# Seattle

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This article is about the city. For other uses, see [Seattle (disambiguation)](/source/Seattle_(disambiguation)).

**Seattle** (/siˈætəl/ see-AT-əl) is the [most populous city](/source/List_of_municipalities_in_Washington) in the U.S. state of [Washington](/source/Washington_(state)) and the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest) region of [North America](/source/North_America). It is the [18th-most populous city](/source/List_of_United_States_cities_by_population) in the United States with a population of 784,777 in 2025,[5] while the [Seattle metropolitan area](/source/Seattle_metropolitan_area) at over 4.15 million residents is the [15th-most populous metropolitan area](/source/List_of_metropolitan_statistical_areas) in the nation.[6] The city is the [county seat](/source/County_seat) of [King County](/source/King_County,_Washington), the [most populous county](/source/List_of_counties_in_Washington) in Washington. Seattle's growth rate of 21.1% between 2010 and 2020 made it one of the country's fastest-growing large cities.[7]

Seattle is situated on an [isthmus](/source/Isthmus) between [Puget Sound](/source/Puget_Sound), an inlet of the [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean), and [Lake Washington](/source/Lake_Washington). It is the northernmost major city in the United States, located about 100 miles (160 km) south of the [Canadian border](/source/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border). A gateway for trade with the [Asia-Pacific](/source/Asia-Pacific) region, the [Port of Seattle](/source/Port_of_Seattle) is the fourth-largest port in North America in terms of container handling as of 2021.[8]

The Seattle area has been inhabited by [Native Americans](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) (such as the [Duwamish](/source/Duwamish_people), who had at least 17 villages around [Elliott Bay](/source/Elliott_Bay)) for at least 4,000 years before the arrival of the first permanent European settlers.[9] [Arthur A. Denny](/source/Arthur_A._Denny) and his group of travelers, subsequently known as the [Denny Party](/source/Denny_Party), arrived from [Illinois](/source/Illinois) via [Portland, Oregon](/source/Portland,_Oregon), on the [schooner *Exact*](/source/Schooner_Exact) at [Alki Point](/source/Alki_Point,_Seattle) on November 13, 1851.[10] The settlement was moved to the eastern shore of Elliott Bay in 1852 and named "Seattle" in honor of [Chief Seattle](/source/Chief_Seattle), a prominent 19th-century leader of the local Duwamish and [Suquamish](/source/Suquamish_people) tribes. Seattle has relatively high populations of Native Americans as well as Americans with strong Asian, African, and European ancestry, and, as of 2015, has the fifth-highest percentage of residents who identify as [LGBT](/source/LGBT_culture_in_Seattle) among major metropolitan areas in the U.S. (4.8 percent).[11]

[Logging](/source/Logging) was Seattle's first major industry, but by the late 19th century the city had become a commercial and shipbuilding center as a gateway to [Alaska](/source/Alaska) during the [Klondike Gold Rush](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush). The city grew after [World War II](/source/World_War_II), partly due to the local company [Boeing](/source/Boeing), which established Seattle as a center for its manufacturing of aircraft. Beginning in the 1980s, the Seattle area developed into a [technology center](/source/List_of_technology_centers); [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft) established its headquarters in the region. [Alaska Airlines](/source/Alaska_Airlines) is based at [Seattle–Tacoma International Airport](/source/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport) in nearby [SeaTac](/source/SeaTac,_Washington). The rise of new software, [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology), and Internet companies led to an economic revival, which increased the city's population by almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000.

The culture of Seattle is heavily defined by its [significant musical history](/source/Music_of_Seattle). Between 1918 and 1951, nearly 24 [jazz](/source/Jazz) nightclubs existed along Jackson Street, from the current [Chinatown/International District](/source/Chinatown/International_District,_Seattle) to the [Central District](/source/Central_District,_Seattle). The jazz scene nurtured the early careers of [Ernestine Anderson](/source/Ernestine_Anderson), [Ray Charles](/source/Ray_Charles), [Quincy Jones](/source/Quincy_Jones), and others. In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, the city was the origin of several [rock](/source/Rock_music) artists and bands, including the [Foo Fighters](/source/Foo_Fighters), [Heart](/source/Heart_(band)), and [Jimi Hendrix](/source/Jimi_Hendrix), and the subgenre of [grunge](/source/Grunge) and its pioneering bands, including [Alice in Chains](/source/Alice_in_Chains), [Nirvana](/source/Nirvana_(band)), [Pearl Jam](/source/Pearl_Jam), and [Soundgarden](/source/Soundgarden).[12]

## History

Main article: [History of Seattle](/source/History_of_Seattle)

[Archaeological excavations](/source/Archaeological_excavation) suggest that [Native Americans](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States) have inhabited the Seattle area for at least 4,000 years.[9] By the time the first European settlers arrived, the [Duwamish people](/source/Duwamish_people) occupied at least 17 villages in the areas around [Elliott Bay](/source/Elliott_Bay).[13][14][15] The name for the modern city of Seattle in [Lushootseed](/source/Lushootseed), *dᶻidᶻəlal̓ič*, meaning "little crossing-over place", comes from one of these villages, which was located at the present-day [King Street Station](/source/King_Street_Station).[16][17][18]

In May 1792, [George Vancouver](/source/George_Vancouver) was the first European to visit the Seattle area during his [1791–1795 expedition](/source/Vancouver_Expedition) for the [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy), which sought to chart the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest) for the British.[19]

### 19th century

In 1851, a large party of [American pioneers](/source/American_pioneer) led by Luther Collins made a location on land at the mouth of the [Duwamish River](/source/Duwamish_River); they formally claimed it on September 14, 1851.[20] Thirteen days later, members of the Collins Party on the way to their claim passed three scouts of the Denny Party.[21] Members of the Denny Party claimed land on [Alki Point](/source/Alki_Point,_Seattle) on September 28, 1851.[22] The rest of the Denny Party set sail on the [schooner *Exact*](/source/Schooner_Exact) from [Portland](/source/Portland,_Oregon), Oregon, stopping in [Astoria](/source/Astoria,_Oregon), and landed at Alki Point during a rainstorm on November 13, 1851.[22] After a difficult winter, most of the Denny Party relocated across Elliott Bay and claimed land a second time at the site of present-day [Pioneer Square](/source/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle),[22] naming this new settlement *Duwamps*.[23]

Charles Terry and John Low remained at the original landing location, reestablished their old land claim and called it "New York", but renamed **"New York Alki"** in April 1853, from a [Chinook](/source/Chinook_Jargon) word meaning, roughly, "by and by" or "someday".[24][25] For the next few years, New York Alki and Duwamps competed for dominance, but in time Alki was abandoned and its residents moved across the bay to join the rest of the settlers.[26]

[David Swinson "Doc" Maynard](/source/David_Swinson_Maynard), one of the founders of Duwamps, was the primary advocate to name the settlement after [Chief Seattle](/source/Chief_Seattle) (lut: *siʔaɫ*, anglicized as "Seattle"), chief of the Duwamish and [Suquamish](/source/Suquamish_people) tribes.[27][28][29] The brief [Puget Sound War](/source/Puget_Sound_War) culminated in the [Battle of Seattle](/source/Battle_of_Seattle_(1856)) on January 26, 1856. The attack was repelled, and the settlement was never attacked again.[30]

The name "Seattle" appears on official [Washington Territory](/source/Washington_Territory) papers dated May 23, 1853, when the first [plats](/source/Plat) for the village were filed. In 1855, nominal land settlements were established. On January 14, 1865, the Legislature of Territorial Washington incorporated the Town of Seattle with a [board of trustees](/source/Trustee_model_of_representation) managing the city. The Town of Seattle was disincorporated on January 18, 1867, and remained a mere precinct of King County until late 1869, when a new petition was filed and the city was re-incorporated December 2, 1869, with a [mayor–council government](/source/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government).[22][31] The corporate seal of the City of Seattle carries the date "1869" and a likeness of Chief Seattle in left profile.[32] That same year, Seattle acquired the epithet of the "Queen City", a designation officially changed in 1982 to the "Emerald City".[33]

Seattle has a history of boom-and-bust cycles, like many other cities near areas of extensive natural and mineral resources. Seattle has risen several times economically, then gone into precipitous decline, but it has typically used those periods to rebuild solid infrastructure.[34]

The first such boom, covering the early years of the city, rode on the lumber industry. During this period the road now known as [Yesler Way](/source/Yesler_Way) won the nickname "Skid Road", supposedly after the timber skidding down the hill to [Henry Yesler](/source/Henry_Yesler)'s sawmill. The later dereliction of the area may be a possible origin for the term which later entered the wider American lexicon as *[Skid Row](/source/Skid_Row)*.[35] Like much of the [U.S. West](/source/Western_United_States), Seattle experienced conflicts between labor and management and ethnic tensions that culminated in the [anti-Chinese riots of 1885–1886](/source/History_of_Seattle_before_1900#Relations_between_whites_and_Chinese).[36] This violence originated with unemployed whites who were determined to drive the Chinese from Seattle; anti-Chinese riots also occurred in [Tacoma](/source/Tacoma_riot_of_1885).

Seattle had achieved sufficient economic success when the [Great Seattle Fire](/source/Great_Seattle_Fire) of 1889 destroyed the central business district. However, a far grander city center rapidly emerged in its place.[37] Finance company [Washington Mutual](/source/Washington_Mutual), for example, was founded in the immediate wake of the fire.[38] The [Panic of 1893](/source/Panic_of_1893) hit Seattle hard.[39]

The second and most dramatic boom resulted from the [Klondike Gold Rush](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush), which ended the depression that had begun with the [Panic of 1893](/source/Panic_of_1893). In a short time, Seattle became a major transportation center. On July 14, 1897, the *S.S. Portland* docked with its famed "ton of gold", and Seattle became the main transport and supply point for the miners in [Alaska](/source/Alaska) and the [Yukon](/source/Yukon). Few of those working men found lasting wealth. However, it was Seattle's business of clothing the miners and feeding them salmon that panned out in the long run. Along with Seattle, other cities like [Everett](/source/Everett,_Washington), [Tacoma](/source/Tacoma,_Washington), [Port Townsend](/source/Port_Townsend,_Washington), [Bremerton](/source/Bremerton,_Washington), and [Olympia](/source/Olympia,_Washington), all in the Puget Sound region, became competitors for exchange, rather than [mother lodes](/source/Mother_lode) for extraction, of precious metals.[40]

### 20th century

The boom lasted into the early part of the 20th century, and funded many new Seattle companies and products. In 1907, 19-year-old [James E. Casey](/source/James_E._Casey) borrowed $100 from a friend and founded the [American Messenger Company](/source/American_Messenger_Company) (later [UPS](/source/United_Parcel_Service)). Other Seattle companies founded during this period include [Nordstrom](/source/Nordstrom) and [Eddie Bauer](/source/Eddie_Bauer).[38] Seattle brought in the [Olmsted Brothers](/source/Olmsted_Brothers) landscape architecture firm to design a system of parks and boulevards.[41] The Gold Rush era culminated in the [Alaska–Yukon–Pacific Exposition](/source/Alaska%E2%80%93Yukon%E2%80%93Pacific_Exposition) of 1909, which is largely responsible for the layout of today's [University of Washington](/source/University_of_Washington) campus.[42]

A [shipbuilding](/source/Shipbuilding) boom in the early part of the 20th century became massive during [World War I](/source/World_War_I), making Seattle somewhat of a company town. The subsequent retrenchment led to the [Seattle General Strike of 1919](/source/Seattle_General_Strike), an early [general strike](/source/General_strike) in the country.[43] A 1912 city development plan by [Virgil Bogue](/source/Virgil_Bogue) went largely unused. Seattle was mildly prosperous in the 1920s but was particularly hard hit in the Great Depression, experiencing some of the country's harshest labor strife in that era. Violence during the [Maritime Strike of 1934](/source/Maritime_Strike_of_1934) cost Seattle much of its maritime traffic, which was rerouted to the [Port of Los Angeles](/source/Port_of_Los_Angeles).[44]

Seattle was one of the major cities that benefited from programs such as the [Works Progress Administration](/source/Works_Progress_Administration), [CCC](/source/Civilian_Conservation_Corps), [Public Works Administration](/source/Public_Works_Administration), and others.[45][46] The workers, mostly men, built roads, parks, dams, schools, railroads, bridges, docks, and even historical and archival record sites and buildings. Seattle faced significant unemployment, loss of lumber and construction industries as [Los Angeles](/source/Los_Angeles) prevailed as the bigger [West Coast](/source/West_Coast_of_the_United_States) city. Seattle had building contracts that rivaled [New York City](/source/New_York_City) and [Chicago](/source/Chicago), but also lost to Los Angeles. Seattle's eastern farm land faded due to [Oregon](/source/Oregon)'s and the [Midwest](/source/Midwestern_United_States)'s, forcing people into town.[47][48]

[Hooverville](/source/Hooverville) arose during the Depression, leading to Seattle's growing homeless population. Stationed outside Seattle, the Hooverville housed thousands of men but very few children and no women. With work projects close to the city, Hooverville grew and the WPA settled into the city.[49]

A movement of women arose from Seattle during the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression), fueled in part by [Eleanor Roosevelt](/source/Eleanor_Roosevelt)'s 1933 book *It's Up to the Women*; women pushed for recognition, not just as housewives, but as the backbone to family. Using newspapers and journals *Working Woman* and *The Woman Today*, women pushed to be seen as equal and receive some recognition.[50]

The Great Depression did not impact the [University of Washington](/source/University_of_Washington) negatively. As schools across Washington lost funding and attendance, the university actually prospered during the time period as they focused on growing their student enrollment. While [Seattle public schools](/source/Seattle_Public_Schools) were influenced by Washington's superintendent Worth McClure,[51] they still struggled to pay teachers and maintain attendance.[52]

Seattle was the home base of impresario [Alexander Pantages](/source/Alexander_Pantages) who, starting in 1902, opened a number of theaters in the city exhibiting [vaudeville](/source/Vaudeville) acts and silent movies. He went on to become one of America's greatest theater and movie tycoons. Scottish-born architect [B. Marcus Priteca](/source/B._Marcus_Priteca) designed several theaters for Pantages in Seattle, which were later demolished or converted to other uses. Seattle's surviving [Paramount Theatre](/source/Paramount_Theatre_(Seattle)), on which he collaborated, was not a Pantages theater.[53]

War work again brought local prosperity during [World War II](/source/World_War_II), centered on the production of [Boeing](/source/Boeing) aircraft. The war dispersed the city's numerous Japanese-American businessmen due to the [Japanese American internment](/source/Japanese_American_internment). After the World War II, however, the local economy dipped. It rose again with Boeing's growing dominance in the commercial [airliner](/source/Airliner) market.[54] Seattle celebrated its restored prosperity and made a bid for world recognition with the [Century 21 Exposition](/source/Century_21_Exposition), the [1962 World's Fair](/source/Century_21_Exposition), for which the [Space Needle](/source/Space_Needle) was built.[55]

Another major local economic downturn was in the late 1960s and early 1970s, at a time when Boeing was heavily affected by the [oil crises](/source/1970s_energy_crisis), loss of government contracts, and costs and delays associated with the [Boeing 747](/source/Boeing_747). Many people left the area to look for work elsewhere, and two local real estate agents put up a billboard reading "Will the last person leaving Seattle – Turn out the lights."[56]

Seattle remained the corporate headquarters of Boeing until 2001, when the company separated its headquarters from its major production facilities; the headquarters were moved to Chicago.[57] The Seattle area is still home to Boeing's [Renton narrow-body plant](/source/Boeing_Renton_Factory) and [Everett wide-body plant](/source/Boeing_Everett_Factory).[58] The company's [credit union](/source/Credit_union) for employees, [BECU](/source/BECU), remains based in the Seattle area and has been open to all residents of Washington since 2002.[59]

On March 20, 1970, twenty-eight people were killed when the Ozark Hotel was burned by an unknown arsonist.[60] The [Wah Mee massacre](/source/Wah_Mee_massacre) in 1983 resulted in the killing of 13 people in an illegal gambling club in the [Seattle Chinatown-International District](/source/Seattle_Chinatown-International_District).[61]

The city's first [coffeehouses](/source/Coffee_in_Seattle) were established in the late 1950s and grew over the following decades as espresso was introduced to the American market. On March 30, 1971, the [first location](/source/Original_Starbucks) for [Starbucks Coffee](/source/Starbucks) opened at Pike Place Market in Downtown Seattle. The company initially sold [coffee beans](/source/Coffee_bean) but later expanded into cafes.[62]

Prosperity began to return in the 1980s beginning with [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft)'s 1979 move from [Albuquerque, New Mexico](/source/Albuquerque,_New_Mexico), to nearby [Bellevue, Washington](/source/Bellevue,_Washington).[63]

Seattle and its suburbs became home to a number of technology companies, including [Amazon](/source/Amazon_(company)), [F5 Networks](/source/F5_Networks), [RealNetworks](/source/RealNetworks), [Nintendo of America](/source/Nintendo_of_America), and [T-Mobile](/source/T-Mobile_US).[64] This success brought an influx of new residents with a population increase within city limits of almost 50,000 between 1990 and 2000,[65] and saw Seattle's real estate become some of the most expensive in the country.[66]

Seattle in this period attracted attention as home to the companies opened operations in or around the city. In 1990, the [Goodwill Games](/source/Goodwill_Games) were held in the city.[67] Three years later, in 1993, the [APEC](/source/APEC) leaders was hosted in Seattle.[68] The 1990s also witnessed a growing popularity in [grunge](/source/Grunge) music, a sound that was largely developed in Seattle's independent music scene.[69]

In 1993, the movie *[Sleepless in Seattle](/source/Sleepless_in_Seattle)* brought the city further national attention,[70] as did the television sitcom *[Frasier](/source/Frasier)*. The [dot-com boom](/source/Dot-com_bubble) caused a great frenzy among the technology companies in Seattle but the bubble ended in early 2001.[71][72]

In 1999, the [World Trade Organization](/source/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999) held its conference in Seattle, which was met with [protest activity](/source/World_Trade_Organization_Ministerial_Conference_of_1999_protest_activity). The protests and police reactions to them largely overshadowed the conference itself.[73]

### 21st century

In 2001, the city was impacted by the [Mardi Gras Riots](/source/Seattle_Mardi_Gras_Riots) and then by the [Nisqually earthquake](/source/2001_Nisqually_earthquake) the following day.[74]

Another boom began as the city emerged from the [Great Recession](/source/Great_Recession), commencing when [Amazon](/source/Amazon_(company)) moved its headquarters from North [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Seattle) to [South Lake Union](/source/South_Lake_Union,_Seattle). The move initiated a historic construction boom which resulted in the completion of almost 10,000 apartments in Seattle in 2017, more than any previous year and nearly twice as many as were built in 2016.[75][76] By 2025, Seattle's new apartments had become the smallest in the U.S., with an average of 649 square feet (60.3 m2) among all unit types.[77]

From 2010 to 2015, Seattle gained an average of 14,511 residents per year, with the growth strongly skewed toward the center of the city,[78] and unemployment dropped from roughly 9 percent to 3.6 percent.[79] The city has found itself "bursting at the seams", with over 45,000 households spending more than half their income on housing and [at least 2,800 people homeless](/source/Homelessness_in_Seattle), and with the country's sixth-worst rush-hour traffic.[79] In response, many [urbanist](/source/Urbanism) measures to improve transit, cycling,[80] and housing affordability were passed by city council, the state, and voters.[81] These include [Sound Transit 3](/source/Sound_Transit_3), Seattle Prop 1A,[82] a new "One Seattle" Comprehensive Plan,[83] and electing [Katie Wilson](/source/Katie_Wilson) to mayor.

## Geography

### Topography

See also: [Bodies of water of Seattle](/source/Bodies_of_water_of_Seattle), [List of neighborhoods in Seattle](/source/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Seattle) and [Regrading in Seattle](/source/Regrading_in_Seattle)

Seattle is located between the saltwater [Puget Sound](/source/Puget_Sound) (an arm of the Pacific Ocean) to the west and [Lake Washington](/source/Lake_Washington) to the east. The city's chief harbor, [Elliott Bay](/source/Elliott_Bay), is part of Puget Sound, making the city an oceanic port. To the west, beyond Puget Sound, are the [Kitsap Peninsula](/source/Kitsap_Peninsula) and [Olympic Mountains](/source/Olympic_Mountains) on the [Olympic Peninsula](/source/Olympic_Peninsula); to the east, beyond Lake Washington and the [Eastside](/source/Eastside_(King_County,_Washington)) suburbs, are [Lake Sammamish](/source/Lake_Sammamish) and the [Cascade Range](/source/Cascade_Range). Lake Washington's waters flow to Puget Sound through the [Lake Washington Ship Canal](/source/Lake_Washington_Ship_Canal) (consisting of two man-made canals, [Lake Union](/source/Lake_Union), and the [Hiram M. Chittenden Locks](/source/Hiram_M._Chittenden_Locks) at [Salmon Bay](/source/Salmon_Bay), ending in [Shilshole Bay](/source/Shilshole_Bay) on Puget Sound).[citation needed]

The sea, rivers, forests, lakes, and fields surrounding Seattle were once rich enough to support one of the world's few sedentary [hunter-gatherer](/source/Hunter-gatherer) societies. In modern times the surrounding area lends itself well to sailing, skiing, bicycling, camping, and hiking year-round.[84][85]

The city is hilly in some places.[86] Like Rome, the city is said to lie on [seven hills](/source/Seven_hills_of_Seattle);[87] the lists vary but typically include [Capitol Hill](/source/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle), [First Hill](/source/First_Hill,_Seattle), [West Seattle](/source/West_Seattle), [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Seattle), [Queen Anne](/source/Queen_Anne,_Seattle), Magnolia, and the former [Denny Hill](/source/Denny_Hill). The [Wallingford](/source/Wallingford,_Seattle), [Delridge](/source/Delridge,_Seattle), [Mount Baker](/source/Mount_Baker,_Seattle), [Seward Park](/source/Seward_Park,_Seattle), [Washington Park](/source/Washington_Park,_Seattle), [Broadmoor](/source/Broadmoor,_Seattle), [Madrona](/source/Madrona,_Seattle), [Phinney Ridge](/source/Phinney_Ridge,_Seattle), [Sunset Hill](/source/Sunset_Hill,_Seattle), [Blue Ridge](/source/Blue_Ridge,_Seattle), [Broadview](/source/Broadview,_Seattle), [Laurelhurst](/source/Laurelhurst,_Seattle), [Hawthorne Hills](/source/Hawthorne_Hills,_Seattle), [Maple Leaf](/source/Maple_Leaf,_Seattle), and [Crown Hill](/source/Crown_Hill,_Seattle) neighborhoods are all located on hills. Many of the hilliest areas are near the city center, with Capitol Hill, First Hill, and Beacon Hill collectively constituting something of a ridge along an isthmus between Elliott Bay and Lake Washington.[88] The break in the ridge between First Hill and Beacon Hill is man-made, a result of two of the many [regrading projects](/source/Regrading_in_Seattle) that reshaped the topography of the city center.[89] The topography of the city center was also changed by the construction of a [seawall](/source/Seawall) and the artificial [Harbor Island](/source/Harbor_Island,_Seattle) (completed 1909) at the mouth of the city's industrial [Duwamish Waterway](/source/Duwamish_Waterway), the terminus of the [Green River](/source/Green_River_(Duwamish_River_tributary)). The highest point within city limits, 520 feet (160 m) above sea level, is at Myrtle Reservoir Park in the [High Point](/source/High_Point,_Seattle) neighborhood of West Seattle.[90]

North of the city center, the Lake Washington Ship Canal connects Puget Sound to Lake Washington. It incorporates four natural bodies of water: [Lake Union](/source/Lake_Union), [Salmon Bay](/source/Salmon_Bay), [Portage Bay](/source/Portage_Bay), and [Union Bay](/source/Union_Bay_(Seattle)).[91]

Due to its location in the [Pacific Ring of Fire](/source/Pacific_Ring_of_Fire), Seattle is in a major [earthquake zone](/source/Seismic_zone). On February 28, 2001, the [magnitude 6.8](/source/Richter_magnitude_scale) [Nisqually earthquake](/source/2001_Nisqually_earthquake) did significant architectural damage, especially in the [Pioneer Square](/source/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle) area (built on [reclaimed land](/source/Land_reclamation), as are the [Industrial District](/source/Industrial_District,_Seattle) and part of the city center), and caused one fatality.[92] Other strong earthquakes occurred on [January 26, 1700](/source/1700_Cascadia_earthquake) (estimated at 9 magnitude), [December 14, 1872](/source/1872_North_Cascades_earthquake) (7.3 or 7.4),[93] [April 13, 1949](/source/1949_Olympia_earthquake) (7.1),[94] and April 29, 1965 (6.5).[95] The [1965 quake](/source/1965_Puget_Sound_earthquake) caused three deaths in Seattle directly and one more by heart failure.[95] Although the [Seattle Fault](/source/Seattle_Fault) passes just south of the city center, neither it[96] nor the [Cascadia subduction zone](/source/Cascadia_subduction_zone) has caused an earthquake since the city's founding. The Cascadia subduction zone poses the threat of an earthquake of magnitude 9.0 or greater, capable of seriously damaging the city and collapsing many buildings, especially in zones built on fill.[97]

According to the [U.S. Census Bureau](/source/United_States_Census_Bureau), the city has a total area of 142.5 square miles (369 km2),[98] 84 square miles (220 km2) of which is land and 58.1 square miles (150 km2) is water (41% of the total area).[99]

### Cityscape

Further information: [List of tallest buildings in Seattle](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Seattle) and [Architecture of Seattle](/source/Architecture_of_Seattle)

### Climate

Main article: [Climate of Seattle](/source/Climate_of_Seattle)

According to the [Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification) system, Seattle has a warm-summer [Mediterranean climate](/source/Mediterranean_climate) (*Csb*),[100][101][102] while under the [Trewartha](/source/Trewartha_climate_classification) system, it is labeled an [oceanic climate](/source/Oceanic_climate) (*Dobk*).[103][104] It has cool, wet winters and mild, relatively dry summers, covering characteristics of both climate types.[105][106] The climate is sometimes characterized as a "modified Mediterranean" climate because it is cooler and wetter than a "true" Mediterranean climate, but shares the characteristic dry summer (which has a strong influence on the region's vegetation).[107]

Temperature extremes are moderated by the adjacent [Puget Sound](/source/Puget_Sound), greater [Pacific Ocean](/source/Pacific_Ocean), and [Lake Washington](/source/Lake_Washington). Thus extreme [heat waves](/source/Heat_wave) are rare in the Seattle area, as are very cold temperatures (below about 15 °F (−9 °C)). The Seattle area is the cloudiest region of the [Continental United States](/source/Continental_United_States), due in part to frequent storms and [lows](/source/Low-pressure_area) moving in from the adjacent Pacific Ocean. Seattle is cloudy 201 days out of the year and partly cloudy 93 days.[108] With many more "rain days" than other major American cities, Seattle has a well-earned reputation for frequent rain:[109] In an average year, there are 150 days in which at least 0.01 inches (0.25 mm) of precipitation falls, more days than in nearly all U.S. cities east of the [Rocky Mountains](/source/Rocky_Mountains).[110] However, because it often has merely a light [drizzle](/source/Drizzle) falling from the sky for many days, Seattle actually receives significantly less rainfall (or other precipitation) overall than many other major U.S. cities like [New York City](/source/New_York_City), [Miami](/source/Miami), or [Houston](/source/Houston).

## Demographics

Main article: [Demographics of Seattle](/source/Demographics_of_Seattle)

According to the 2012–2016 [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey) (ACS), the racial makeup of the city was 65.7% [White Non-Hispanic](/source/White_Non-Hispanic), 16.9% [Asian](/source/Asian_American), 6.8% [Black or African American](/source/African_American), 6.6% [Hispanic](/source/Hispanics_in_the_United_States) or [Latino](/source/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans) of any race, 0.4% [Native American](/source/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States), 0.9% [Pacific Islander](/source/Pacific_Islander_American), 0.2% other races, and 5.6% [two or more races](/source/Multiracial_American).[111]

Racial composition 2024[112] 2020[113] 2010[114] 1990[115] 1970[115] 1950[115] 1940[115] White (non-Hispanic) 56.9% 59.5% 66.3% 73.7% 85.3%[b] 94.2%[c] 96.1%[c] Asian and Pacific Islander combined (non-Hispanic) 18.1% 17.2% 14.1% 11.8%[c] 4.2%[c] 1.8%[c] 2.8%[c] Hispanic or Latino of any race 9.1% 8.2% 6.6% 3.6% 2.0%[b] n/a[c] n/a[c] Black or African American (non-Hispanic) 6.7% 6.8% 7.7% 10.1%[c] 7.1%[c] 3.4%[c] 1.0%[c] Native American (non-Hispanic) 0.3% 0.4% 0.6% 1.4%[c] 0.8%[c] 0.1%[c] 0.1%[c] Some Other Race (non-Hispanic) 0.5% 0.6% 0.2% 1.4%[c] 0.5%[c] 0.5%[c] n/a Two or more races (non-Hispanic) 8.4% 7.3% 4.4% n/a n/a n/a n/a

Seattle's population historically has been predominantly white.[115] The 2010 census showed that Seattle was one of the whitest big cities in the country, although its proportion of white residents has been gradually declining.[116] In 1960, whites constituted 91.6% of the city's population,[115] while in 2010 they constituted 69.5%.[117][118] According to the 2006–2008 [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey), approximately 78.9% of residents over the age of five spoke only English at home. Those who spoke [Asian languages](/source/Languages_of_Asia) other than Indo-European languages made up 10.2% of the population, Spanish was spoken by 4.5% of the population, speakers of other [Indo-European languages](/source/Indo-European_languages) made up 3.9%, and speakers of other languages made up 2.5%.[citation needed]

Seattle's foreign-born population grew 40% between the 1990 and 2000 censuses.[119] The [Chinese](/source/Chinese_American) population in the Seattle area has origins in [mainland China](/source/Mainland_China), Hong Kong, Southeast Asia, and [Taiwan](/source/Taiwan). The earliest Chinese-Americans that came in the late 19th and early 20th centuries were almost entirely from [Guangdong Province](/source/Guangdong_Province). The Seattle area is also home to a large [Vietnamese](/source/Vietnamese_American) population of more than 55,000 residents,[120] as well as over 30,000 [Somali](/source/Somali_American) immigrants.[121] The Seattle-Tacoma area is also home to one of the largest [Cambodian](/source/Cambodian_American) communities in the United States, numbering about 19,000 Cambodian Americans,[122] and one of the largest [Samoan](/source/Samoan_American) communities in the mainland U.S., with over 15,000 people having Samoan ancestry.[117][123] Additionally, the Seattle area had the highest percentage of self-identified mixed-race people of any large metropolitan area in the United States, according to the 2000 United States Census Bureau.[124] According to a 2012 [HistoryLink](/source/HistoryLink) study, Seattle's 98118 ZIP code (in the Columbia City neighborhood) was one of the most diverse ZIP Code Tabulation Areas in the United States.[125]

According to the ACS 1-year estimates, in 2018, the median income of a city household was $93,481, and the median income for a family was $130,656.[126] 11.0% of the population and 6.6% of families were below the poverty line. Of people living in poverty, 11.4% were under the age of 18 and 10.9% were 65 or older.[126]

It is estimated that King County has 8,000 homeless people on any given night, and many of those live in Seattle.[127] In September 2005, King County adopted a "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness", one of the near-term results of which is a shift of funding from [homeless shelter](/source/Homeless_shelter) beds to permanent housing.[128]

In recent years, the city has experienced steady population growth, and has been faced with the issue of accommodating more residents. In 2006, after growing by 4,000 citizens per year for the previous 16 years, regional planners expected the population of Seattle to grow by 200,000 people by 2040.[129] However, former mayor Greg Nickels supported plans that would increase the population by 60%, or 350,000 people, by 2040 and worked on ways to accommodate this growth while keeping Seattle's single-family housing zoning laws.[129] The Seattle City Council later voted to relax height limits on buildings in the greater part of Downtown, partly with the aim to increase residential density in the city center.[130] As a sign of increasing downtown core growth, the [Downtown](/source/Downtown_Seattle) population crested to over 60,000 in 2009, up 77% since 1990.[131]

In 2021, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Seattle experienced its first population decline in 50 years.[132] However, this was followed by five straight years of population growth that exceeded 2% per year. According to state estimates, Seattle surpassed 800,000 residents in 2025.[133]

Seattle has a relatively high number of adults living alone. According to the 2000 U.S. Census interim measurements of 2004, Seattle has the fifth highest proportion of single-person households nationwide among cities of 100,000 or more residents, at 40.8%.[134]

### Sexual orientation and gender identity

See also: [History of the LGBTQ community in Seattle](/source/History_of_the_LGBTQ_community_in_Seattle), [LGBTQ culture in Seattle](/source/LGBTQ_culture_in_Seattle) and [Seattle Pride](/source/Seattle_Pride)

Seattle has a notably large [lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender](/source/LGBTQ_people) community. According to a 2006 study by [UCLA](/source/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles), 12.9% of city residents polled identified as gay, lesbian, or bisexual. This was the second-highest proportion of any major U.S. city, behind [San Francisco](/source/San_Francisco).[135] Greater Seattle also ranked second among major U.S. metropolitan areas, with 6.5% of the population identifying as gay, lesbian, or bisexual.[135] In a more recent [Gallup poll](/source/Gallup_poll) survey of 2015, Seattle ranked fifth, at 4.8%.[11] According to 2012 estimates from the United States Census Bureau, Seattle has the highest percentage of same-sex households in the United States, at 2.6 percent, surpassing San Francisco (2.5 percent).[136] The [Capitol Hill](/source/Capitol_Hill,_Seattle) district has been the center of LGBTQ culture in Seattle[137] since the 1970s. Before then, the [Pioneer Square](/source/Pioneer_Square,_Seattle) district was the city's hub of LGBTQ community.[138]

## Economy

See also: [List of companies based in Seattle](/source/List_of_companies_based_in_Seattle)

Seattle's economy is driven by a mix of older industrial companies and new-economy internet and technology companies, as well as service, design, and [clean technology](/source/Clean_technology) companies. The city's gross metropolitan product (GMP) was $231 billion in 2010, making it the [11th-largest metropolitan economy](/source/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_the_United_States_by_GMP) in the United States.[139][140] The [Port of Seattle](/source/Port_of_Seattle), which also operates [Seattle–Tacoma International Airport](/source/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport), is a major gateway for trade with Asia and cruises to Alaska. It also is the 8th-largest port in the United States when measured by container capacity. Its maritime cargo operations merged with the [Port of Tacoma](/source/Port_of_Tacoma) in 2015 to form the [Northwest Seaport Alliance](/source/Northwest_Seaport_Alliance).[141][142]

Although it was impacted by the [Great Recession](/source/Great_Recession_in_the_United_States), Seattle has retained a comparatively strong economy, and is noted for start-up businesses, especially in green building and clean technologies.[143] In February 2010, the city government committed Seattle to become North America's first "climate neutral" city, with a goal of reaching net-zero per-capita greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.[144]

Large companies continue to dominate the business landscape. Seven companies on [*Fortune* 500](/source/Fortune_500)'s 2022 list of the United States' largest companies (based on total revenue) are headquartered in Seattle: Internet retailer [Amazon](/source/Amazon.com) (#2), coffee chain [Starbucks](/source/Starbucks) (#120), freight forwarder [Expeditors International of Washington](/source/Expeditors_International_of_Washington) (#225), department store [Nordstrom](/source/Nordstrom) (#245), forest products company [Weyerhaeuser](/source/Weyerhaeuser) (#354), online travel company [Expedia Group](/source/Expedia_Group) (#404), and real-estate tech company [Zillow](/source/Zillow) (#424) .[145] Other Fortune 500 companies commonly associated with Seattle are based in nearby Puget Sound cities. Warehouse club chain [Costco](/source/Costco) (#11), the largest retail company in Washington, is based in [Issaquah](/source/Issaquah,_Washington). [Microsoft](/source/Microsoft) (#14) is located in [Redmond](/source/Redmond,_Washington). Furthermore, Bellevue is home to truck manufacturer [Paccar](/source/Paccar) (#151).[145] Other major companies headquartered in the area include [Nintendo of America](/source/Nintendo_of_America) in Redmond, [T-Mobile US](/source/T-Mobile_US) in Bellevue, and [Providence Health & Services](/source/Providence_Health_%26_Services) (the state's largest health care system and fifth-largest employer) in [Renton](/source/Renton,_Washington). The city has a reputation for heavy [coffee consumption](/source/Coffee_in_Seattle),[146] with a landscape featuring Seattle-based companies such as Starbucks,[147] [Seattle's Best Coffee](/source/Seattle's_Best_Coffee),[148] and [Tully's](/source/Tully's_Coffee)[149] alongside numerous independent artisanal espresso roasters and cafés.[146][150]

Before moving its headquarters to [Chicago](/source/Chicago) and then ultimately [Arlington County, Virginia](/source/Arlington_County,_Virginia), aerospace manufacturer [Boeing](/source/Boeing) (#60) was the largest company based in Seattle. Its largest division, [Boeing Commercial Airplanes](/source/Boeing_Commercial_Airplanes), is still headquartered within the Puget Sound region.[151][d] The company also has large aircraft manufacturing plants in Everett and Renton; it remains the largest private employer in the Seattle metropolitan area.[152] In 2006 former Seattle Mayor Greg Nickels announced a desire to spark a new economic boom driven by the [biotechnology](/source/Biotechnology) industry. Major redevelopment of the [South Lake Union](/source/South_Lake_Union,_Seattle) neighborhood is underway in an effort to attract new and established biotech companies to the city, joining biotech companies [Corixa](/source/Corixa_(company)) (acquired by [GlaxoSmithKline](/source/GlaxoSmithKline)), Immunex (now part of Amgen), [Trubion](/source/Trubion), and ZymoGenetics. [Vulcan Inc.](/source/Vulcan_Inc.), the holding company of billionaire [Paul Allen](/source/Paul_Allen), is behind most of the development projects in the region. While some see the new development as an economic boon, others have criticized Nickels and the [Seattle City Council](/source/Seattle_City_Council) for pandering to Allen's interests at taxpayers' expense.[153]

In 2005, *[Forbes](/source/Forbes)* ranked Seattle as the most expensive American city for buying a house based on the local income levels.[154] In response to advocacy concerning the rapidly increasing [cost of living](/source/Cost_of_living) at the time, Seattle passed an [ordinance](/source/Seattle's_minimum_wage_ordinance) in 2014 to gradually increase the [minimum wage](/source/Minimum_wage) to [$15 per hour](/source/$15_per_hour) by 2017 and increase it annually thereafter according to the metropolitan area's [consumer price index](/source/Consumer_price_index) (CPI).[155][156] To address concerns from business proprietors, the ordinance included carveouts for [small businesses](/source/Small_business) and [gratuity](/source/Gratuity) that were phased out at the end of 2024.[156][157] Seattle and its metropolitan area currently have one of the [highest minimum wages in the country](/source/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States) at more than $20 per hour as of 2025.[156]

Operating a hub at Seattle–Tacoma International Airport, [Alaska Airlines](/source/Alaska_Airlines) maintains its headquarters in the city of [SeaTac](/source/SeaTac,_Washington), next to the airport.[158] Seattle is a hub for global health with the headquarters of the [Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation](/source/Bill_%26_Melinda_Gates_Foundation), [PATH (global health organization)](/source/PATH_(global_health_organization)), [Infectious Disease Research Institute](/source/Infectious_Disease_Research_Institute), [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center](/source/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Center), and the [Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation](/source/Institute_for_Health_Metrics_and_Evaluation). In 2015, the Washington Global Health Alliance counted 168 global health organizations in Washington state. Many are headquartered in Seattle.[159]

## Culture

Many of [Seattle's neighborhoods](/source/List_of_neighborhoods_in_Seattle) host one or more [street fairs or parades](/source/List_of_Seattle_street_fairs_and_parades).[160]

### Performing arts

Main articles: [Arts in Seattle](/source/Arts_in_Seattle) and [Music of Seattle](/source/Music_of_Seattle)

See also: [List of musicians from Seattle](/source/List_of_musicians_from_Seattle) and [List of songs about Seattle](/source/List_of_songs_about_Seattle)

Seattle has been a regional center for the [performing arts](/source/Performing_arts) for many years. The century-old [Seattle Symphony Orchestra](/source/Seattle_Symphony_Orchestra) has won many awards and performs primarily at [Benaroya Hall](/source/Benaroya_Hall).[161] The [Seattle Opera](/source/Seattle_Opera) and [Pacific Northwest Ballet](/source/Pacific_Northwest_Ballet), which perform at [McCaw Hall](/source/McCaw_Hall) (opened in 2003 on the site of the former Seattle Opera House at Seattle Center), are comparably distinguished,[162][163] with the Opera being particularly known for its performances of the works of [Richard Wagner](/source/Richard_Wagner)[164][165] and the PNB School (founded in 1974) ranking as one of the top three ballet training institutions in the United States.[166] The [Seattle Youth Symphony Orchestras](/source/Seattle_Youth_Symphony_Orchestras) (SYSO) is the largest symphonic youth organization in the United States.[167] The city also boasts lauded summer and winter [chamber music](/source/Chamber_music) festivals organized by the [Seattle Chamber Music Society](/source/Seattle_Chamber_Music_Society).[168]

The [5th Avenue Theatre](/source/5th_Avenue_Theatre), built in 1926, stages [Broadway-style](/source/Broadway_theatre) musical shows[169] featuring both local talent and international stars.[170] Seattle has "around 100" theatrical production companies[171] and over two dozen live theatre venues, many of them associated with [fringe theatre](/source/Fringe_theatre);[172][173] Seattle is probably second only to New York for number of [equity](/source/Actors'_Equity_Association) theaters[174] (28 Seattle theater companies have some sort of [Actors' Equity](/source/Actors'_Equity) contract).[171] In addition, the 900-seat [Romanesque Revival](/source/Romanesque_Revival_architecture) [Town Hall](/source/Town_Hall_Seattle) on First Hill hosts numerous cultural events, especially lectures and recitals.[175]

Between 1918 and 1951, there were nearly two dozen jazz nightclubs along Jackson Street, running from the current Chinatown/International District to the Central District. The jazz scene developed the early careers of [Ray Charles](/source/Ray_Charles), [Quincy Jones](/source/Quincy_Jones), [Bumps Blackwell](/source/Bumps_Blackwell), [Ernestine Anderson](/source/Ernestine_Anderson), and others.[176]

Early popular musical acts from the Seattle/Puget Sound area include the collegiate folk group [The Brothers Four](/source/The_Brothers_Four), vocal group [The Fleetwoods](/source/The_Fleetwoods), 1960s garage rockers [The Wailers](/source/The_Wailers_(rock_band)) and [The Sonics](/source/The_Sonics), and instrumental surf group [The Ventures](/source/The_Ventures), some of whom are still active.[176]

Seattle is considered the home of [grunge](/source/Grunge) music,[12] having produced artists such as [Nirvana](/source/Nirvana_(band)), [Soundgarden](/source/Soundgarden), [Alice in Chains](/source/Alice_in_Chains), [Pearl Jam](/source/Pearl_Jam), and [Mudhoney](/source/Mudhoney), all of whom reached international audiences in the early 1990s.[176] The city is also home to such varied artists as [avant-garde jazz](/source/Avant-garde_jazz) musicians [Bill Frisell](/source/Bill_Frisell) and [Wayne Horvitz](/source/Wayne_Horvitz), [hot jazz](/source/Swing_music) musician [Glenn Crytzer](/source/Glenn_Crytzer), [hip hop](/source/Hip_hop_music) artists [Sir Mix-a-Lot](/source/Sir_Mix-a-Lot), [Macklemore](/source/Macklemore), [Blue Scholars](/source/Blue_Scholars), and [Shabazz Palaces](/source/Shabazz_Palaces), [smooth jazz](/source/Smooth_jazz) saxophonist [Kenny G](/source/Kenny_G), [classic rock](/source/Classic_rock) staples [Heart](/source/Heart_(band)) and [Queensrÿche](/source/Queensr%C3%BFche), and alternative rock bands such as [Foo Fighters](/source/Foo_Fighters), [Harvey Danger](/source/Harvey_Danger), [The Presidents of the United States of America](/source/The_Presidents_of_the_United_States_of_America_(band)), [The Posies](/source/The_Posies), [Modest Mouse](/source/Modest_Mouse), [Band of Horses](/source/Band_of_Horses), [Death Cab for Cutie](/source/Death_Cab_for_Cutie), and [Fleet Foxes](/source/Fleet_Foxes). Rock musicians such as [Jimi Hendrix](/source/Jimi_Hendrix), [Duff McKagan](/source/Duff_McKagan), and [Nikki Sixx](/source/Nikki_Sixx) spent their formative years in Seattle.

The Seattle-based [Sub Pop](/source/Sub_Pop) record company continues to be one of the world's best-known independent/alternative music labels.[176] Seattle is known for its live-music venues including [The Crocodile](/source/The_Crocodile), [Vito's](/source/Vito's) and Columbia City Theater.[177] Over the years, [a number of songs have been written about Seattle](/source/List_of_songs_about_Seattle).

Seattle annually sends a team of [spoken word](/source/Spoken_word) slammers to the [National Poetry Slam](/source/National_Poetry_Slam) and considers itself home to such performance poets as [Buddy Wakefield](/source/Buddy_Wakefield), two-time [Individual World Poetry Slam](/source/Individual_World_Poetry_Slam) Champ;[178] [Anis Mojgani](/source/Anis_Mojgani), two-time National Poetry Slam Champ;[179] and [Danny Sherrard](/source/Danny_Sherrard), 2007 National Poetry Slam Champ and 2008 Individual World Poetry Slam Champ.[180] Seattle also hosted the 2001 national Poetry Slam Tournament. The Seattle Poetry Festival is a biennial poetry festival that (launched first as the Poetry Circus in 1997) has featured local, regional, national, and international names in poetry.[181]

The city also has movie houses showing both [Hollywood](/source/Hollywood,_Los_Angeles,_California) productions and works by [independent filmmakers](/source/Independent_film).[182] Among these, the [Seattle Cinerama](/source/Seattle_Cinerama) stands out as one of only three movie theaters in the world still capable of showing three-panel [Cinerama](/source/Cinerama) films.[183]

### Tourism

See also: [List of museums in Seattle](/source/List_of_museums_in_Seattle)

Among Seattle's prominent annual fairs and festivals are the 24-day [Seattle International Film Festival](/source/Seattle_International_Film_Festival),[184] Northwest Folklife over the [Memorial Day](/source/Memorial_Day) weekend, numerous [Seafair](/source/Seafair) events throughout July and August (ranging from a [Bon Odori](/source/Bon_Odori) celebration to the [Seafair Cup](/source/Seafair_Cup) [hydroplane](/source/Hydroplane_(boat)) races), the [Bite of Seattle](/source/Bite_of_Seattle), one of the largest [Gay Pride](/source/Seattle_Pride) festivals in the United States, and the art and music festival [Bumbershoot](/source/Bumbershoot), which programs music as well as other art and entertainment over the Labor Day weekend. All are typically attended by 100,000 people annually, as are the [Seattle Hempfest](/source/Seattle_Hempfest) and two separate [Independence Day](/source/Independence_Day_(United_States)) celebrations.[185][186][187][188]

Other significant events include numerous Native American [pow-wows](/source/Pow-wow), a Greek Festival hosted by [St. Demetrios Greek Orthodox Church](/source/St._Demetrios_Greek_Orthodox_Church_(Seattle)) in [Montlake](/source/Montlake,_Seattle), and numerous ethnic festivals (many associated with [Festál at Seattle Center](/source/Fest%C3%A1l_at_Seattle_Center)).[189]

There are other annual events, ranging from the Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show;[190] an [anime](/source/Anime) convention, [Sakura-Con](/source/Sakura-Con);[191] [Penny Arcade Expo](/source/Penny_Arcade_Expo), a gaming convention;[192] a two-day, 9,000-rider [Seattle to Portland Bicycle Classic](/source/Seattle_to_Portland_Bicycle_Classic);[193] and specialized film festivals, such as the [Maelstrom International Fantastic Film Festival](/source/Maelstrom_International_Fantastic_Film_Festival), the [Seattle Asian American Film Festival](/source/Seattle_Asian_American_Film_Festival), Children's Film Festival Seattle, Translation: the Seattle Transgender Film Festival, the [Seattle Queer Film Festival](/source/Seattle_Queer_Film_Festival), Seattle Latino Film Festival, and the [Seattle Polish Film Festival](/source/Seattle_Polish_Film_Festival).[194][195]

The [Henry Art Gallery](/source/Henry_Art_Gallery) opened in 1927, the first public art museum in Washington.[196] The [Seattle Art Museum](/source/Seattle_Art_Museum) (SAM) opened in 1933 and moved to their current downtown location in 1991 (expanded and reopened in 2007); since 1991, the 1933 building has been SAM's [Seattle Asian Art Museum](/source/Seattle_Asian_Art_Museum) (SAAM).[197] SAM also operates the [Olympic Sculpture Park](/source/Olympic_Sculpture_Park) (opened in 2007) on the waterfront north of the downtown piers.[198] The [Frye Art Museum](/source/Frye_Art_Museum) is a free museum on [First Hill](/source/First_Hill,_Seattle).[199]

Regional history collections are at the Log House Museum in Alki, [Klondike Gold Rush National Historical Park](/source/Klondike_Gold_Rush_National_Historical_Park), the [Museum of History and Industry](/source/Museum_of_History_and_Industry), and the [Burke Museum of Natural History and Culture](/source/Burke_Museum_of_Natural_History_and_Culture). Industry collections are at the [Center for Wooden Boats](/source/Center_for_Wooden_Boats) and the adjacent [Northwest Seaport](/source/Northwest_Seaport), and the [Museum of Flight](/source/Museum_of_Flight). Regional ethnic collections include the [National Nordic Museum](/source/National_Nordic_Museum), the [Wing Luke Asian Museum](/source/Wing_Luke_Asian_Museum), and the [Northwest African American Museum](/source/Northwest_African_American_Museum). Seattle has artist-run galleries,[200] including ten-year veteran Soil Art Gallery,[201] and the newer Crawl Space Gallery.[202]

The [Seattle Great Wheel](/source/Seattle_Great_Wheel), one of the largest [Ferris wheels](/source/Ferris_wheel) in the US, opened in June 2012 as a new, permanent attraction on the city's waterfront, at [Pier 57](/source/Pier_57_(Seattle)), next to [Downtown Seattle](/source/Downtown_Seattle).[203] The [Seattle Aquarium](/source/Seattle_Aquarium) opened on the downtown waterfront in 1977 and was expanded in 2007 with an auditorium, gift shop, and cafe alongside new exhibit spaces. A new, three-story building under the [Overlook Walk](/source/Overlook_Walk) opened in 2024 with tropical exhibits and a 500,000-US gallon (1,900,000-litre) tank with sharks and rays from the [Coral Triangle](/source/Coral_Triangle) region of Southeast Asia.[204][205]

[Woodland Park Zoo](/source/Woodland_Park_Zoo) opened as a private [menagerie](/source/Menagerie) in 1889 but was sold to the city in 1899.[206] The city also has many [community centers](/source/Community_centers_in_Seattle) for recreation, including Rainier Beach, Van Asselt, Rainier, and Jefferson south of the Ship Canal and Green Lake, Laurelhurst, Loyal Heights north of the Canal, and Meadowbrook.[207] The [Seattle Underground](/source/Seattle_Underground) Tour is an exhibit of places that existed before the Great Fire and subsequent rebuilding of modern-day Pioneer Square, which raised the street level.[208]

Since the mid-1990s, Seattle has experienced significant growth in the cruise industry, especially as a departure point for Alaska cruises. In 2023, a record total of 907,572 cruise passengers passed through the city, surpassing the number for Vancouver, BC, the other major departure point for Alaska cruises.[209] New tourist industries, such as guided tours and [amphibious tours](/source/Duck_tour) also emerged during the 1990s.[210]

### Libraries

Main article: [Seattle Public Library](/source/Seattle_Public_Library)

The [Seattle Public Library](/source/Seattle_Public_Library) system consists of 27 branches with a combined total of 3,119,298 items as of 2023.[211] The library was founded as part of the city government in 1890, though previous efforts to establish one date back to 1868; it first opened in 1891 and moved into a permanent location, a [mansion](/source/Mansion) once owned by Seattle pioneer [Henry Yesler](/source/Henry_Yesler), in 1899.[212] The mansion burned down in 1901 along with most of the 33,000 books then in the library's collection, resulting in the construction of a [Carnegie library](/source/Carnegie_library) building in 1906; eventually known as the [Seattle Central Library](/source/Seattle_Central_Library), the building was replaced in 1960 with an [International Style](/source/International_Style) design and again in 2004 with a design by Dutch architect [Rem Koolhaas](/source/Rem_Koolhaas).[212][213]

## Religion

See also: [List of places of worship in Seattle](/source/List_of_places_of_worship_in_Seattle)

A 2024 Household Pulse Survey from the United States Census Bureau estimated that 64 percent of adults in the Seattle area never attend religious services or attend less than once a year, the highest percentage among large U.S. metropolitan areas.[214]

According to a 2024 study by the [Pew Research Center](/source/Pew_Research_Center), the largest religious groupings in the metropolitan area are [Christians](/source/Christianity) (44%) and those who identify with [no religion](/source/Irreligion) (44%). They are followed by [Buddhists](/source/Buddhism) (4%), [Muslims](/source/Islam) (2%), [Hindus](/source/Hinduism) (1%), [Jews](/source/Judaism) (1%), and a variety of other religions have smaller followings.[215] According to the same study, about 32% of Seattleites are [Protestant](/source/Protestant), and 11% are [Roman Catholic](/source/Roman_Catholic). Meanwhile, 14% of the residents in Seattle call themselves [agnostics](/source/Agnostics), while 9% call themselves [atheists](/source/Atheists).[215]

Religious affiliation among Seattle-area adults (Pew Research Center) Religious composition 2024[215] 2014[216] Christian 44% 52% —Evangelical Protestant 21% 23% —Mainline Protestant 9% 10% —Black Protestant 1% 1% —Catholic 11% 15% Non-Christian faiths 11% 10% —Jewish 1% 1% —Muslim 2% < 1% —Buddhist 4% 2% —Hindu 1% 2% Unaffiliated 44% 37% —Atheist 9% 10% —Agnostic 14% 6% —Nothing in particular 21% 22% Don't know 1% 1%

## Sports

Main article: [Sports in Seattle](/source/Sports_in_Seattle)

See also: [History of professional soccer in Seattle](/source/History_of_professional_soccer_in_Seattle)

Club Sport League Venue (capacity) Founded Titles Record attendance Seattle Seahawks American football NFL Lumen Field (69,000) 1976 2 69,005 Seattle Mariners Baseball MLB T-Mobile Park (47,574) 1977 0 46,596 Seattle Kraken Ice hockey NHL Climate Pledge Arena (17,100) 2021 0 17,151[217] Seattle Sounders FC Soccer MLS Lumen Field (69,000) 2007 2 69,274[218] Seattle Seawolves Rugby MLR Starfire Sports (4,500)[219] 2017 2 4,500 Seattle Storm Basketball WNBA Climate Pledge Arena (18,100) 2000 4 18,100[220] Seattle Reign FC Soccer NWSL Lumen Field (69,000) 2013 0 42,054[221] Seattle Torrent Ice hockey PWHL Climate Pledge Arena (17,100) 2025 0 16,014[222] Ballard FCSalmon Bay FC Soccer USL2USL-W Interbay Soccer Field (1,000) 20222025 10 3,146[223]— West Seattle Junction FCWest Seattle Rhodies FC Soccer USL2USL-W Nino Cantu Southwest Athletics Complex 2024[224]2025 00 —

**Notes**- Originally founded in 1974, the MLS version of the Sounders franchise was legally re-incorporated in 2007 and entered the league for the 2009 season.

Seattle has four major men's [professional sports](/source/Professional_sports) teams: the [National Football League](/source/National_Football_League) (NFL)'s [Seattle Seahawks](/source/Seattle_Seahawks), [Major League Baseball](/source/Major_League_Baseball) (MLB)'s [Seattle Mariners](/source/Seattle_Mariners), the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League) (NHL)'s [Seattle Kraken](/source/Seattle_Kraken), and [Major League Soccer](/source/Major_League_Soccer) (MLS)'s [Seattle Sounders FC](/source/Seattle_Sounders_FC). Other professional sports teams include the [Seattle Seawolves](/source/Seattle_Seawolves) of [Major League Rugby](/source/Major_League_Rugby) (MLR).[citation needed] Seattle is the only U.S. city to have teams in three professional women's leagues: the [Seattle Storm](/source/Seattle_Storm) of the [Women's National Basketball Association](/source/Women's_National_Basketball_Association); [Seattle Reign FC](/source/Seattle_Reign_FC) in the [National Women's Soccer League](/source/National_Women's_Soccer_League); and the [Seattle Torrent](/source/Seattle_Torrent) in the [Professional Women's Hockey League](/source/Professional_Women's_Hockey_League).[225]

Seattle's professional sports history began at the start of the 20th century with the [PCHA](/source/Pacific_Coast_Hockey_Association)'s [Seattle Metropolitans](/source/Seattle_Metropolitans), which in 1917 became the first American hockey team to win the [Stanley Cup](/source/Stanley_Cup).[226] In 1969, Seattle was awarded a Major League Baseball franchise, the [Seattle Pilots](/source/Seattle_Pilots). Based at [Sick's Stadium](/source/Sick's_Stadium) in [Mount Baker](/source/Mount_Baker,_Seattle), home to Seattle's [former minor-league teams](/source/Seattle_Rainiers), the Pilots played in Seattle for [one season](/source/1969_Major_League_Baseball_season) before relocating to [Milwaukee](/source/Milwaukee) and becoming the [Milwaukee Brewers](/source/Milwaukee_Brewers).[227] The city, alongside the county and state governments, sued the league and was offered a second expansion team, later named the [Seattle Mariners](/source/Seattle_Mariners), as settlement.[228]

The Mariners began play in 1977 at the [multi-purpose](/source/Multi-purpose_stadium) [Kingdome](/source/Kingdome), where the team struggled for most of its time. Relative success in the mid-to-late 1990s saved the team from being relocated and allowed them to move to a purpose-built baseball stadium, [T-Mobile Park](/source/T-Mobile_Park) (formerly [Safeco Field](/source/Safeco_Field)), in 1999.[229][230] As of 2025, the Mariners are the only modern Major League Baseball franchise to have never reached a [World Series](/source/World_Series). They have only appeared in the MLB playoffs six times, the most recent in [2025](/source/2025_Seattle_Mariners_season) (where they came within one win of advancing to the World Series), but have had Hall of Fame players and candidates like [Ken Griffey Jr.](/source/Ken_Griffey_Jr.), [Randy Johnson](/source/Randy_Johnson), [Ichiro Suzuki](/source/Ichiro_Suzuki), and [Alex Rodriguez](/source/Alex_Rodriguez).[231] The team tied the all-time MLB single regular season wins record in 2001 with 116 wins.[232] From 2001 to 2022, the Mariners failed to qualify for the playoffs—the then-longest [active postseason drought](/source/List_of_Major_League_Baseball_franchise_postseason_droughts) in major North American sports, at 20 seasons.[233]

The Seattle Seahawks entered the National Football League in 1976 as an [expansion team](/source/Expansion_team) and have advanced to the [Super Bowl](/source/Super_Bowl) four times: [2005](/source/Super_Bowl_XL), [2013](/source/Super_Bowl_XLVIII), [2014](/source/Super_Bowl_XLIX), and [2025](/source/Super_Bowl_LX).[234][235] The team played in the [Kingdome](/source/Kingdome) until it was imploded in 2000 and moved into Qwest Field (now [Lumen Field](/source/Lumen_Field)) at the same site in 2002.[234] The Seahawks lost [Super Bowl XL](/source/Super_Bowl_XL) in 2005 to the [Pittsburgh Steelers](/source/Pittsburgh_Steelers) in [Detroit](/source/Detroit), but won [Super Bowl XLVIII](/source/Super_Bowl_XLVIII) in 2013 by defeating the [Denver Broncos](/source/Denver_Broncos) 43–8 at [MetLife Stadium](/source/MetLife_Stadium). The team advanced to the Super Bowl the following year, but lost to the [New England Patriots](/source/New_England_Patriots) in [Super Bowl XLIX](/source/Super_Bowl_XLIX) on a last-minute play.[234] In [Super Bowl LX](/source/Super_Bowl_LX), the Seahawks defeated the Patriots 29–13.[235] Seahawks fans have set stadium noise records on several occasions and are collectively known as the "[12th Man](/source/12th_man_(football))".[234][236]

Seattle Sounders FC has played in Major League Soccer since 2009, as the latest continuation of the [original 1974 Sounders team](/source/Seattle_Sounders_(1974%E2%80%931983)) of the [North American Soccer League](/source/North_American_Soccer_League_(1968%E2%80%931984)) after [an incarnation](/source/Seattle_Sounders_(1994%E2%80%932008)) in the [lower divisions of American soccer](/source/American_soccer_pyramid).[237] Sharing Lumen Field with the Seahawks, the team set various [attendance records](/source/Major_League_Soccer_attendance) in its first few MLS seasons, averaging over 43,000 per match and placing themselves among the top 30 teams internationally.[238][239] The Sounders have won the [MLS Supporters' Shield](/source/MLS_Supporters'_Shield) in 2014[240] and the [U.S. Open Cup](/source/U.S._Open_Cup) on four occasions: [2009](/source/2009_U.S._Open_Cup), [2010](/source/2010_U.S._Open_Cup), [2011](/source/2011_U.S._Open_Cup), and [2014](/source/2014_U.S._Open_Cup).[241] The Sounders won the first of their two [MLS Cup](/source/MLS_Cup) titles in [2016](/source/MLS_Cup_2016), defeating [Toronto FC](/source/Toronto_FC) 5–4 in a [penalty shootout](/source/Penalty_shootout_(association_football)) in Toronto,[242] before finishing as runners-up in a rematch against Toronto in [MLS Cup 2017](/source/MLS_Cup_2017). In [2019](/source/MLS_Cup_2019) the Sounders made their first-ever home-field appearance in MLS Cup, once again against Toronto FC, and won the game 3–1 to earn their second MLS Cup title in front of a club-record attendance of 69,274.[243] The stadium also hosted the second leg of the [2022 CONCACAF Champions League Final](/source/2022_CONCACAF_Champions_League_Final), played in front of 68,741 to break the tournament attendance record. The Sounders became the first MLS team to win a continental title since 2000 and the first to win the modern [Champions League](/source/CONCACAF_Champions_League).[244]

Seattle's Major League Rugby team, the [Seattle Seawolves](/source/Seattle_Seawolves), play in nearby [Tukwila](/source/Tukwila,_Washington) at the [Starfire Sports Complex](/source/Starfire_Sports_Complex), a small stadium that is also used by the Sounders for their [U.S. Open Cup](/source/U.S._Open_Cup) matches.[245] The team began play in 2018 and won [the league's inaugural championship](/source/2018_Major_League_Rugby_final).[246] They successfully defended their title in the [2019 season](/source/2019_Major_League_Rugby_final) and finished as runners-up in the [2022 championship game](/source/2022_Major_League_Rugby_final).[247][248]

From 1967 to 2008, Seattle was home to the [Seattle SuperSonics](/source/Seattle_SuperSonics) of the [National Basketball Association](/source/National_Basketball_Association) (NBA), the city's first major professional sports team. A frequent playoff participant, the Sonics were the [1978–79 NBA champions](/source/1979_NBA_Finals), and also contended for the championship in [1978](/source/1978_NBA_Finals) and [1996](/source/1996_NBA_Finals). Following a team sale in 2006, a failed effort to replace the aging [KeyArena](/source/KeyArena), and settlement of a lawsuit to hold the team to the final two years of its lease with the city, [the SuperSonics relocated](/source/Seattle_SuperSonics_relocation_to_Oklahoma_City) to [Oklahoma City](/source/Oklahoma_City) and became the [Oklahoma City Thunder](/source/Oklahoma_City_Thunder) ahead of the [2008–09 season](/source/2008%E2%80%9309_NBA_season).[249][250] An [effort in 2013](/source/Failed_relocation_of_the_Sacramento_Kings#Seattle) to purchase the [Sacramento Kings](/source/Sacramento_Kings) franchise and relocate it to Seattle as a resurrected Sonics squad was denied by the NBA board of governors.[251]

The [Seattle Storm](/source/Seattle_Storm) of the [Women's National Basketball Association](/source/Women's_National_Basketball_Association) have also played their games at KeyArena (now [Climate Pledge Arena](/source/Climate_Pledge_Arena)) since their foundation in 2000. The WNBA granted Seattle their expansion side following the popularity of the recently folded [Seattle Reign](/source/Seattle_Reign_(basketball)), a women's professional basketball team that played from 1996 to 1998 in the rival [American Basketball League](/source/American_Basketball_League_(1996%E2%80%931998)).[252] The Storm began as a sister team to the now-defunct [Sonics](/source/Seattle_SuperSonics) of the NBA, but sold to separate Seattle-based ownership in 2006. Tied for the league record, the Storm have claimed the [WNBA championship](/source/WNBA_Finals) on four occasions, winning in [2004](/source/2004_WNBA_Finals), [2010](/source/2010_WNBA_Finals), [2018](/source/2018_WNBA_Finals), and [2020](/source/2020_WNBA_Finals).[253][254] The team also won the first-ever [WNBA Commissioner's Cup](/source/WNBA_Commissioner's_Cup) in [2021](/source/2021_WNBA_Commissioner's_Cup).

The [Seattle Thunderbirds](/source/Seattle_Thunderbirds) hockey team has represented Seattle in the Canadian major-junior [Western Hockey League](/source/Western_Hockey_League) since 1977. Originally playing in [Mercer Arena](/source/Mercer_Arena) and the [Seattle Center Coliseum](/source/Seattle_Center_Coliseum) (which had hosted [previous minor-league hockey teams](/source/Ice_hockey_in_Seattle)), the Thunderbirds have been based at the [ShoWare Center](/source/ShoWare_Center) in the suburb of [Kent](/source/Kent,_Washington) since 2007, and have won one WHL championship in [2017](/source/2016%E2%80%9317_WHL_season).[255] In 1974, Seattle was [awarded a conditional expansion franchise](/source/Seattle_Totems) in the [National Hockey League](/source/National_Hockey_League); however, this opportunity did not come to fruition. In 2018, a new Seattle-based group successfully applied for an expansion team in the NHL, which was named the [Seattle Kraken](/source/Seattle_Kraken) and began play in 2021.[256][257][258] The SuperSonics' former home arena, KeyArena (now [Climate Pledge Arena](/source/Climate_Pledge_Arena)), underwent major renovations from 2018 to 2021 to accommodate the new NHL team.[259] The NHL ownership group reached its goal of 10,000 deposits within 12 minutes of opening a ticket drive, which later increased to 25,000 in 75 minutes.[260]

[Seattle Reign FC](/source/Seattle_Reign_FC),[261] a founding member of the [National Women's Soccer League](/source/National_Women's_Soccer_League), was founded in 2012, holding their home games in Seattle from 2014 to 2018 and again since 2022. The team name was chosen to honor the [defunct women's basketball team of the same name](/source/Seattle_Reign_(basketball)).[252] The club played at the Starfire Sports Complex in nearby Tukwila for the league's inaugural 2013 season before moving to [Seattle Center](/source/Seattle_Center)'s [Memorial Stadium](/source/Memorial_Stadium_(Seattle)) in 2014. Under new management, the team moved to [Tacoma](/source/Tacoma,_Washington)'s [Cheney Stadium](/source/Cheney_Stadium) in 2019, before moving to Seattle's Lumen Field in 2022.[262] In 2020, OL Groupe, the [parent company](/source/Parent_company) of French clubs [Olympique Lyonnais](/source/Olympique_Lyonnais) and [Olympique Lyonnais Féminin](/source/Olympique_Lyonnais_F%C3%A9minin), became the team's majority owner and rebranded the club as OL Reign.[262] The Seattle Reign name was restored in 2024.[263]

The [Seattle Torrent](/source/Seattle_Torrent) are one of the first two expansion teams, along with the [Vancouver Goldeneyes](/source/Vancouver_Goldeneyes), in the [Professional Women's Hockey League](/source/Professional_Women's_Hockey_League) (PWHL), the top-tier women's [ice hockey](/source/Ice_hockey) league in the United States and Canada. The team were founded in 2025 and began play in the [2025–26 season](/source/2025%E2%80%9326_PWHL_season).[264] Supported by the NHL's Seattle Kraken, the team plays its home games at Climate Pledge Arena.[265]

Seattle has also been home to various minor-league professional teams, of which currently [Ballard FC](/source/Ballard_FC) and [West Seattle Junction FC](/source/West_Seattle_Junction_FC) of [USL League 2](/source/USL_League_2) in soccer remain. Representing the Seattle neighborhood of [Ballard](/source/Ballard,_Seattle), Ballard FC was founded in 2022 as an independent, semi-professional soccer team in the fourth-division [USL League 2](/source/USL_League_2). The team is owned by a group led by former Sounders player [Lamar Neagle](/source/Lamar_Neagle) and won [its first national title in 2023](/source/2023_USL_League_Two_season). Ballard FC's primary home is the 1,000-seat Interbay Soccer Stadium (also home to [Seattle Pacific University](/source/Seattle_Pacific_University)'s and [Ballard High School](/source/Ballard_High_School_(Seattle))'s soccer teams), but during that field's renovations in the 2024 season, Ballard will play out of Memorial Stadium at the Seattle Center.[266][267] [West Seattle Junction FC](/source/West_Seattle_Junction_FC), representing the neighborhood of [West Seattle](/source/West_Seattle), joined USL League 2 during the 2024 season.[224]

The short-lived [Seattle Sea Dragons](/source/Seattle_Sea_Dragons), originally the Dragons, of the [XFL](/source/XFL_(2020)) played at Lumen Field in the league's inaugural season in 2020 prior to its suspension due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[268] The Sea Dragons returned alongside the XFL in [2023](/source/2023_XFL_season) after the league's re-launch under new ownership.[269] The team folded prior to the 2024 season during the XFL's merger with the [United States Football League](/source/United_States_Football_League_(2022)) to form the [United Football League](/source/United_Football_League_(2024)).[270]

Seattle also boasts two collegiate sports programs based at the [University of Washington](/source/University_of_Washington) and [Seattle University](/source/Seattle_University), both competing in [NCAA Division I](/source/NCAA_Division_I) for various sports.[271] The University of Washington's athletic program, nicknamed the [Huskies](/source/Washington_Huskies), competes in the [Big Ten Conference](/source/Big_Ten_Conference), and Seattle University's athletic program, nicknamed the [Redhawks](/source/Seattle_Redhawks), mostly competes in the [Western Athletic Conference](/source/Western_Athletic_Conference). The Huskies teams use several facilities, including the 70,000-seat [Husky Stadium](/source/Husky_Stadium) for [football](/source/Washington_Huskies_football) and the [Hec Edmundson Pavilion](/source/Hec_Edmundson_Pavilion) for basketball and volleyball.[272][273] The two schools have basketball and soccer teams that compete against each other in non-conference games and have formed a local rivalry due to their sporting success.[271]

The [Major League Baseball All-Star Game](/source/Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game) has been held in Seattle three times, once at the Kingdome in [1979](/source/1979_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game), and twice at T-Mobile Park in [2001](/source/2001_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game) and [2023](/source/2023_Major_League_Baseball_All-Star_Game).[274] The [NBA All-Star Game](/source/NBA_All-Star_Game) was also held in Seattle twice: the first in [1974](/source/1974_NBA_All-Star_Game) at the [Seattle Center Coliseum](/source/Seattle_Center_Coliseum) and the second in [1987](/source/1987_NBA_All-Star_Game) at the Kingdome.[275] [Lumen Field](/source/Lumen_Field) hosted [MLS Cup 2009](/source/MLS_Cup_2009), played between [Real Salt Lake](/source/Real_Salt_Lake) and the [Los Angeles Galaxy](/source/Los_Angeles_Galaxy), as a neutral site in front of 46,011 spectators.[276] Seattle will be one of eleven US host cities for the [2026 FIFA World Cup](/source/2026_FIFA_World_Cup), with matches played at Lumen Field and training facilities at [Longacres](/source/Longacres) in [Renton, Washington](/source/Renton,_Washington).[277]

## Parks and recreation

See also: [List of parks in Seattle](/source/List_of_parks_in_Seattle) and [Seattle Parks and Recreation](/source/Seattle_Parks_and_Recreation)

Seattle's mild, temperate marine climate allows year-round outdoor recreation, including walking, cycling, hiking, skiing, snowboarding, kayaking, rock climbing, motorboating, sailing, team sports, and swimming.[278] The [city parks system](/source/Seattle_Parks_and_Recreation) encompasses 485 parks, shorelines, and preserved spaces that total 6,500 acres (2,600 ha)—12 percent of the land area of Seattle. These city-owned facilities include 25 miles (40 km) of boulevards and 120 miles (190 km) of walking and hiking trails, athletic fields, swimming pools, community centers, bathhouses, and performance spaces.[279] The [Trust for Public Land](/source/Trust_for_Public_Land) ranked Seattle eighth in the United States among municipal parks systems in 2023 and estimates that 99 percent of residents live within a 1⁄2-mile (0.8-kilometre) of a park.[280]

The largest park in the city is [Discovery Park](/source/Discovery_Park_(Seattle)), which includes 534 acres (2.16 km2) of forestland and saltwater beaches along the bluffs in [Magnolia](/source/Magnolia,_Seattle).[281] Among the most popular Seattle parks[citation needed] are [Green Lake](/source/Green_Lake_(Seattle)), which is ringed by a walking trail; [Alki Beach Park](/source/Alki_Beach_Park) on the southwest side of Elliott Bay; [Myrtle Edwards Park](/source/Myrtle_Edwards_Park) near the downtown waterfront; [Volunteer Park](/source/Volunteer_Park_(Seattle)) on Capitol Hill; and [Seward Park](/source/Seward_Park_(Seattle)) on Lake Washington.[282] Several city parks include panoramic views of the Seattle skyline, including [Kerry Park](/source/Kerry_Park) on Queen Anne Hill and [Gas Works Park](/source/Gas_Works_Park) in [Wallingford](/source/Wallingford,_Seattle), which features the preserved [superstructure](/source/Superstructure) of a [coal gasification](/source/Coal_gasification) plant closed in 1956.[283]

Seattle has a network of recreational and commuting trails for cyclists and pedestrians, mainly repurposed from disused railroads or built alongside regional highways. The [Burke–Gilman Trail](/source/Burke%E2%80%93Gilman_Trail), which travels for 27 miles (43 km) along the Ship Canal and Lake Washington between Ballard and [Bothell](/source/Bothell,_Washington), first opened in 1978 on a former railroad.[284] The [Mountains to Sound Trail](/source/Mountains_to_Sound_Greenway) connects the Interstate 90 corridor, including the north side of the [Homer M. Hadley Memorial Bridge](/source/Homer_M._Hadley_Memorial_Bridge), and is planned to be extended to Snoqualmie.[285] Other non-motorized paths include the [Overlook Walk](/source/Overlook_Walk), which opened in 2024 to connect Pike Place Market to the downtown waterfront via a set of overpasses that integrate with an expansion of the Seattle Aquarium.[286] Also popular among Seattle residents are hikes and skiing in the nearby Cascade or Olympic Mountains and kayaking and sailing in the region's waterways.[287][better source needed]

## Government and politics

Main articles: [Government and politics of Seattle](/source/Government_and_politics_of_Seattle), [Mayor of Seattle](/source/Mayor_of_Seattle) and [Seattle City Council](/source/Seattle_City_Council)

Seattle is a [charter city](/source/Charter_city), with a [mayor–council form of government](/source/Mayor%E2%80%93council_government). From 1911 to 2013, Seattle's nine city councillors were elected at large, rather than by geographic subdivisions.[288] For the 2015 election, this changed to a hybrid system of seven district members and two at-large members as a result of a ballot measure passed on November 5, 2013. The only other elected offices are the [city attorney](/source/District_attorney) and Municipal Court judges. All city offices are officially [non-partisan](/source/Non-partisan_democracy).[289] Like some other parts of the United States, government and laws are also run by a series of ballot initiatives (allowing citizens to pass or reject laws), referendums (allowing citizens to approve or reject legislation already passed), and propositions (allowing specific government agencies to propose new laws or tax increases directly to the people).[290]

Seattle is widely considered one of the most socially liberal cities in the United States.[291] In the 2012 U.S. general election, a majority of Seattleites voted to approve Referendum 74 and legalize gay marriage in Washington state.[292] In the same election, an overwhelming majority of Seattleites also voted to approve the legalization of the recreational use of [cannabis](/source/Cannabis_(drug)) in the state.[293] Like much of the [Pacific Northwest](/source/Pacific_Northwest) (which has the lowest rate of [church attendance](/source/Church_attendance) in the United States and consistently reports the highest percentage of [atheism](/source/Atheism)[294][295]), church attendance, religious belief, and political influence of religious leaders are much lower than in other parts of America.[296] Seattle's political culture is very liberal and [progressive](/source/Progressivism_in_the_United_States) for the United States, with over 80% of the population voting for the [Democratic Party](/source/Democratic_Party_(United_States)). All precincts in Seattle voted for Democratic Party candidate [Barack Obama](/source/Barack_Obama) in the [2012 presidential election](/source/2012_United_States_presidential_election).[297] In partisan elections for the [Washington State Legislature](/source/Washington_State_Legislature) and [United States Congress](/source/United_States_Congress), nearly all elections are won by Democrats. Although local elections are nonpartisan, most of the city's elected officials are known to be Democrats.[citation needed]

In 1926, Seattle became the first major American city to elect a female mayor, [Bertha Knight Landes](/source/Bertha_Knight_Landes).[298] It has also elected an openly gay mayor, [Ed Murray](/source/Ed_Murray_(Washington_politician)),[299] and a third-party socialist councillor, [Kshama Sawant](/source/Kshama_Sawant).[300] For the first time in United States history, an openly gay black woman was elected to public office when Sherry Harris was elected as a Seattle city councilor in 1991.[301][302] In 2015, the majority of the city council was female.[303]

[Katie Wilson](/source/Katie_Wilson) was elected as mayor in the [2025 mayoral election](/source/2025_Seattle_mayoral_election), by a margin of 2,000 votes, and defeated incumbent [Bruce Harrell](/source/Bruce_Harrell). She took office on January 1, 2026, becoming the third woman to serve as mayor.[304] The mayor's office also includes three [deputy mayors](/source/Deputy_mayor), appointed to advise the mayor on policies.

In 2023, the city council voted to ban [caste discrimination](/source/Caste_discrimination_in_the_United_States) as part of the city's anti-discrimination laws. The ban is the first in the United States.[305]

Seattle lies within four districts on the [King County Council](/source/King_County_Council): the 1st district includes the northeastern corner of the city; the 2nd district generally covers areas east of [Interstate 5](/source/Interstate_5_in_Washington) and south of Northeast 65th Street; the 4th district consists of the northwestern neighborhoods of Ballard, Fremont, Magnolia, and Queen Anne; and the 8th district includes Downtown Seattle, First Hill, SODO, and West Seattle.[306] At the state level, Seattle is divided into six districts that each have one [state senator](/source/Washington_State_Senate) and two [state representatives](/source/Washington_State_House_of_Representatives).[307][308]

Federally, Seattle is split between two congressional districts. Most of the city is in [7th congressional district](/source/Washington's_7th_congressional_district),[309] represented by Democrat [Pramila Jayapal](/source/Pramila_Jayapal), the first Indian-American woman elected to Congress. She succeeded 28-year incumbent and fellow Democrat [Jim McDermott](/source/Jim_McDermott).[310] Part of southeastern Seattle is in the [9th congressional district](/source/Washington's_9th_congressional_district),[309] represented by Democrat [Adam Smith](/source/Adam_Smith_(Washington_politician)) since 1997.[311] The border between the two districts follows the Tukwila city limits around Boeing Field, Interstate 5, South Dearborn Street, 4th Avenue South, James Street, Madison Street, East Union Street, Martin Luther King Jr. Way, and East Yesler Way.[309]

## Education

Main article: [Education in Seattle](/source/Education_in_Seattle)

Further information: [List of libraries in Seattle](/source/List_of_libraries_in_Seattle) and [Seattle Public Schools](/source/Seattle_Public_Schools)

Of the city's population over the age of 25, 53.8% (vs. a national average of 27.4%) hold a [bachelor's degree](/source/Bachelor's_degree) or higher, and 91.9% (vs. 84.5% nationally) have a high school diploma or [equivalent](/source/General_Educational_Development). A 2008 United States Census Bureau survey showed that Seattle had the highest percentage of college and university graduates of any major U.S. city.[312] The city was listed as the most literate of the country's 69 largest cities in 2005 and 2006, the second most literate in 2007 and the most literate in 2008 in studies conducted by [Central Connecticut State University](/source/Central_Connecticut_State_University).[313]

[Seattle Public Schools](/source/Seattle_Public_Schools) is the school district for the vast majority of the city.[314] The school district desegregated without a court order[315] but still struggles to achieve racial balance in a somewhat ethnically divided city (the south part of town having more ethnic minorities than the north).[316] In 2007, Seattle's racial tie-breaking system was struck down by the [United States Supreme Court](/source/United_States_Supreme_Court), but the ruling left the door open for desegregation formulae based on other indicators (e.g., income or socioeconomic class).[317] A small portion of the city's [Delridge](/source/Delridge,_Seattle) neighborhood lies within the boundaries of the [Highline School District](/source/Highline_School_District).[314]

The public school system is supplemented by a moderate number of private schools: Five of the private high schools are [Catholic](/source/Catholic_Church), one is [Lutheran](/source/Lutheranism), and six are [secular](/source/Secular).[318]

Seattle is home to the [University of Washington](/source/University_of_Washington) and its professional and continuing education unit, the [University of Washington Continuum College](/source/Continuum_College). In 2017, *[U.S. News & World Report](/source/U.S._News_%26_World_Report)* ranked the University of Washington eleventh in the world.[319] The UW receives more federal research and development funding than any public institution. Over the last 10 years, it has also produced more [Peace Corps](/source/Peace_Corps) volunteers than any other U.S. university.[320]

Seattle also has a number of smaller private universities, including [Seattle University](/source/Seattle_University) and [Seattle Pacific University](/source/Seattle_Pacific_University), the former a Jesuit Catholic institution, the latter a Free Methodist institution. The [Seattle Colleges District](/source/Seattle_Colleges_District) operates three colleges: [North Seattle College](/source/North_Seattle_College), [Seattle Central College](/source/Seattle_Central_College), and [South Seattle College](/source/South_Seattle_College). Universities aimed at the working adult are the [City University](/source/City_University_of_Seattle) and [Antioch University](/source/Antioch_University). Seminaries include [Western Seminary](/source/Western_Seminary) and a number of arts colleges, such as [Cornish College of the Arts](/source/Cornish_College_of_the_Arts), [Pratt Fine Arts Center](/source/Pratt_Fine_Arts_Center). In 2001, *Time* magazine selected Seattle Central Community College as community college of the year, saying that the school "pushes diverse students to work together in small teams."[321]

## Media

Main article: [Media in Seattle](/source/Media_in_Seattle)

*[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)* is the lone daily newspaper in the city and was founded in 1896; it is one of the few remaining family-owned major newspapers in the United States.[322] The *[Seattle Post-Intelligencer](/source/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer)*, known as the *P-I*, published a daily newspaper from 1863 to March 17, 2009, before switching to a strictly online publication.[323] Other daily newspapers in the city include the business publication *[Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce](/source/Seattle_Daily_Journal_of_Commerce)* and the University of Washington's student-run newspaper *[The Daily](/source/The_Daily_of_the_University_of_Washington)*.[324] The most prominent weeklies are the *[Seattle Weekly](/source/Seattle_Weekly)* and *[The Stranger](/source/The_Stranger_(newspaper))*; both consider themselves ["alternative" papers](/source/Alternative_newspaper).[325] The weekly LGBT newspaper is the *[Seattle Gay News](/source/Seattle_Gay_News)*. *[Real Change](/source/Real_Change)* is a weekly [street newspaper](/source/Street_newspaper) that is sold mainly by [homeless](/source/Homeless) persons as an alternative to [panhandling](/source/Begging). There are also several ethnic newspapers, including *[The Facts](/source/The_Facts_(Seattle))*, *[Northwest Asian Weekly](/source/Northwest_Asian_Weekly)* and the *[International Examiner](/source/International_Examiner)*.[citation needed] Several Seattle neighborhoods had weekly publications, including the *[Ballard News-Tribune](/source/Ballard_News-Tribune)*, *[Capitol Hill Times](/source/Capitol_Hill_Times)*, and *[West Seattle Herald](/source/West_Seattle_Herald)*, that were shut down in the early 21st century; hyperlocal neighborhood blogs have emerged as an alternative to these weeklies.[326]

Seattle is also well served by television and radio, with all major U.S. networks represented, along with at least five other English-language stations and two Spanish-language stations.[327] Seattle cable viewers also receive [CBUT](/source/CBUT) 2 ([CBC](/source/CBC_Television)) from [Vancouver](/source/Vancouver), British Columbia.[citation needed]

[Non-commercial](/source/Non-commercial) radio stations include [NPR](/source/NPR) member stations [KUOW-FM](/source/KUOW-FM) 94.9 and [KNKX](/source/KNKX) 88.5 (Tacoma), as well as [classical music](/source/Classical_music) station [KING-FM](/source/KING-FM) 98.1. Other non-commercial stations include [KEXP-FM](/source/KEXP-FM) 90.3 (affiliated with the UW), [community radio](/source/Community_radio) [KBCS-FM](/source/KBCS-FM) 91.3 (affiliated with [Bellevue College](/source/Bellevue_College)), and [high school radio](/source/High_school_radio) [KNHC-FM](/source/KNHC-FM) 89.5, which broadcasts an [electronic dance music](/source/Electronic_dance_music) [radio format](/source/Radio_format), is owned by the public school system and operated by students of [Nathan Hale High School](/source/Nathan_Hale_High_School_(Washington)). Many Seattle radio stations are available through [Internet radio](/source/Internet_radio), with KEXP in particular being a pioneer of Internet radio.[328] Seattle also has numerous commercial radio stations. In a March 2012 report by the consumer research firm [Arbitron](/source/Arbitron), the top FM stations were [KRWM](/source/KRWM) ([adult contemporary](/source/Adult_contemporary) format), [KIRO-FM](/source/KIRO-FM) ([news/talk](/source/News/talk)), and [KISW](/source/KISW) ([active rock](/source/Active_rock)) while the top AM stations were [KNWN (Formerly KOMO)](/source/KNWN_(AM)) ([all news](/source/All_news)), [KJR (AM)](/source/KJR_(AM)) ([all sports](/source/Sports_radio)), [KIRO (AM)](/source/KIRO_(AM)) (all sports).[329]

## Infrastructure

### Health systems

Main article: [Medical facilities of Seattle](/source/Medical_facilities_of_Seattle)

The University of Washington is consistently ranked among the country's leading institutions in medical research, earning special merits for programs in neurology and neurosurgery. The university-run [UW Medicine](/source/UW_Medicine) system encompasses several major local hospitals, including [Harborview Medical Center](/source/Harborview_Medical_Center), the public county hospital and the only Level I [trauma hospital](/source/Trauma_center) for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho.[330] Harborview and two other major hospitals—[Virginia Mason Medical Center](/source/Virginia_Mason_Medical_Center) and [Swedish Medical Center](/source/Swedish_Medical_Center)—are located on First Hill, which is nicknamed "Pill Hill" for its concentration of medical facilities.[331]

Located in the [Laurelhurst](/source/Laurelhurst,_Seattle) neighborhood, [Seattle Children's](/source/Seattle_Children's), formerly [Children's Hospital and Regional Medical Center](/source/Children's_Hospital_and_Regional_Medical_Center), is the pediatric referral center for Washington, Alaska, Montana, and Idaho. The [Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center](/source/Fred_Hutchinson_Cancer_Research_Center) has a campus in the Eastlake neighborhood. The University District is home to the [University of Washington Medical Center](/source/University_of_Washington_Medical_Center) which, along with Harborview, is operated by the University of Washington. Seattle is also served by a [Veterans Affairs](/source/United_States_Department_of_Veterans_Affairs) hospital on [Beacon Hill](/source/Beacon_Hill,_Seattle), a third campus of Swedish in Ballard, and [UW Medical Center - Northwest](/source/UW_Medical_Center_-_Northwest) near [Northgate Station](/source/Northgate_Station_(shopping_mall)).[332]

Seattle has seen local developments of modern paramedic services with the establishment of [Medic One](/source/Medic_One) in 1970.[333] In 1974, a *[60 Minutes](/source/60_Minutes)* story on the success of the then four-year-old Medic One paramedic system called Seattle "the best place in the world to have a heart attack."[334] The city also has several [pharmacy](/source/Pharmacy) chains; these include [Walgreens](/source/Walgreens), and formerly [Bartell Drugs](/source/Bartell_Drugs), which was family-run in Seattle until its acquisition by [Rite Aid](/source/Rite_Aid) in 2020 and then closed in 2025.[335][336] As of 2024, Seattle lacks a 24-hour retail pharmacy due to the closure of locations across several chains.[337][338]

### Transportation

Main article: [Transportation in Seattle](/source/Transportation_in_Seattle)

Further information: [Street layout of Seattle](/source/Street_layout_of_Seattle)

See also: [List of bridges in Seattle](/source/List_of_bridges_in_Seattle)

The [first streetcars](/source/Seattle_Street_Railway) appeared in 1889 and were instrumental in the creation of a relatively well-defined downtown and strong neighborhoods at the end of their lines. The advent of the automobile began the dismantling of rail in Seattle. Tacoma–Seattle railway service ended in 1929 and the Everett–Seattle service came to an end in 1939, replaced by automobiles running on the recently developed highway system. Rails on city streets were paved over or removed, and the opening of the [Seattle trolleybus system](/source/Trolleybuses_in_Seattle) brought the end of [streetcars in Seattle](/source/Seattle_Street_Railway) in 1941. This left an extensive network of privately owned buses (later public) as the only mass transit within the city and throughout the region.[339]

[King County Metro](/source/King_County_Metro) provides regular bus service in the city and county, and the [South Lake Union Streetcar](/source/South_Lake_Union_Streetcar) line and the [First Hill Streetcar](/source/First_Hill_Streetcar) line.[340] Seattle is one of the few cities in North America whose bus fleet includes electric trolleybuses. [Sound Transit](/source/Sound_Transit) provides an express bus service within the metropolitan area, two [Sounder commuter rail](/source/Sounder_commuter_rail) lines between the suburbs and downtown, and its [1 Line](/source/1_Line_(Sound_Transit)) [light rail](/source/Light_rail) line between [Northgate](/source/Northgate,_Seattle) and Angle Lake.[341][342] [Washington State Ferries](/source/Washington_State_Ferries), which manages the largest network of ferries in the United States and third-largest in the world, connects Seattle to [Bainbridge](/source/Bainbridge_Island,_Washington) and [Vashon Islands](/source/Vashon,_Washington) in Puget Sound and to Bremerton and [Southworth](/source/Southworth,_Washington) on the Kitsap Peninsula.[343] In addition to the state's large car ferries, passenger-only [catamarans](/source/Catamaran) are operated by other public agencies to provide service on water taxi and "fast ferry" routes.[344] [King Street Station](/source/King_Street_Station) in Pioneer Square serves [Amtrak](/source/Amtrak) intercity trains and Sounder commuter trains, and is located adjacent to the [International District/Chinatown light rail station](/source/International_District/Chinatown_station).[345]

According to the 2007 [American Community Survey](/source/American_Community_Survey), 18.6% of Seattle residents used one of the three public transit systems that serve the city, giving it the highest transit ridership of all major cities without heavy or light rail prior to the completion of Sound Transit's 1 Line.[346] The city has also been described by [Bert Sperling](/source/Bert_Sperling) as the fourth most walkable U.S. city and by [Walk Score](/source/Walk_Score) as the sixth most walkable of the fifty largest U.S. cities.[347][348]

[Seattle–Tacoma International Airport](/source/Seattle%E2%80%93Tacoma_International_Airport), locally known as Sea-Tac Airport and located just south in the neighboring city of SeaTac, is operated by the Port of Seattle and provides commercial air service to destinations throughout the world. Closer to downtown, [Boeing Field](/source/Boeing_Field) is used for general aviation, cargo flights, and testing/delivery of Boeing airliners. A secondary passenger airport, [Paine Field](/source/Paine_Field), opened in 2019 and is located in [Everett](/source/Everett,_Washington), 25 miles (40 km) north of Seattle. It is predominantly used by Boeing and their [large assembly plant](/source/Boeing_Everett_Factory) located nearby.[349][350]

The main mode of transportation, however, is the street system, which is laid out in a [cardinal directions](/source/Cardinal_direction) [grid pattern](/source/Grid_plan), except in the central business district where early city leaders [Arthur Denny](/source/Arthur_A._Denny) and [Carson Boren](/source/Carson_Boren) insisted on orienting the plats relative to the shoreline rather than to true north.[351] The city's topography, formed by the recession of glaciers, created north–south troughs that did not allow east–west streets to be continuous;[352] only [Madison Street](/source/Madison_Street_(Seattle)) runs uninterrupted from Elliott Bay to Lake Washington.[353] Only two roads, [Interstate 5](/source/Interstate_5_in_Washington) and [State Route 99](/source/Washington_State_Route_99) (both limited-access highways) run uninterrupted through the city from north to south. From 1953 to 2019, State Route 99 ran through downtown Seattle on the [Alaskan Way Viaduct](/source/Alaskan_Way_Viaduct), an elevated freeway on the waterfront. However, due to damage sustained during the 2001 Nisqually earthquake the viaduct was replaced by a tunnel. The 2-mile (3.2-kilometre) [Alaskan Way Viaduct replacement tunnel](/source/Alaskan_Way_Viaduct_replacement_tunnel) was originally scheduled to be completed in December 2015 at a cost of US$4.25 billion. The world's largest [tunnel boring machine](/source/Tunnel_boring_machine), named "[Bertha](/source/Bertha_(tunnel_boring_machine))", was commissioned for the project, measuring 57 feet (17 m) in diameter. The tunnel's opening was delayed to February 2019 due to issues with the machine, which included a two-year halt in excavation.[354] Seattle has the 8th-worst traffic congestion of all American cities, and ranks 10th among all North American cities according to [Inrix](/source/Inrix).[355]

The city has started moving away from the automobile and toward mass transit. From 2004 to 2009, the annual number of unlinked public transportation trips increased by approximately 21%.[356] In 2006, voters in King County passed the Transit Now proposition, which increased bus service hours on high ridership routes and paid for five [limited-stop](/source/Limited-stop) bus lines called [RapidRide](/source/RapidRide).[357] After rejecting a [roads and transit measure](/source/Roads_and_Transit) in 2007, Seattle-area voters passed a transit only measure in 2008 to increase ST Express bus service, extend the [Link light rail](/source/Link_light_rail) system, and expand and improve [Sounder commuter rail](/source/Sounder_commuter_rail) service.[358]

A [Link light rail](/source/Link_light_rail) line (now the [1 Line](/source/1_Line_(Sound_Transit))) from downtown heading south to Sea-Tac Airport began service in 2009, giving the city its first rapid transit line with intermediate stations within the city limits. The line was first extended north to the [University of Washington](/source/University_of_Washington) in March 2016,[359] followed by [Northgate](/source/Northgate,_Seattle) in October 2021,[360] and [Lynnwood](/source/Lynnwood,_Washington) in August 2024.[361] A second line, the [2 Line](/source/2_Line_(Sound_Transit)) opened in April 2024 between [Bellevue](/source/Bellevue,_Washington) and [Redmond](/source/Redmond,_Washington) and was extended to Seattle in March 2026. The section between Seattle and Bellevue is the first railway to use a [floating pontoon bridge](/source/Pontoon_bridge).[362][363] Voters in the Puget Sound region approved an additional tax increase, part of the [Sound Transit 3](/source/Sound_Transit_3) package, in November 2016 to expand light rail to West Seattle and Ballard as well as Tacoma, Everett, and Issaquah.[364]

Seattle has scooter and [bicycle-sharing systems](/source/Bicycle-sharing_system) operated by private companies ([Bird](/source/Bird_Global) and [Lime](/source/Lime_(transportation_company))) who cooperate with the city government.[365] A docked bikeshare system, [Pronto Cycle Share](/source/Pronto_Cycle_Share), debuted in 2014 but was shut down in 2017 due to low ridership numbers.[366] Later that year, the city government allowed privately operated [dockless bicycles](/source/Dockless_bicycle) to operate within Seattle as a pilot.[367] It was later made a permanent program with several competing companies; one used bikes with [gears](/source/Bicycle_gearing) specifically chosen for [Seattle's hilly terrain](/source/Seven_hills_of_Seattle).[80] Later developments included using exclusively [e-bikes](/source/Electric_bicycle) and [e-scooters](/source/Motorized_scooter).[368] A city-operated site tracks ridership.[e] In 2024, a total of 6.3 million trips on bikeshare and scootershare systems were taken in Seattle; there were also 163 serious injuries that year involving bikes and scooters.[369]

### Utilities

Main article: [Utilities of Seattle](/source/Utilities_of_Seattle)

Water and electric power are municipal services, provided by [Seattle Public Utilities](/source/Seattle_Public_Utilities) and [Seattle City Light](/source/Seattle_City_Light), respectively.[370] Private utility companies serving Seattle include [Puget Sound Energy](/source/Puget_Sound_Energy), which has 150,000 [natural gas](/source/Natural_gas) customers in the city,[371] and [Seattle Steam Company](/source/Seattle_Steam_Company), which has a [district heating](/source/District_heating) system in Downtown Seattle powered by several steam plants.[372] Curbside [solid waste](/source/Municipal_solid_waste), recycling, and composting pickup is outsourced by Seattle Public Utilities to [Waste Management, Inc](/source/Waste_Management,_Inc) and [Recology](/source/Recology). Non-garbage waste is processed by other companies;[373] since 2015, curbside collection of [food waste](/source/Food_waste) for [composting](/source/Compost) in Seattle has been mandatory to offer to all households.[374]

[Lumen Technologies](/source/Lumen_Technologies) (formerly CenturyLink),[375] [Astound Broadband](/source/Astound_Broadband) (formerly [Wave Broadband](/source/Wave_Broadband)),[376] and [Comcast](/source/Comcast) are the primary providers of [telephone](/source/Telephone), [cable television](/source/Cable_television), and [Internet service](/source/Internet_service) in the city.[377] CenturyLink stopped providing cable television service in 2021.[378]

As of 2023, at least 88% of Seattle's electricity is produced using [hydropower](/source/Hydropower), with less than 40% of the [hydroelectricity](/source/Hydroelectricity) acquired via the [Bonneville Power Administration](/source/Bonneville_Power_Administration). The remaining known electricity sources consist of [wind power](/source/Wind_power), [nuclear power](/source/Nuclear_power), and [biogas](/source/Biogas); less than 2% comes from an unidentified source.[379] Seattle Public Utilities manages two [tap water](/source/Tap_water) supply systems on the [Cedar River](/source/Cedar_River_(Washington)) and [Tolt River](/source/Tolt_River).[380] These systems are fed by melted [snowpack](/source/Snowpack) in the Cascade Mountains over the autumn and winter that fill reservoirs as they melt.[381] The city's [wastewater](/source/Wastewater) system includes 1,422 miles (2,288 km) of sewers that reach [treatment plants](/source/Wastewater_treatment) that discharge into Puget Sound; a 485-mile (781-kilometre) network of separate tunnels for [stormwater](/source/Stormwater) serve other treatment facilities.[382] Older areas of the city have a [combined sewer](/source/Combined_sewer) system that dumps stormwater and untreated wastewater into Puget Sound during overflow events.[383]

## Crime

In 2023, Seattle had 5,000 violent [crimes](/source/Crime), and from 2013 to 2018 there was a slow increase in crimes, however it dipped in 2020, before spiking up again in 2021 and 2022. As of 2023 the city has a violent crime rate of 683 per 100,000 people, and 5,174 property crimes per 100,000 people.[384]

Overall crimes per capita in Seattle decreased slightly during the beginning of the 21st century. While the total number of crimes rose, the population of the city[385] grew faster. For the data below, per-capita estimates yield the following: 6744 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2008–2009, 6725 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2010–2019, and 6325 crimes per 100,000 people for the period of 2020–2024.[f] These percentages are overestimates due to the sample rate of the census: city crime statistics are updated yearly, but city population figures are only updated once per decade.

Crimes in Seattle Year Violent crimes Property crimes Total Pop. est.[385] 2008 3,301 33,542 36,843 563,374 2009 3,672 35,476 39,148 2010 3,293 33,736 37,029 rowspan="10 | 608,660 2011 3,357 32,503 35,860 2012 3,580 32,598 36,178 2013 3,564 37,168 40,732 2014 3,783 41,029 44,812 2015 3,831 38,191 42,022 2016 4,060 38,999 43,059 2017 4,395 38,625 43,020 2018 4,804 39,356 44,160 2019 4,701 37,792 42,493 2020 4,507 38,903 43,410 737,015 2021 5,428 42,600 48,028 2022 5,642 44,428 50,070 2023 5,333 40,387 45,720 2024 5,392 40,481 45,873

## International relations

Seattle has the following [sister cities](/source/Sister_city):[386]

- [Beersheba](/source/Beersheba), Israel
- [Bergen](/source/Bergen), Norway
- [Cebu City](/source/Cebu_City), Philippines
- [Chongqing](/source/Chongqing), China
- [Christchurch](/source/Christchurch), New Zealand
- [Daejeon](/source/Daejeon), South Korea
- [Galway](/source/Galway), Ireland
- [Gdynia](/source/Gdynia), Poland
- [Haiphong](/source/Haiphong), Vietnam
- [Kaohsiung](/source/Kaohsiung), Taiwan
- [Kobe](/source/Kobe), Japan
- [Limbe, Cameroon](/source/Limbe,_Cameroon)
- [Mombasa](/source/Mombasa), Kenya
- [Nantes](/source/Nantes), France
- [Pécs](/source/P%C3%A9cs), Hungary
- [Perugia](/source/Perugia), Italy
- [Reykjavík](/source/Reykjav%C3%ADk), Iceland
- [Sihanoukville](/source/Sihanoukville), Cambodia
- [Surabaya](/source/Surabaya), Indonesia
- [Tashkent](/source/Tashkent), Uzbekistan[387]

## See also

- [List of people from Seattle](/source/List_of_people_from_Seattle)
- [List of television shows set in Seattle](/source/List_of_television_shows_set_in_Seattle)
- [USS *Seattle*](/source/USS_Seattle)—two ships
- [List of songs about Seattle](/source/List_of_songs_about_Seattle)

## Notes

1. November 13, 1851, is often referred to as the unofficial date of Seattle's founding, when much of the [Denny Party](/source/Denny_Party) arrived at [Alki Point](/source/Alki_Point). However, the first White settlers to inhabit the area had already arrived in September, which included some scouts of the Denny clan. The modern city did not take shape until the following spring after much of the party abandoned Alki to move across [the bay](/source/Elliott_Bay). The name "Seattle" didn't become official until May 23, 1853.

1. From 15% sample

1. Hispanic data not distinguished

1. The division currently rotates its headquarters between sites within the region; the previous one in [Renton](/source/Renton,_Washington) was put up for sale in April 2021.

1. The micromobility vendors are required to share ride date with the Seattle Department of Transportation (SDOT). This data is aggregated into a dashboard which provides data about trips, deployment, equity area deployment, relative ridership heat maps, and unique ridership.[388]

1. These figures are not an accurate reflection of the actual rate of criminality; repeat offenders will further reduce these rates.

## References

1. ["Seattle City Symbols"](https://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/seattle-facts/city-symbols). Seattle Municipal Archives. Retrieved February 22, 2026.

1. Balk, Gene (October 2, 2012). ["When can you call yourself a Seattleite?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116233637/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2012/10/02/when-can-you-call-yourself-a-seattleite/). *The Seattle Times*. Archived from [the original](http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2012/10/02/when-can-you-call-yourself-a-seattleite/) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved October 19, 2018.

1. Wilson-Codega, Lily. ["About Seattle: Sister Cities"](http://www.seattle.gov/oir/sister-cities/about-seattle-sister-cities). *City of Seattle*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181019164018/http://www.seattle.gov/oir/sister-cities/about-seattle-sister-cities) October 19, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 19, 2018.

1. ["U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts"](https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/seattlecitywashington/PST045225). *census.gov*. Retrieved May 15, 2026.

1. Balk, Gene (March 26, 2018). ["Seattle just one of 5 big metros last year that had more people move here than leave, census data show"](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/seattle-just-one-of-5-big-metros-last-year-that-had-more-people-move-here-than-leave-census-data-show/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515232543/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/seattle-just-one-of-5-big-metros-last-year-that-had-more-people-move-here-than-leave-census-data-show/) May 15, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 7, 2018.

1. Gutman, David & Shapiro, Nina (August 12, 2021). ["Seattle grew by more than 100,000 people in past 10 years, King County population booms, diversifies, new census data shows"](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-grew-by-more-than-100000-people-in-past-10-years-kent-among-fastest-growing-cities-new-census-data-shows/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220526194428/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-grew-by-more-than-100000-people-in-past-10-years-kent-among-fastest-growing-cities-new-census-data-shows/) May 26, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 20, 2021.

1. ["Seaport Statistics"](https://www.nwseaportalliance.com/about-us/cargo-statistics). Port of Seattle. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221122062811/https://www.nwseaportalliance.com/about-us/cargo-statistics) November 22, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 1, 2022.

1. ["Feel the beat of history in the park and concert hall at two family-friendly events"](http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Feel-the-beat-of-history-in-the-park-and-concert-1251579.php). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. October 4, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120125114516/http://www.seattlepi.com/lifestyle/article/Feel-the-beat-of-history-in-the-park-and-concert-1251579.php) January 25, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 1, 2007.

1. Speidel, William C. (1967). *Sons of the Profits or There's No Business Like Grow Business The Seattle Story 1851–1901*. Nettle Creek. pp. 12–13. ISBN 9780914890065. At the time, the Schooner "Exact" was outfitting in Portland for a voyage to Queen Charlotte Island with gold prospectors, and for a reasonable price the captain was willing to touch at Puget Sound en route. She started from Portland on November 5, 1851 and headed out over the Columbia River Bar after touching at Astoria two days later.

1. ["Survey ranks Seattle area 5th for LGBT population – so how many people is that?"](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/data-show-seattle-metros-lgbt-population-at-173000/). The Seattle Times. March 20, 2015. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126002327/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/data-show-seattle-metros-lgbt-population-at-173000/) January 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 4, 2019.

1. Heylin, Clinton (2007). [*Babylon's Burning: From Punk to Grunge*](https://archive.org/details/babylonsburningf0000heyl/page/606). Conongate. p. [606](https://archive.org/details/babylonsburningf0000heyl/page/606). ISBN 978-1-84195-879-8.

1. Lange, Greg (October 15, 2000). ["Seattle and King County's First European Settlers"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1660). HistoryLink. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080922225548/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=1660) September 22, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. ["The people and their land"](http://www.seattleartmuseum.org/learn/CDROM/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm). *Puget Sound Native Art and Culture*. Seattle Art Museum. July 4, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100613093932/http://seattleartmuseum.org/Learn/CDROM/SongStorySpeech/Content/SalishArtCulture.htm) June 13, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 21, 2006. (Publication date per "Native Art of the Northwest Coast: Collection Insight")

1. ["Native American tribes sign Point Elliott Treaty at Mukilteo on January 22, 1855"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5402). HistoryLink. March 13, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090125123542/http://historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=5402) January 25, 2009 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. Bates, Dawn; Hess, Thom; Hilbert, Vi (1994). [*Lushootseed Dictionary*](https://archive.org/details/lushootseeddicti00bate/page/91/mode/1up). University of Washington Press. p. 91. ISBN 978-0-295-97323-4. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222214/https://books.google.com/books?id=ekq921r1kV0C) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 22, 2025. dᶻidᶻəlalʼič Seattle. See dᶻal.

1. Waterman, T. T. (2001). *sdaʔdaʔ gʷəɬ dibəɬ ləšucid ʔacaciɬtalbixʷ Puget Sound Geography Original Manuscript from T. T. Waterman*. Hilbert, Vi; Miller, Jay; Zahir, Zalmai (eds.). Lushootseed Press. p. 44. ISBN 979-8750945764.

1. Hunt, Herbert & Kaylor, Floyd C. (1917). [*Washington, West of the Cascades*](https://archive.org/details/washingtonwestc00kaylgoog/page/534/mode/1up). Vol. I. [S. J. Clarke Publishing Company](/source/S._J._Clarke_Publishing_Company). p. 534. [OCLC 10086413](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/10086413). Retrieved April 24, 2017. The following are some of the local aboriginal names used at Tulalip for various places about Puget Sound: Seattle, Tzēē-tzēē-lălʼ-ĭtch, little portage, referring to the short cut from bay to lake rather than the circuitous river route.

1. [*A voyage of discovery to the North Pacific ocean, and round the world*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qwol8bPaYxsC). London: J. Stockdale. 2011. ISBN 978-0-665-18642-4. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222215/https://books.google.com/books?id=qwol8bPaYxsC) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 20, 2020.

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1. ["Collins party encounters Denny party scouts at Duwamish Head near future site of Seattle on September 27, 1851."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2765). HistoryLink. December 16, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210703082647/https://www.historylink.org/File/2765) July 3, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. ["Seattle – a Snapshot History of Its Founding"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=303). HistoryLink. August 31, 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210703080949/https://www.historylink.org/File/303) July 3, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. ["The Pioneer Square-Skid Road National Historic District Statement of Significance"](https://www.seattle.gov/documents/departments/neighborhoods/historicpreservation/historicresourcessurvey/context-pioneer-square.pdf). *seattle.gov*. City of Seattle. n.d. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220816050419/http://www.seattle.gov/documents/departments/neighborhoods/historicpreservation/historicresourcessurvey/context-pioneer-square.pdf) August 16, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 10, 2022.

1. ["Seattle at 150: Charles Terry's unlimited energy influenced a city"](http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Seattle-at-150-Charles-Terry-s-unlimited-energy-1069610.php). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. October 23, 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120125121342/http://www.seattlepi.com/local/article/Seattle-at-150-Charles-Terry-s-unlimited-energy-1069610.php) January 25, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. Speidel, William (1967). *Sons of the Profits*. Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. 27–55.

1. ["Charles Terry homesteads site of Alki business district on May 1, 1852."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=3142). HistoryLink. March 28, 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226125116/https://www.historylink.org/File/3142) February 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. Thomas R. Speer (ed.) (July 22, 2004). ["Chief Si'ahl and His Family"](https://web.archive.org/web/20090213151404/http://duwamishtribe.org/chiefsiahl.html). Duwamish Tribe. Archived from [the original](http://www.duwamishtribe.org/chiefsiahl.html) on February 13, 2009. Retrieved October 14, 2007. Includes bibliography.

1. ["Seattle, Chief Noah"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5071). HistoryLink. January 18, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225172241/https://www.historylink.org/File/5071) February 25, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. *Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle*. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. 1982. p. 20. ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.

1. Crowley, Walt & Wilma, David (February 15, 2003). ["Native Americans attack Seattle on January 26, 1856."](https://www.historylink.org/file/5208). *HistoryLink*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20260112074731/https://historylink.org/File/5208) January 12, 2026 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 18 February 2025.

1. Cassandra Tate (November 4, 1998). ["Legislature incorporates the Town of Seattle for the first time on January 14, 1865."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=168). HistoryLink. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224213817/https://www.historylink.org/File/168) February 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 14, 2007.

1. ["Seattle City Symbols"](http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/facts/symbols.htm). City of Seattle. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130921214904/http://www.seattle.gov/cityarchives/Facts/symbols.htm) September 21, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

1. [[https://www.historylink.org/File/181](https://www.historylink.org/File/181)" "Seattle receives epithet Queen City in 1869"]. HistoryLink. Retrieved June 27, 2022.

1. "Seattle: Booms and Busts". *Yale University*. Spring 2002. Author has granted blanket permission for material from that paper to be reused in Wikipedia. Now at [Seattle: Booms and Busts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Seattle%3A_Booms_and_Busts).

1. ["Yesler, Henry L."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=286). HistoryLink. October 7, 1998. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224212357/https://www.historylink.org/File/286) February 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. Kinnear, George (February 8, 1911). "Anti-Chinese Riots At Seattle, Wn.. February 8, 1876". Seattle: [privately printed]. [OCLC 844602374](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/844602374) See also . Kinnear's article originally appeared in the *[Seattle Post-Intelligencer](/source/Seattle_Post-Intelligencer)*.

1. ["Seattle burns down in the Great Fire on June 6, 1889."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=5115). HistoryLink. January 25, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224234450/https://www.historylink.org/File/5115) February 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. ["Hard Drive to the Klondike: Promoting Seattle During the Gold Rush"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071103062325/http://www.nps.gov/archive/klse/hrs/hrs0.htm). [National Park Service](/source/National_Park_Service). February 18, 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www.nps.gov/klse/hrs/hrs0.ht) on November 3, 2007. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. ["Panic of 1893: Seattle's First Great Depression."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=2030). HistoryLink. November 24, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210224224005/https://www.historylink.org/File/2030) February 24, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 18, 2008.

1. ["Klondike Gold Rush"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=687). HistoryLink.org. January 14, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225161326/https://www.historylink.org/File/687) February 25, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. ["Park History – Olmsted Parks"](http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/olmsted.htm). Seattle Parks and Recreation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210414203312/http://www.seattle.gov/parks/about-us/park-history) April 14, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved November 30, 2015.

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1. ["Seattle General Strike, 1919, Part I"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=861). HistoryLink. February 4, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210305084737/https://www.historylink.org/File/861) March 5, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. BOLA Architecture + Planning & Northwest Archaeological Associates, Inc., ["Port of Seattle North Bay Project DEIS: Historic and Cultural Resources"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110723025013/http://www.portseattle.org/downloads/business/realestate/development/northbay/Appendix_I_Historic_Cultural.pdf). Archived from [the original](http://www.portseattle.org/downloads/business/realestate/development/northbay/Appendix_I_Historic_Cultural.pdf) on July 23, 2011. Retrieved July 26, 2008., Port of Seattle, April 5, 2005, pp. 12–13 (which is pp. 14–15 of the PDF). Retrieved July 25, 2008.

1. Dorpat, Paul & McCoy, Genevieve (1998). *Building Washington*. Seattle: Tartu Publications.

1. Berner, Richard (1992). *Seattle 1921–1940: From Boom to Bust*. Seattle: Charles Press.

1. Mullins, William (1991). [*The Depression and the Urban West Coast, 1929–1933*](https://archive.org/details/depressionurbanw0000mull). Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253339355.

1. Mullins, William (1975). *San Francisco and Seattle During the Hoover Years of the Depression: 1929–1933*. Seattle: University of Washington.

1. Roy, Donald (1935). *Hooverville: A Study of a Community of Homeless Men in Seattle*. Seattle: University of Washington.

1. Orleck, Annelise (1993). "We Are the Mythical Thing Called the Public". *Feminist Studies*. **19**: 147–172. [doi:10.2307/3178357](https://doi.org/10.2307/3178357). [hdl:2027/spo.0499697.0019.109](https://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0499697.0019.109). [ISSN 0046-3663](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0046-3663). [JSTOR 3178357](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3178357)

1. Moreo, Dominic (1996). [*Schools in the Great Depression*](https://archive.org/details/schoolsingreatde0000more). New York: Garland Publishing. ISBN 9780815320395.

1. Gates, Charles (1961). [*The First Century at the University of Washington*](https://archive.org/details/firstcenturyatun0000gate). Seattle: University of Washington Press.

1. Statt, Daniel (March 5, 2001). ["Pantages, Alexander (1876-1936)"](https://www.historylink.org/File/2999). *HistoryLink*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221352/https://www.historylink.org/File/2999) June 23, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2021.

1. ["History of Seattle: The "Jet City" Takes Off"](http://www.visitseattle.org/press/press-kit/seattle-history/). *Seattle's Convention and Visitors Bureau*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150905074721/http://www.visitseattle.org/press/press-kit/seattle-history/) September 5, 2015 at the Wayback Machine.

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1. ["Billboard appears on April 16, 1971, near Sea–Tac, reading: Will the Last Person Leaving Seattle—Turn Out the Lights."](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&File_Id=1287). HistoryLink. June 8, 1999. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160718222609/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?displaypage=output.cfm&file_id=1287) July 18, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007. The real estate agents were Bob McDonald and Jim Youngren, as cited at Don Duncan, *Washington: the First One Hundred Years*, 1889–1989 (Seattle: The Seattle Times, 1989), 108, 109–110; *The Seattle Times*, February 25, 1986, p. A3; Ronald R. Boyce, *Seattle–Tacoma and the Southern Sound* (Bozeman, Montana: Northwest Panorama Publishing, 1986), 99; Walt Crowley, *Rites of Passage: A Memoir of the Sixties in Seattle* (Seattle: [University of Washington Press](/source/University_of_Washington_Press), 1995), 297.

1. ["Chicago's got the headquarters, but Seattle's still Jet City, USA"](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002876673_boeingimage20.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. March 21, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110717022228/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2002876673_boeingimage20.html) July 17, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

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1. Engleman, Eric (October 3, 2004). ["State's largest credit union grows by distancing itself from Boeing name"](https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2004/10/04/focus1.html). *Puget Sound Business Journal*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210623221351/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/stories/2004/10/04/focus1.html) June 23, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2021.

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1. Strategic Planning Office (March 2011). ["Basic Population and Housing Unit Characteristics: Decennial Census"](http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpdd016816.pdf). City of Seattle. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131218193710/http://www.seattle.gov/dpd/cs/groups/pan/@pan/documents/web_informational/dpdd016816.pdf) December 18, 2013 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 28, 2014.

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1. ["Ted Turner's Goodwill Games open in Seattle on July 20, 1990."](http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5658). HistoryLink. February 25, 2004. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071028062905/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=5658) October 28, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. Friedman, Thomas L. (November 21, 1993). ["The Pacific Summit: Leaders at Summit Seek Strong Pacific Community"](https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/21/world/the-pacific-summit-leaders-at-summit-seek-strong-pacific-community.html). *The New York Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210504062216/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/11/21/world/the-pacific-summit-leaders-at-summit-seek-strong-pacific-community.html) May 4, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 3, 2021.

1. Pray, D., Helvey-Pray Productions (1996). *[Hype!](/source/Hype!)*. Republic Pictures.

1. Fox, David J. (June 28, 1993). ["'Sleepless' Surprises Hollywood : Movies: Romantic comedy opens with a strong $17 million; 'Last Action Hero' falls 50% at box office. 'Jurassic Park' collects another $28 million. – latimes"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-28-ca-8080-story.html). Articles.latimes.com. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210123145732/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-06-28-ca-8080-story.html) January 23, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 29, 2015.

1. ["The Dot-Com Bubble Is Reconsidered – And Maybe Relived"](https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116294042194116133). *The Wall Street Journal*. November 8, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210309102422/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB116294042194116133) March 9, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Gomes considers the bubble to have ended with the peak of the March 2000 peak of [NASDAQ](/source/NASDAQ).

1. ["The Bubble Bowl"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171759/http://www.forbes.com/2005/01/27/cx_de_0127bubblebowl.html). *Forbes*. January 27, 2005. Archived from [the original](https://www.forbes.com/2005/01/27/cx_de_0127bubblebowl.html) on March 3, 2016. Retrieved October 4, 2007. Ewalt refers to the advertising on [Super Bowl XXXIV](/source/Super_Bowl_XXXIV) (January 2000) as "the dot-com bubble's Waterloo".

1. ["Protests against the World Trade Organization (WTO) continue on December 1, 1999."](http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2141). HistoryLink. March 1, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210226140058/https://www.historylink.org/File/2141) February 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 1, 2007.

1. ["Double dose of woe strikes historic Seattle neighborhood"](http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/03/01/quake.pioneersq/index.html). CNN. March 1, 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210225094133/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/US/03/01/quake.pioneersq/index.html) February 25, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 11, 2008.

1. Rosenberg, Mike (December 30, 2016). ["Seattle's record apartment boom is ready to explode; what it means for rents"](https://www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/seattles-record-apartment-boom-is-ready-to-explode/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210126075832/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/seattles-record-apartment-boom-is-ready-to-explode/) January 26, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 11, 2018.

1. Rosenberg, Mike (March 10, 2017). ["Record construction frenzy sweeps downtown Seattle; more building to come"](http://www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/record-construction-frenzy-sweeps-downtown-seattle-with-more-building-to-come/). *seattletimes.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210515211228/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/real-estate/record-construction-frenzy-sweeps-downtown-seattle-with-more-building-to-come/) May 15, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 27, 2017.

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1. ["Seattle the next Saint-Tropez? Not quite, but Mediterranean climate trends continue"](https://q13fox.com/2018/06/07/seattle-the-next-saint-tropez-not-quite-but-mediterranean-climate-trends-continue/). *Q13 FOX News*. June 8, 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190330205711/https://q13fox.com/2018/06/07/seattle-the-next-saint-tropez-not-quite-but-mediterranean-climate-trends-continue/) March 30, 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 1, 2018.

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1. ["3 Concept and classification"](http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm). *Global ecological zoning for the global forest resources assessment 2000*. Rome: UN Food and Agriculture Organization. Forestry Department. 2001. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100721040959/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/ad652e/ad652e07.htm) July 21, 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 30, 2011.

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1. ["National Climatic Data Center: Cloudiness – Mean Number of Days"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120531113038/http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from [the original](http://lwf.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/online/ccd/cldy.html) on May 31, 2012.

1. ["What Is The Olympic Rain Shadow?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151106104412/http://www.komonews.com/weather/faq/4306627.html). KOMOTV.com. October 4, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.komonews.com/weather/faq/4306627.html) on November 6, 2015. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. ["Mean Number of Days with Precipitation 0.01 Inch or More"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130928081654/http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/prge0112.txt). NOAA Satellites and Information. Archived from [the original](http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/ccd-data/prge0112.txt) on September 28, 2013.

1. ["About Seattle - OPCD - seattle.gov"](https://www.seattle.gov/opcd/population-and-demographics/about-seattle#raceethnicity). *www.seattle.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210512144316/http://www.seattle.gov/opcd/population-and-demographics/about-seattle#raceethnicity) May 12, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 15, 2018.

1. ["Data.Census.Gov - B03002 Hispanic or Latino Origin by Race, Seattle city, Washington"](https://data.census.gov/table/ACSDT1Y2024.B03002?q=Race+and+Ethnicity&g=160XX00US5363000&y=2024). U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved December 8, 2025.

1. ["Data.Census.Gov - P9HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE, Seattle city, Washington"](https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.P9?q=seattle&t=Race+and+Ethnicity). U.S. Census Bureau. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20251220165432/https://data.census.gov/table/DECENNIALDHC2020.P9?q=seattle&t=Race%20and%20Ethnicity) December 20, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 8, 2025.

1. ["Seattle (city), Washington"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140327122349/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/53/5363000.html). *State & County QuickFacts*. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/53/5363000.html) on March 27, 2014. Retrieved April 26, 2014.

1. ["Historical Census Statistics On Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For Large Cities And Other Urban Places in the United States"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120812191959/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0076/twps0076.html) on August 12, 2012. Retrieved December 18, 2011.

1. Bear, Charla (June 29, 2012). ["Why is Seattle such a white city?"](http://www.kpluwonders.org/content/why-seattle-such-white-city). KPLU. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201112031205/http://www.kpluwonders.org/content/why-seattle-such-white-city) November 12, 2020 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 30, 2012.

1. [Race, Hispanic or Latino, Age, and Housing Occupancy: 2010 more information 2010 Census Redistricting Data (Public Law 94-171) Summary File](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20151023151502/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml) . Factfinder2census.gov. (2010). Retrieved December 30, 2011.

1. ["Overview of Race and Hispanic Origin: 2010"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110429214029/http://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf). Census.gov. Archived from [the original](https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-02.pdf) on April 29, 2011. Retrieved October 13, 2013.

1. ["Seattle in Focus: A Profile from Census 2000"](http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2003/11/livingcities-seattle). The Brookings Institution. November 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055855/http://www.brookings.edu/research/reports/2003/11/livingcities-seattle) March 4, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. ["Vietnamese American Population"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070818064844/http://www.vatv.org/VAP.html). Archived from [the original](http://www.vatv.org/VAP.html) on August 18, 2007. Retrieved August 17, 2007.

1. ["Translation Seattle"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131019142928/http://www.lingo-star.com/seattle-translation-services). Lingo-Star. Archived from [the original](http://www.lingo-star.com/seattle-translation-services) on October 19, 2013. Retrieved August 24, 2013.

1. Turnbull, Lornet (September 17, 2004), ["1,500 Cambodian refugees face deportation for crimes"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20040917/cambodia17m/1500-cambodian-refugees-face-deportation-for-crimes), *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*, [ISSN 0745-9696](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-9696), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080501084442/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20040917&slug=cambodia17m) May 1, 2008 at the Wayback Machine

1. ["Puget Sound's Samoan community awaits news"](https://web.archive.org/web/20091003114558/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009969267_samoaside30m.html). *The Seattle Times*. September 30, 2009. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009969267_samoaside30m.html) on October 3, 2009. Retrieved April 26, 2012.

1. ["This is who I am: Defining mixed-race identity"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120112022838/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008210083_biracial280.html). *The Seattle Times*. September 28, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008210083_biracial280.html) on January 12, 2012. Retrieved March 12, 2012.

1. ["Southeast Seattle ZIP Code 98118: Neighborhood of Nations"](http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=10164). HistoryLink.org Essay 10164. August 13, 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160606064935/http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=output.cfm&file_id=10164) June 6, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 10, 2014.

1. U.S. Census Bureau. ["2018 ACS 1-Year Estimates"](https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US53_1600000US5363000&t=Income%20and%20Poverty&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1703&hidePreview=false&vintage=2018&layer=VT_2018_160_00_PY_D1&cid=S1701_C01_001E). *data.census.gov*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301143556/https://data.census.gov/cedsci/table?g=0400000US53_1600000US5363000&t=Income%20and%20Poverty&tid=ACSST1Y2018.S1703&hidePreview=false&vintage=2018&layer=VT_2018_160_00_PY_D1&cid=S1701_C01_001E) March 1, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved June 7, 2020.

1. ["A Roof Over Every Bed in King County" within ten years"](https://web.archive.org/web/20081217143216/http://www.cehkc.org/DOC_plan/10-YearPlanFinal.pdf). The Committee to End Homelessness in King County. Archived from [the original](http://www.cehkc.org/DOC_plan/10-YearPlanFinal.pdf) on December 17, 2008. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. ["Council Adopts Strategies to Implement "Ten-Year Plan to End Homelessness""](https://web.archive.org/web/20070121232911/http://www.metrokc.gov/mkcc/news/2005/0905/Ten_Year_Plan.htm). King County. September 19, 2005. Archived from [the original](http://www.metrokc.gov/mkcc/news/2005/0905/Ten_Year_Plan.htm) on January 21, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. Young, Bob (August 15, 2006), ["Nickels backs 60% increase in city's population by 2040"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20060815/population15m/nickels-backs-60-increase-in-citys-population-by-2040), *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*, [ISSN 0745-9696](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0745-9696), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090705130928/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20060815&slug=population15m) July 5, 2009 at the Wayback Machine Seattle has added about 4,000 residents a year over the past 16 years. If the city did nothing, planners predict it would gain 200,000 residents by 2040.

1. ["High-rise boom coming to Seattle?"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071104000943/http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=buildingheights04m&date=20060404&query=height+limits). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. April 4, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://archives.seattletimes.nwsource.com/cgi-bin/texis.cgi/web/vortex/display?slug=buildingheights04m&date=20060404&query=height+limits) on November 4, 2007. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. Talton, Jon (March 17, 2012). ["Seattle blessed by downtown's upswing"](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/jontalton/2017770353_biztaltoncol18.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120712041754/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/jontalton/2017770353_biztaltoncol18.html) July 12, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 24, 2012.

1. Balk, Gene (May 26, 2022). ["Seattle's population dropped, but another King County city saw fastest growth in WA"](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/while-seattles-population-declined-another-king-county-city-saw-fastest-growth-in-wa/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://archive.today/20221018171852/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/data/while-seattles-population-declined-another-king-county-city-saw-fastest-growth-in-wa/) October 18, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved July 29, 2022.

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1. ["Same-sex Couples and the Gay, Lesbian, Bisexual Population: New Estimates from the American Community Survey"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130609015224/http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf). UCLA School of Law. October 2006. Archived from [the original](http://williamsinstitute.law.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/Gates-Same-Sex-Couples-GLB-Pop-ACS-Oct-2006.pdf) on June 9, 2013. Retrieved November 21, 2012.

1. ["Seattle overtakes San Francisco as No. 1 city for gay couples"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131023032316/http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2013/09/27/seattle-overtakes-san-francisco-as-no-1-city-for-gay-couples/). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. September 27, 2013. Archived from [the original](http://blogs.seattletimes.com/fyi-guy/2013/09/27/seattle-overtakes-san-francisco-as-no-1-city-for-gay-couples) on October 23, 2013. Retrieved October 24, 2013.

1. ["How did Capitol Hill become Seattle's gay neighborhood?"](https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/How-did-Seattle-s-Capitol-Hill-come-out-9223667.php). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. September 15, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20171222143528/https://www.seattlepi.com/seattlenews/article/How-did-Seattle-s-Capitol-Hill-come-out-9223667.php) December 22, 2017 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 14, 2020.

1. Freitas, Richard (2017). [*"The Land at Our Feet": Preserving Pioneer Square's Queer Landscape*](https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/PreservingPioneerSqQueerLandscape_Freitas_Thesis_2017.pdf) (Master of Landscape Architecture). Seattle, Washington: Washington State Department of Archaeology & Historic Preservation. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250512065622/https://dahp.wa.gov/sites/default/files/PreservingPioneerSqQueerLandscape_Freitas_Thesis_2017.pdf) May 12, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2025-05-05.

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1. ["Gross Metropolitan Product"](https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTableHtml.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7001=2200&7002=2&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=1&7006=XX&7007=2010). U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis. September 29, 2011. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222224/https://apps.bea.gov/iTable/?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7001=2200&7002=2&7003=200&7004=NAICS&7005=1&7006=XX&7007=2010) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 13, 2011.

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1. Roberts, C.R. (August 4, 2015). ["Tacoma, Seattle ports agree on final Northwest Seaport Alliance details"](http://www.thenewstribune.com/news/business/port-of-tacoma/article29998869.html). *The News Tribune*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222229/https://www.thenewstribune.com/news/business/port-of-tacoma/article29998869.html) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved March 11, 2017.

1. Clark, Kate (December 30, 2019). ["In the shadow of Amazon and Microsoft, Seattle startups are having a moment"](https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/30/in-the-shadow-of-amazon-and-microsoft-seattle-startups-are-having-a-moment/). *[TechCrunch](/source/TechCrunch)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222745/https://techcrunch.com/2019/12/30/in-the-shadow-of-amazon-and-microsoft-seattle-startups-are-having-a-moment/) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved August 17, 2020.

1. ["Council Wants City to Go Carbon Neutral in 20 Years"](https://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2010/2/22/council-wants-city-to-go-carbon-neutral-in-20-years). SeattleMet. February 22, 2010. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180509221045/https://www.seattlemet.com/articles/2010/2/22/council-wants-city-to-go-carbon-neutral-in-20-years) May 9, 2018 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved February 1, 2017.

1. ["Fortune 500"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190115060417/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/). *Fortune*. 2017. Archived from [the original](http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/) on January 15, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2017.

1. ["The List; Seattle: An Insider's Address Book"](https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B0DEEDD1230F93AA1575AC0A9649C8B63). *The New York Times*. September 29, 2002. Retrieved October 21, 2001. Seattle's coffee culture has become America's

1. ["Starbucks Company Profile"](http://www.starbucks.com/assets/company-profile-feb10.pdf). Starbucks. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110716131427/http://www.starbucks.com/assets/company-profile-feb10.pdf) July 16, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. *Pike Place Market Cookbook*. Sasquatch Books. 2003. p. 195. ISBN 978-1-57061-319-7.

1. ["Markets prompt Tully's to delay IPO"](http://seattlepi.com/business/327672_tullyipo16.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. August 15, 2007. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. Clarridge, Christine (December 2, 2021). ["Seattle is the No. 1 coffee city! Or wait, are we third? Why we even care"](https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-is-the-no-1-coffee-city-or-wait-are-we-third-why-we-even-care/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250723050956/https://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/seattle-is-the-no-1-coffee-city-or-wait-are-we-third-why-we-even-care/) July 23, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. Gates, Dominic (April 6, 2021). ["Boeing puts up for sale its Commercial Airplanes headquarters campus outside Seattle"](https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeing-puts-up-for-sale-its-commercial-airplanes-headquarters-campus-outside-seattle/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210413073125/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/boeing-aerospace/boeing-puts-up-for-sale-its-commercial-airplanes-headquarters-campus-outside-seattle/) April 13, 2021 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved May 22, 2021.

1. ["Locke Unveils Boeing 7E7 Tax Cut Wish List"](http://www.komotv.com/news/archive/4095196.html). KOMO. July 24, 2009. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140116223035/http://www.komonews.com/news/archive/4095196.html) January 16, 2014 at the Wayback Machine.

1. ["The Billion-Dollar Neighborhood"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116000540/http://www.seattleweekly.com/2004-06-23/news/the-billion-dollar-neighborhood/). *Seattle Weekly*. June 23, 2004. Archived from [the original](http://www.seattleweekly.com/2004-06-23/news/the-billion-dollar-neighborhood/) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. ["Most Overpriced Places in the U.S. 2005"](https://www.forbes.com/2005/07/14/overpriced-cities-lifestyle-cx_sc_0715home_ls.html). *Forbes*. July 14, 2005. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20071115180405/http://www.forbes.com/2005/07/14/overpriced-cities-lifestyle-cx_sc_0715home_ls.html) November 15, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. Lane, Edwin (June 22, 2016). ["Seattle's great minimum wage experiment"](https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36548374). *BBC News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240705033408/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-36548374) July 5, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. Fu, Jessica (December 31, 2024). ["Seattle minimum wage hits $20.76 an hour — and it's not the area's highest"](https://www.seattletimes.com/business/seattle-minimum-wage-hits-20-76-an-hour-and-its-not-the-areas-highest/). *The Seattle Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250724130222/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/seattle-minimum-wage-hits-20-76-an-hour-and-its-not-the-areas-highest/) July 24, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. Sanford, Nate (March 31, 2025). ["How Seattle's record-high minimum wage has — and hasn't — paid off"](https://www.cascadepbs.org/politics/2025/03/how-seattles-record-high-minimum-wage-has-and-hasnt-paid/). *Cascade PBS News*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20250923223512/https://www.cascadepbs.org/politics/2025/03/how-seattles-record-high-minimum-wage-has-and-hasnt-paid/) September 23, 2025 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 17, 2026.

1. ["Media Contacts: Alaska Airlines"](http://www.alaskasworld.com/Newsroom/ASnews/media.asp). Alaska Airlines. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20120809010537/http://www.alaskaair.com/content/about-us/newsroom/media-contacts.aspx) August 9, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 11, 2008.

1. ["Infographics"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160428144850/http://www.wghalliance.org/WhatWeDo/WashingtonGlobalHealthLandscapeStudy/Infographics.aspx). *www.wghalliance.org*. Archived from [the original](http://www.wghalliance.org/WhatWeDo/WashingtonGlobalHealthLandscapeStudy/Infographics.aspx) on April 28, 2016. Retrieved February 15, 2016.

1. ["Community Events"](http://www.seafair.com/events/community/). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070625125907/http://www.seafair.com/events/community/) June 25, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 20, 2007.

1. ["About"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160908155251/http://www.seattlesymphony.org/about). Seattle Symphony Orchestra. Archived from [the original](http://seattlesymphony.org/about) on September 8, 2016. Retrieved October 21, 2015.

1. ["About"](https://www.pnb.org/aboutpnb/). Pacific Northwest Ballet. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20221211223001/https://www.pnb.org/aboutpnb/) December 11, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved December 11, 2022.

1. ["Met Opera and Seattle Opera to Co-Produce Gluck's Final Operatic Masterpiece "Iphigénie en Tauride""](http://www.seattleopera.org/_downloads/press/releases/IphDEC06.pdf). *Press release*. [Metropolitan Opera](/source/Metropolitan_Opera). December 18, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222745/http://www.seattleopera.org/_downloads/press/releases/IphDEC06.pdf) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007. This press release from New York's Metropolitan Opera describes the Seattle Opera as "one of the leading opera companies in the United States... recognized internationally..."

1. ["Wagner"](http://www.seattleopera.org/discover/wagner/index.aspx). Seattle Opera. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121015111033/http://seattleopera.org/discover/wagner/index.aspx) October 15, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. ["Seattle Opera's First International Wagner Competition Announces Winners"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080417034804/http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/5090.html). *Playbill Arts*. August 21, 2006. Archived from [the original](http://www.playbillarts.com/news/article/5090.html) on April 17, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. Tracy, Allison (August 11, 2006). ["Master's spinoff is coming to the Pillow"](https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-berkshire-eagle-pnb-top-three/123457411/). *The Berkshire Eagle*. p. 35. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230424175321/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-berkshire-eagle-pnb-top-three/123457411/) April 24, 2023 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved April 24, 2023.

1. ["Home page"](http://www.syso.org/). SYSO. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121014012553/http://www.syso.org/) October 14, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. Hahn, Sumi [Seattle Chamber Music Society's summer festivals: for newbies and longtime fans](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thearts/2008030884_chamber060.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081011174333/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/thearts/2008030884_chamber060.html) October 11, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. The Seattle Times, July 6, 2008. Retrieved December 30, 2011.

1. ["Fifth (5th) Avenue Theatre"](http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3750). HistoryLink. April 21, 2002. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070313231134/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=3750) March 13, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 19, 2007.

1. Examples of local talent are Billy Joe Huels (lead singer of the Dusty 45s) starring in *[Buddy – The Buddy Holly Story](/source/Buddy_%E2%80%93_The_Buddy_Holly_Story)* and [Sarah Rudinoff](/source/Sarah_Rudinoff) in *[Wonderful Town](/source/Wonderful_Town)*. National-level stars include [Stephen Lynch](/source/Stephen_Lynch_(musician)) in *[The Wedding Singer](/source/The_Wedding_Singer_(musical))*, which went on to Broadway and [Cathy Rigby](/source/Cathy_Rigby) in *[Peter Pan](/source/Peter_Pan_(1954_musical))* ["Eager-to-please new musical raids the 1980s"](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/theaterarts/2002797878_wedding11.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. February 11, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110622071513/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/theaterarts/2002797878_wedding11.html) June 22, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 25, 2007.

1. ["Old Timers, New Theater"](http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=496361). The Stranger. January 31, 2008. p. 27. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080306121955/http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=496361) March 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 9, 2009. "around 100 theater companies ... Twenty-eight have some sort of [Actors' Equity](/source/Actors'_Equity) contract ..."

1. "Theater Calendar". The Stranger. October 18, 2007. p. 45. This lists 23 distinct venues in Seattle hosting live theater (in the narrow sense) that week; it also lists 7 other venues hosting [burlesque](/source/Burlesque) or [cabaret](/source/Cabaret), and three hosting [improv](/source/Improvisational_theatre). In any given week, some theaters are "dark".

1. ["A new wave of fringe theater groups hits Seattle"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510041011/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002557462_fringe16.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. February 16, 2005. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2002557462_fringe16.html) on May 10, 2011. Retrieved October 26, 2007. This article mentions five fringe theater groups that were new at that time, each with a venue.

1. *Pacific Northwest*. Lonely Planet. 2002. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-86450-377-7.

1. ["Where culture goes to town"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071217064522/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002193046_townhall01m.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. March 1, 2005. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002193046_townhall01m.html) on December 17, 2007. Retrieved October 19, 2007.

1. ["Rock Music – Seattle"](http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2374). HistoryLink. May 4, 2000. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080506225917/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2374) May 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 3, 2007.

1. Staff, EverOut. ["The Stranger's Guide to Live Music and Dancing in Seattle"](https://www.thestranger.com/stranger-things-to-do/2018/06/20/27936231/your-guide-to-live-music-and-dancing-in-seattle). *The Stranger*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240623035431/https://www.thestranger.com/stranger-things-to-do/2018/06/20/27936231/your-guide-to-live-music-and-dancing-in-seattle) June 23, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-10-26.

1. ["Skip your commute for a 'Traffic Jam' with a twist, a Hip Hop & Spoken Word Mashup at City Hall, Aug. 16"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121019021126/http://www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=7593&deptID=1). City of Seattle. August 2, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://www.seattle.gov/arts/news/press_releases.asp?prID=7593&deptID=1) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

1. ["Indie and Team Semis results"](http://www.austinslam.com/nps06/). National Poetry Slam 2006. August 12, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060830062934/http://www.austinslam.com/nps06/) August 30, 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

1. ["Home"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121024063114/http://seattlepoetryslam.org/). Seattle Poetry Slam. Archived from [the original](http://www.seattlepoetryslam.org/) on October 24, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

1. ["Eleventh Hour's volunteers deserve credit for a strong poetry fest revival"](https://archive.today/20120719044214/http://seattlepi.com/books/312352_poetry20.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. August 19, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://seattlepi.com/books/312352_poetry20.html) on July 19, 2012. Retrieved October 6, 2007.

1. ["Now showing in Seattle: an explosion of indie theaters"](http://www.seattlepi.com/movies/177098_littletheaters10.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. June 10, 2004. Retrieved January 9, 2009.

1. ["Looking back at Cinerama format"](https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/20030228/cinerama28/looking-back-at-cinerama-format). *The Seattle Times*. February 23, 2003. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110513162744/http://community.seattletimes.nwsource.com/archive/?date=20030228&slug=cinerama28) May 13, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved January 9, 2009.

1. ["Everything SIFF"](http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=34784). The Stranger. May 25–31, 2006. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070920182913/http://www.thestranger.com/seattle/Content?oid=34784) September 20, 2007 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 28, 2007.

1. ["Rains wash records away"](https://web.archive.org/web/20071104004845/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003801605_rain23m.html). *[The Seattle Times](/source/The_Seattle_Times)*. July 23, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2003801605_rain23m.html) on November 4, 2007. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

1. ["Where there's smoke, there's Hempfest"](https://archive.today/20120722181856/http://seattlepi.com/local/328174_hempfest18.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. August 14, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://seattlepi.com/local/328174_hempfest18.html) on July 22, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

1. ["Report from Bumbershoot: Monday: Strong attendance, but not a record: 8:30 pm"](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003866959_webbumbermon.html). *The Seattle Times*. September 3, 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20081206152058/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/entertainment/2003866959_webbumbermon.html) December 6, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

1. ["Marchers soak in the sun, gay pride"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120417200643/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008024792_gayparade30m.html). *The Seattle Times*. June 30, 2008. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2008024792_gayparade30m.html) on April 17, 2012.

1. ["Create Your Seattle Center Experience"](http://seattlecenter.com/events/festivals/festal/default.asp). Seattle Center. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110429202507/http://seattlecenter.com/events/festivals/festal/default.asp) April 29, 2011 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 21, 2007.

1. ["Home page"](http://www.seattlebookfair.com/). The Seattle Antiquarian Book Fair & Book Arts Show. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121005124720/http://www.seattlebookfair.com/) October 5, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 26, 2007.

1. ["Sakura-Con English-language site"](http://www.sakuracon.org/index.php?langset=e). Asia Northwest Cultural Education Association. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121014035947/http://www.sakuracon.org/index.php?langset=e) October 14, 2012 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 25, 2007. Relevant information is on "Location" and "History" pages.

1. ["Video games rule at Penny Arcade Expo"](https://archive.today/20120715111531/http://seattlepi.com/videogames/329002_penny25.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. August 24, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://seattlepi.com/videogames/329002_penny25.html) on July 15, 2012. Retrieved October 26, 2007.

1. ["9,000 bicyclists ready to ride in annual event"](https://archive.today/20120714054213/http://seattlepi.com/local/323722_bikeride14.html). *Seattle Post-Intelligencer*. July 13, 2007. Archived from [the original](http://seattlepi.com/local/323722_bikeride14.html) on July 14, 2012. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

1. ["Home page"](https://web.archive.org/web/20070702110504/http://www.seattlequeerfilm.org/). Three Dollar Bill Cinema. Archived from [the original](http://seattlequeerfilm.org/) on July 2, 2007. Retrieved October 25, 2007.

1. ["Seattle Film Office: Filming in Seattle: Film Events and Festivals"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110510091238/http://www.seattle.gov/filmoffice/festivals.htm). Office of Film and Music. Archived from [the original](http://www.seattle.gov/filmoffice/festivals.htm) on May 10, 2011. Retrieved February 23, 2011.

1. ["About the Henry"](https://henryart.org/about/about-the-henry). Henry Art Gallery. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20240907222724/https://henryart.org/about/about-the-henry) September 7, 2024 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2015.

1. ["Seattle Art Museum opens in Volunteer Park on June 23, 1933."](http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2082). HistoryLink. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20080609065848/http://www.historylink.org/essays/output.cfm?file_id=2082) June 9, 2008 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 9, 2007.

1. ["Seattle Parks Department official site"](http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/OlympicSculpturePark.htm). City of Seattle. 2013. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160401070320/http://www.seattle.gov/parks/parkspaces/OlympicSculpturePark.htm) April 1, 2016 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 20, 2023.

1. ["Frye Art Museum"](http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/karlins/seattle-frye-museum6-28-11.asp). Artnet. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220920170502/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/reviews/karlins/seattle-frye-museum6-28-11.asp) September 20, 2022 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved September 20, 2023.

1. Scott, Carrie E. A. ["And the Galleries Marched in Two by Two"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140702105713/http://www.carrie-scott.com/articles/two-by-two/). CS&P Art Advisory. Archived from [the original](http://www.carrie-scott.com/articles/two-by-two/) on July 2, 2014.

1. ["About SOIL"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130116003616/http://soilart.org/about/index.htm). SOIL Gallery. Archived from [the original](http://soilart.org/about/index.htm) on January 16, 2013. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

1. ["About the gallery"](http://crawlspacegallery.com/aboutgallery.htm). Crawl Space Gallery. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20060906024817/http://crawlspacegallery.com/aboutgallery.htm) September 6, 2006 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved October 27, 2007.

1. ["The Seattle Great Wheel opens to a big crowd"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120630184316/http://www.seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2018564435_wheel30m.html). *The Seattle Times*. June 29, 2012. Archived from [the original](http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2018564435_wheel30m.html) on June 30, 2012. Retrieved June 30, 2012.

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## Bibliography

- Jones, Nard (1972). *Seattle*. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-01875-3.
- Morgan, Murray (1982 [1951]). *Skid Road: an Informal Portrait of Seattle*. revised and updated, first illustrated ed. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95846-0.
- Ochsner, Jeffrey Karl (ed.) (1998 [1994]). *Shaping Seattle Architecture: A Historical Guide to the Architects*. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-97366-1.
- Sale, Roger (1976). [*Seattle: Past to Present*](https://archive.org/details/seattlepasttopre00sale). Seattle and London: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-95615-2.
- Speidel, William C. (1978). [*Doc Maynard: The Man Who Invented Seattle*](https://archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196). Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. [196–197, 200](https://archive.org/details/docmaynardmanwho00spei/page/196). ISBN 978-0-914890-02-7.
- Speidel, William C. (1967). [*Sons of the profits; or, There's no business like grow business: the Seattle story, 1851–1901*](https://archive.org/details/sonsofprofitsort00spei/page/196). Seattle: Nettle Creek Publishing Company. pp. [196–197, 200](https://archive.org/details/sonsofprofitsort00spei/page/196). ISBN 978-0-914890-00-3.

## Further reading

- Klingle, Matthew (2007). *Emerald City: An Environmental History of Seattle*. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-11641-0.
- MacGibbon, Elma (1904). ["Seattle, the city of destiny"](http://www.secstate.wa.gov/history/publications%5Fdetail.aspx?p=63). *Leaves of knowledge*. Shaw & Borden. [OCLC 61326250](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/61326250)
- Pierce, J. Kingston (2003). *Eccentric Seattle: Pillars and Pariahs Who Made the City Not Such a Boring Place After All*. Pullman, Washington: Washington State University Press. ISBN 978-0-87422-269-2.
- Sanders, Jeffrey Craig. *Seattle and the Roots of Urban Sustainability: Inventing Ecotopia* (University of Pittsburgh Press; 2010) 288 pages; the rise of environmental activism

## External links

- [Historylink.org](http://www.historylink.org/), history of Seattle and Washington
- [Seattle Photographs from the University of Washington Digital Collections](http://content.lib.washington.edu/seattleweb/index.html)
- [Seattle Historic Photograph Collection from the Seattle Public Library](http://cdm15015.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15015coll4) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131023064210/http://cdm15015.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/landingpage/collection/p15015coll4) October 23, 2013 at the Wayback Machine
- [Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project](http://depts.washington.edu/civilr/index.htm)
- [Seattle, a National Park Service *Discover Our Shared Heritage* Travel Itinerary](https://web.archive.org/web/20070615032507/http://www.nps.gov/history/NR/travel/seattle/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Seattle](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seattle?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.