# Scutula

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{{Short description|Genus of fungi}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image =
| image_caption =
| taxon = Scutula
| authority = [Tul.](/source/Tul.) (1852)
| type_species = ''[Scutula wallrothii](/source/Scutula_wallrothii)''
| type_species_authority = Tul. (1852)
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivisions =
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy"/>
| synonyms = *''Hollosia'' <small>[Gyeln.](/source/Gyeln.) (1939)</small>
}}

'''''Scutula''''' is a genus of [lichenicolous fungi](/source/lichenicolous_fungi) in the family [Ramalinaceae](/source/Ramalinaceae).

==Taxonomy==
The genus ''Scutula'' was [circumscribed](/source/circumscription_(taxonomy)) by French botanist [Louis René Étienne Tulasne](/source/Louis_Ren%C3%A9_%C3%89tienne_Tulasne) in 1862.<ref name="Tulasne 1852"/> The limits of the generic circumscription as well as the limits of certain species in ''Scutula'' was confused for a long time.<ref name="Santesson 1960"/><ref name="Hawksworth 1986"/><ref name="Hawksworth 2000"/><ref name="Hawksworth 2003"/> In 1997, Triebel and colleagues applied the name ''Scutula'' specifically to a group of species growing on [hosts](/source/host_(biology)) of the [Lecanorales](/source/Lecanorales) suborder Peltigerineae, a [monophyletic](/source/monophyletic) grouping of [cyanobacteria](/source/cyanobacteria)-associated lichens.<ref name="Triebel et al. 1997"/> Before this, ''Scutula'' was applied to a diverse set of unrelated lichenicolous fungi featuring [hyaline](/source/hyaline) spores with a single [septum](/source/septum) and [sessile](/source/sessility_(botany)) apothecia.<ref name="Wedin et al. 2007"/>

Once classified in the family Micareaceae, [molecular phylogenetic](/source/molecular_phylogenetic) analysis showed ''Scutula'' to be nested within the [Ramalinaceae](/source/Ramalinaceae), closely related to the genus ''[Toninia](/source/Toninia)''.<ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005"/> This familial placement has been accepted in recent large-scale updates of fungal classifications.<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2017"/><ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020"/>

==Description==
''Scutula'' species are characterized by [apothecia](/source/apothecium) that are either lecideine (where [exciple](/source/exciple) forms the underside and outer layer of the apothecium, extending up to the rim, where it forms a darkened "proper margin") or biatorine (having a pale, not darkened proper margin and always lacking a [thalline](/source/thallus) margin). The [paraphyses](/source/paraphyses) are non-capitate (i.e., lacking a knob-like structure at the tip). [Asci](/source/ascus) have a fuzzy [amyloid](/source/amyloid_(mycology)) (in Lugol's iodine solution after pre-treatment with KOH) axial tube structure of the ‘Scutula’-type. The [ascospore](/source/ascospore)s are smooth, [hyaline](/source/hyaline), and contain a single septum. [Anamorph](/source/Anamorph)s associated with ''Scutula'' include ''Libertiella'' in the mesoconidia and ''Karsteniomyces'' in the macroconidia.<ref name="Wedin et al. 2007"/>

==Species==
*''[Scutula aggregata](/source/Scutula_aggregata)'' <small>Bagl. & Carestia (1889)</small>
*''[Scutula circumspecta](/source/Scutula_circumspecta)'' <small>(Nyl. ex Vain.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)</small>
*''[Scutula curvispora](/source/Scutula_curvispora)'' <small>(D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (2018)</small>
*''[Scutula dedicata](/source/Scutula_dedicata)'' <small>Triebel, Wedin & Rambold (1997)</small><ref name="Triebel et al. 1997"/>
*''[Scutula didymospora](/source/Scutula_didymospora)'' <small>(D.Hawksw. & Miadl.) Diederich (2018)</small>
*''[Scutula effusa](/source/Scutula_effusa)'' <small>(Auersw. ex Rabenh.) Kistenich, Timdal, Bendiksby & S.Ekman (2018)</small>
*''[Scutula epiblastematica](/source/Scutula_epiblastematica)'' <small>(Wallr.) Rehm (1890)</small>
*''[Scutula heeri](/source/Scutula_heeri)'' <small>(Hepp ex A.Massal.) P. Karst. (1885)</small>
*''[Scutula krempelhuberi](/source/Scutula_krempelhuberi)'' <small>Körb. (1865)</small>
*''[Scutula miliaris](/source/Scutula_miliaris)'' <small>(Wallr.) P.Karst. (1853)</small>
*''[Scutula nephromatis](/source/Scutula_nephromatis)'' <small>(Speg.) Etayo (2008)</small>
*''[Scutula pseudocyphellariae](/source/Scutula_pseudocyphellariae)'' <small>Etayo & Triebel (2010)</small><ref name="Etayo & Triebel 2010"/>
*''[Scutula solorinaria](/source/Scutula_solorinaria)'' <small>(Nyl.) P.Karst. (1885)</small>
*''[Scutula stereocaulorum](/source/Scutula_stereocaulorum)'' <small>(Anzi) Körb. (1865)</small>
*''[Scutula tuberculosa](/source/Scutula_tuberculosa)'' <small>(Th.Fr.) Rehm (1906)</small>
*''[Scutula wallrothii](/source/Scutula_wallrothii)'' <small>Tul. (1852)</small>

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em|refs=

<ref name="Andersen & Ekman 2005">{{cite journal |last1=Andersen |first1=Heidi L. |last2=Ekman |first2=Stefan |year=2005 |title=Disintegration of the Micareaceae (lichenized Ascomycota)—a molecular phylogeny based on mitochondrial rDNA sequences |journal=Mycological Research |volume=109 |issue=1 |pages=21–30 |doi=10.1017/S0953756204001625 |pmid=15736860}}</ref>

<ref name="Etayo & Triebel 2010">{{cite journal |last1=Etayo |first1=J. |last2=Triebel |first2=D. |year=2010 |title=New and interesting lichenicolous fungi at the Botanische Staatssammlung München |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=42 |issue=3 |pages=231–240 |doi=10.1017/S0024282909990417}}</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth 1986">{{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D.L. |year=1986 |title=Notes on British lichenicolous fungi: V |journal=Notes from the Royal Botanic Garden, Edinburgh |volume=43 |issue=3 |pages=497–519}}</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth 2000">{{cite journal |last=Hawksworth |first=D.L. |year=2000 |title=Notes on some fungi occurring on ''Peltigera'', with a key to accepted species |journal=Transactions of the British Mycological Society |volume=74 |issue=2 |doi=10.1016/S0007-1536(80)80167-7 |pages=363–386 |url=http://www.cybertruffle.org.uk/cyberliber/59351/0074/002/0363.htm}}</ref>

<ref name="Hawksworth 2003">{{cite journal |last1=Hawksworth |first1=D.L. |year=2003 |title=The lichenicolous fungi of Great Britain and Ireland: an overview and annotated checklist |journal=The Lichenologist |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=191–232 |doi=10.1016/S0024-2829(03)00027-6}}</ref>

<ref name="Lücking et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Lücking |first1=Robert |last2=Hodkinson |first2=Brendan P. |last3=Leavitt |first3=Steven D. |year=2017 |title=The 2016 classification of lichenized fungi in the Ascomycota and Basidiomycota–Approaching one thousand genera |journal=The Bryologist |volume=119 |issue=4 |pages=361–416 |doi=10.1639/0007-2745-119.4.361}}</ref>

<ref name="Santesson 1960">{{cite journal |last=Santesson |first=R. |year=1960 |title=Lichenicolous fungi from northern Spain |journal=Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift |volume=54 |issue=4|pages=499–522}}</ref>

<ref name="Species Fungorum synonymy">{{cite web |title= Synonymy: ''Scutula'' Tul. |publisher=Species Fungorum |url=http://www.speciesfungorum.org/Names/SynSpecies.asp?RecordID=4979 |accessdate=May 10, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="Triebel et al. 1997">{{cite journal |last1=Triebel |first1=D. |last2=Wedin |first2=M. |last3=Rambold |first3=G. |year=1997 |title=The genus ''Scutula'' (lichenicolous ascomycetes, Lecanorales): species on the ''Peltigera canina'' and ''P. horizontalis'' groups |journal=Symbolae Botanicae Upsalienses |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=323–337}}</ref>

<ref name="Tulasne 1852">{{cite journal |last=Tulasne |first=L.-R. |year=1852 |title=Mémoire pour servir à l'histoire organographique et physiologique des Lichens |journal=Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botanique |series=Série 3 |volume=17 |page=118 |language=fr |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41556495}}</ref>

<ref name="Wedin et al. 2007">{{cite journal |first1=Mats |last1=Wedin |first2=Per G. |last2=Ihlen  |first3=Dagmar |last3=Triebel |title=''Scutula tuberculosa'', the correct name of the ''Scutula'' growing on ''Solorina'' spp., with a key to ''Scutula'' s. str. in the Northern Hemisphere |journal=The Lichenologist |year=2007 |volume=39 |issue=4 |pages=329–333 |doi=10.1017/S0024282907006949}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2017">{{cite journal |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin N. |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin D. |last3=Lumbsch |first3=H. Thorsten |last4=Liu |first4=Jian Kui |last5=Maharachchikumbura |first5=Sajeewa S. N. |last6=Ekanayaka |first6=Anusha H. |last7=Tian |first7=Qing |last8=Phookamsak |first8=Rungtiwa |year=2018 |title=Outline of Ascomycota: 2017 |journal=Fungal Diversity |volume=88 |issue=1 |pages=167–263 |doi=10.1007/s13225-018-0394-8}}</ref>

<ref name="Wijayawardene et al. 2020">{{cite journal |last1=Wijayawardene |first1=Nalin |last2=Hyde |first2=Kevin |last3=LKT |first3=Al-Ani |last4=S |first4=Dolatabadi |last5=Stadler |first5=Marc |last6=Haelewaters |first6=Danny |last7=Tsurykau |first7=Andrei |last8=Mesic |first8=Armin |last9=Navathe |first9=Sudhir |last10=Papp |first10=Viktor |last11=Oliveira Fiuza |first11=Patrícia |last12=Vázquez |first12=Víctor |last13=Gautam |first13=Ajay |last14=Becerra |first14=Alejandra G. |last15=Ekanayaka |first15=Anusha |last16=K. C. |first16=Rajeshkumar |last17=Bezerra |first17=Jadson |last18=Matočec |first18=Neven |last19=Maharachchikumbura |first19=Sajeewa |last20=Suetrong |first20=Satinee |year=2020 |title=Outline of Fungi and fungus-like taxa |journal=Mycosphere |volume=11 |pages=1060–1456 |doi=10.5943/mycosphere/11/1/8|doi-access=free |hdl=10481/61998 |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q112792}}

Category:Ramalinaceae
Category:Lichenicolous fungi
Category:Lecanorales genera
Category:Taxa named by Charles Tulasne
Category:Taxa described in 1852

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Scutula](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutula) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scutula?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.