# Scholarly method > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Scholarly_method > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Scholarly_method.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method > Source revision: 1352330328 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Body of principles and practices used by scholars and academics to make their claims Not to be confused with [Scholasticism](/source/Scholasticism), [Scholarism](/source/Scholarism), or [Scholarship](/source/Scholarship). This article needs more citations. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: "Scholarly method" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2008) (Learn how and when to remove this message) *Scholar and His Books* by [Gerbrand van den Eeckhout](/source/Gerbrand_van_den_Eeckhout) The **scholarly method** or **scholarship** is the body of [principles](/source/Principle) and [practices](/source/Practice_theory) used by [scholars](/source/Scholar) and [academics](/source/Academy#Academic_personnel) to make their claims about their subjects of expertise. These principles and practices aim to ensure the validity and trustworthiness of the claims, and to disseminate them to the scholarly community. It comprises the methods that systematically advance the [teaching](/source/Teaching), [research](/source/Research), and [practice](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/practice) of a scholarly or academic field of study through [rigorous](/source/Rigour) inquiry. Scholarship is creative, can be documented, replicated, elaborated, and [peer reviewed](/source/Peer-reviewed) through various methods.[1] The scholarly method includes the subcategories of the [scientific method](/source/Scientific_method), with which scientists use to bolster their claims, and the [historical method](/source/Historical_method), which historians use to verify their claims.[2] ## Methods The [historical method](/source/Historical_method) comprises the techniques and guidelines by which [historians](/source/Historian) research [primary sources](/source/Primary_source) and other evidence, and then [write history](/source/Historiography). The question of the nature, and indeed the possibility, of sound historical method is raised in the [philosophy of history](/source/Philosophy_of_history), as a question of [epistemology](/source/Epistemology). History guidelines commonly used by historians in their work require external criticism, internal criticism, and [synthesis](/source/Thesis%2C_antithesis%2C_synthesis). The [empirical method](/source/Empirical_method) is generally taken to mean the collection of data on which to base a [hypothesis](/source/Hypothesis) or derive a conclusion in [science](/source/Science). It is part of the [scientific method](/source/Scientific_method), but is often mistakenly assumed to be synonymous with other methods. The empirical method is not sharply defined and is often contrasted with the precision of experiments, where data emerges from the systematic manipulation of variables. The [experimental method](/source/Experimental_method) investigates [causal](/source/Causality) relationships among [variables](/source/Variable_(mathematics)). An experiment is a cornerstone of the [empirical](/source/Empiricism) approach to acquiring data about the world and is used in both [natural sciences](/source/Natural_science) and [social sciences](/source/Social_science). An experiment can be used to help solve practical problems and to support or negate [theoretical](/source/Theory) assumptions. The scientific method refers to a body of techniques for investigating [phenomena](/source/Phenomenon), acquiring new [knowledge](/source/Knowledge), or correcting and integrating previous knowledge. To be termed scientific, a method of [inquiry](/source/Inquiry) must be based on gathering [observable](/source/Observable), [empirical](/source/Empirical) and measurable [evidence](/source/Evidence) subject to specific principles of [reasoning](/source/Reasoning).[3] A scientific method consists of the collection of [data](/source/Data) through [observation](/source/Observation) and experimentation, and the formulation and testing of hypotheses.[4] ## See also Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Scholarship](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Scholarship)***. Look up ***[scholar](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scholar)***, ***[scholarly](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scholarly)***, or ***[scholarship](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scholarship)*** in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. - [Academic authorship](/source/Academic_authorship) - [Academic discipline](/source/Academic_discipline) - [Academic publishing](/source/Academic_publishing) - [Doctor (title)](/source/Doctor_(title)) - [Ethics](/source/Ethics) - [Historical revisionism](/source/Historical_revisionism) - [History of scholarship](/source/History_of_scholarship) - [Manual of style](/source/Manual_of_style) - [Professor](/source/Professor) - [Source criticism](/source/Source_criticism) - [Urtext edition](/source/Urtext_edition) - *[Wissenschaft](/source/Wissenschaft)* ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Defining Scholarship for the Discipline of Nursing"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120206121442/http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship). *American Association of Colleges of Nursing*. Archived from [the original](http://www.aacn.nche.edu/publications/position/defining-scholarship) on 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-10-15. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** - ["Historical Methods"](https://www.history.ox.ac.uk/historical-methods#collapse622386). *Faculty of History: University of Oxford*. - Andersen, Hanne; Hepburn, Brian (2021). ["Scientific Method"](https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/scientific-method/). *The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy*. Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** [Isaac Newton](/source/Isaac_Newton) (1687, 1713, 1726). "[4] Rules for the study of [natural philosophy](/source/Natural_philosophy)", *[Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica](/source/Philosophiae_Naturalis_Principia_Mathematica)*, Third edition. The General Scholium containing the 4 rules follows Book **3**, *The System of the World*. Reprinted on pages 794-796 of [I. Bernard Cohen](/source/I._Bernard_Cohen) and Anne Whitman's 1999 translation, [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-520-08817-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08817-4), 974 pages. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["scientific method"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/scientific%20method). *Merriam-Webster Dictionary*. v t e Virtues About virtues Endowment Moral character Nicomachean Ethics Positive psychology Trait theory Virtue ethics Virtue families Bodhipakkhiyā dhammā Brahmavihārās Bushidō Catalogue of Vices and Virtues Civic virtue Emi Omo Eso Epistemic virtues Five virtues Four Cardinal Principles and Eight Virtues Intellectual virtues Moral virtues Nine Noble Virtues Omoluwabi Pāramīs Prussian virtues Scout Law Seven virtues Cardinal Theological Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers Three Treasures Values in Action Inventory of Strengths Yamas Individual virtues Accountability Alertness Altruism Authenticity Calmness Charisma Charity Chastity Chivalry Cleanliness Compassion Conscientiousness Courage Civil Moral Courtesy Diligence Discernment Discipline Duty Empathy Endurance Equanimity Etiquette Faith Faithfulness Fidelity Foresight Forgiveness Frugality Generosity Gentleness Glory Good faith Gratitude Heroism Honesty Honour Hope Hospitality Humanity Humility Impartiality Innocence Insight Integrity Intelligence Emotional Social Judgement Justice Kindness Love Loyalty Magnanimity Magnificence Meekness Mercy Moderation Modesty Nonattachment Patience Patriotism Perspicacity Philanthropy Piety Filial Pity Politeness Prudence Punctuality Religion Renunciation Resilience Respect Reverence Righteous indignation Righteousness Self-control Self-cultivation Self-transcendence Simplicity Sincerity Solidarity Sportsmanship Sympathy Taste Temperance Tranquillity Trust Wisdom Wit Workmanship Chinese De Jing Li Ren Yi Greek Agape Arete Ataraxia Eutrapelia Philotimo Phronesis Sophia Sophrosyne Indian Adhiṭṭhāna Ahimsa Akrodha Aparigraha Ārjava Asteya Brahmacharya Dāna Dhṛti Hrī Karuṇā Kshama Kshanti Mettā Muditā Nishkama Karma Prajñā Samatva Satya Shaucha Sevā Śraddhā/Saddhā Upekṣā Vīrya Latin Auctoritas Caritas Decorum Dignitas Fides Gravitas Humanitas Pietas Virtus Other Ganbaru Giri Sadaqah Seny Sisu Virtù Category Authority control databases National United States Israel Other Yale LUX --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Scholarly method](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scholarly_method?action=history)). 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