEREFDivision_of_Powers), paragraph 4.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Constitución de la Monarquia española de 18 de Junio de 1837"](https://www.ub.edu/ciudadania/textos/constituciones/ce1837.htm). *www.ub.edu*. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Ley electoral (20 de julio de 1837)"](https://www.ub.edu/ciudadania/hipertexto/evolucion/textos/electoral/1837.htm). *www.ub.edu*. Retrieved 2025-04-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["BOE-A-1978-31229 Constitución Española"](https://www.boe.es/buscar/act.php?id=BOE-A-1978-31229&p=20240217&tn=1#csegundo-2). *www.boe.es*. Retrieved 2026-01-15.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Spanish_Constitution1978Article_151_6-0)** [The Spanish Constitution 1978](#CITEREFThe_Spanish_Constitution1978), Article 151.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELocal_Government_Act1985Article_61_7-0)** [Local Government Act 1985](#CITEREFLocal_Government_Act1985), Article 61.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Spanish_Constitution1978Section_115_8-0)** [The Spanish Constitution 1978](#CITEREFThe_Spanish_Constitution1978), Section 115.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Spanish_Constitution1978Part_III_9-0)** [The Spanish Constitution 1978](#CITEREFThe_Spanish_Constitution1978), Part III.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElectoral_System_Act198519110–19134_10-0)** [Electoral System Act 1985](#CITEREFElectoral_System_Act1985), pp. 19110–19134.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Spanish_Constitution1978Article_69(5)_13-0)** [The Spanish Constitution 1978](#CITEREFThe_Spanish_Constitution1978), Article 69(5).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Senate of Spain. ["Senate' Committees Chairs"](http://www.senado.es/web/actividadparlamentaria/sesionescomision/presidentescomisiones/index.html). *www.senado.es*. Retrieved 30 July 2019.

## Bibliography

- [Local Government Act](https://www.boe.es/eli/es/l/1985/04/02/7) [Reguladora de las Bases del Régimen Local] (7/1985) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 2 April 1985.

- ["The Spanish Constitution"](https://www.tribunalconstitucional.es/es/tribunal/normativa/normativa/constitucioningles.pdf) (PDF). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 1978. Retrieved 3 June 2024.

- [Electoral System Act](https://www.boe.es/eli/es/lo/1985/06/19/5/con) [Régimen Electoral General] (Organic Law 5/1985) (in Spanish). Agencia Estatal Boletín Oficial del Estado. 19 June 1985. Retrieved 15 September 2024.

- ["Spain - Summary"](https://portal.cor.europa.eu/divisionpowers/Pages/Spain-intro.aspx). *Division of Powers*. European Committee of the Regions. Retrieved July 29, 2024.

## External links

- [Official website](http://www.senado.es) (in Spanish)

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