# Scandinavism > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Scandinavism > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Scandinavism.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism > Source revision: 1307095286 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Ideology supporting cooperation between Scandinavian countries}} {{distinguish|text=the [Nordic model](/source/Nordic_model)}} [[File:Skandinavism.jpg|thumb|A 19th-century poster image of (from left to right) Norwegian, Danish and Swedish soldiers joining hands. The Norwegian and Swedish flags have the [union mark](/source/Union_mark_of_Norway_and_Sweden).]] [[File:Nordiska studentmötet 1856.jpg|thumb|An 1856 [meeting of Scandinavian students](/source/Nordic_student_meeting) in [Uppsala](/source/Uppsala), [Sweden](/source/Sweden), with a parade marching next to Svandammen]] '''Scandinavism''' ({{langx|da|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|no|skandinavisme}}; {{langx|sv|skandinavism}}), also called '''Scandinavianism'''{{Cite web |title=Pan-Scandinavianism |url=https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207063632/https://www.britannica.com/event/Pan-Scandinavianism |archive-date=7 February 2018 |website=[Encyclopedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopedia_Britannica)}} or '''pan-Scandinavianism''',[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058208/Pan-Scandinavianism "Pan-Scandinavianism"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929222338/http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9058208/Pan-Scandinavianism|date=29 September 2007}}. (2007). In ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Retrieved April 29, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online. is an ideology that supports various degrees of cooperation among the [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia)n countries.{{Cite web |title=Skandinavism |trans-title=Scandinavism |url=https://www.ne.se/uppslagsverk/encyklopedi/l%C3%A5ng/skandinavism |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=www.ne.se |publisher=[Nationalencyklopedin](/source/Nationalencyklopedin) |language=sv |quote=}} Scandinavism comprises the literary, linguistic and cultural movement that focuses on promoting a shared Scandinavian past, a shared cultural heritage, a common [Scandinavian mythology](/source/Scandinavian_mythology) and a [common language or dialect continuum](/source/North_Germanic_languages) (from the common ancestor language of [Old Norse](/source/Old_Norse)) and which led to the formation of joint periodicals and societies in support of Scandinavian literature and languages.[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02.htm The Literary Scandinavism] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623141434/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-02.htm|date=23 June 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. The movement was most popular among [Danes](/source/Danes) and [Swedes](/source/Swedes). == History == According to historian [Sverre Bagge](/source/Sverre_Bagge), prior to the formation of state-like kingdoms, Scandinavia was [culturally](/source/Culture) and linguistically homogeneous.{{Cite book|last=Bagge|first=Sverre|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt3fgk28|title=Early state formation in Scandinavia|date=2009|publisher=Austrian Academy of Sciences Press|isbn=978-3-7001-6604-7|volume=16|pages=145|jstor=j.ctt3fgk28}} Pan-Scandinavianism as a modern movement originated in the 19th century, but the movement had already begun spreading a century earlier in circles of literature and science.{{Cite book |url=https://runeberg.org/nfce/0464.html |title=Nordisk familjebok |publisher=Nordisk familjeboks förlags aktiebolag |year=1917 |location=Stockholm |pages=879–882 |language=sv |access-date=1 October 2022 |via=[Project Runeberg](/source/Project_Runeberg)}} The Pan-Scandinavian movement paralleled the unification movements of [Germany](/source/Germany) and [Italy](/source/Italy).[Ola Tunander](/source/Ola_Tunander) (1999). [https://web.archive.org/web/20050312142345/http://odin.dep.no/odin/engelsk/norway/foreign/032005-990418/dok-bn.html "Nordic cooperation"], UDA085ENG. In ''Nytt fra Norge, ODIN – Information from the government and the ministries'', Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Norway. See also Tunander, Ola (1999). "Norway, Sweden and Nordic cooperation". In ''The European North – Hard, soft and civic security''. Eds. Lassi Heininen and Gunnar Lassinantti. The Olof Palme International Center/Arctic Centre, University of Lapland, 1999. pp. 39–48. {{ISBN|951-634-690-1}}. As opposed to the German and Italian counterparts, the Scandinavian state-building project was not successful and is no longer pursued. It was at its height in the mid-19th century and supported the idea of [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia)n unity.{{Cite book |author=J. P. T Bury |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&q=scandinavianism&pg=PA220 |title=The New Cambridge Modern History: Volume 10 |date=3 January 1960 | publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=9780521045483 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414012502/https://books.google.ie/books?id=jRQ9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA220&dq=pan+scandinavianism&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjCqIi9_bfaAhULXMAKHXykBHsQ6AEIOjAD#v=onepage&q=scandinavianism&f=false |archive-date=14 April 2018 |url-status=live}} The movement was initiated by Danish and Swedish university students in the 1840s, with a base in [Scania](/source/Scania). In the beginning, the political establishments in the two countries, including the [absolute monarch](/source/absolute_monarch) [Christian VIII](/source/Christian_VIII) and [Charles XIV John](/source/Charles_XIV) with his "one man government", were suspicious of the movement.[http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm The Students] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813020411/http://www.oresundstid.dk/dansk/engelsk/oresundstid/1800/side03-03-tekst.htm|date=13 August 2007}}. Øresundstid, 2003. Retrieved 6 May 2007. The movement was a significant force from 1846 to 1864, however the movement eventually dwindled and only had strong support among the [Swedish-speaking population of Finland](/source/Swedish-speaking_population_of_Finland).{{Cite web |title=Charles XV |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012050600/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-XV |archive-date=12 October 2017 |publisher=[Encyclopedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopedia_Britannica)}} The collapse of Pan-Scandinavianism came in 1864 when the [Second Schleswig-Holstein War](/source/Second_Schleswig-Holstein_War) broke out. [King Charles XV of Sweden](/source/Charles_XV) (who was also King Charles IV of Norway), who reigned from 1859 until his death in 1872, in spite of championing Pan-Scandinivianism, failed to help [Denmark](/source/Denmark) in the war.{{Cite web |title=About Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864) |url=https://www.academia.edu/10741968 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317102722/http://www.academia.edu/10741968/About_Pan-Scandinavianism._Reference_Points_in_the_19th_Century_1815-1864_ |archive-date=17 March 2016 |publisher=[academia.edu](/source/academia.edu)}} Author [Hans Christian Andersen](/source/Hans_Christian_Andersen) became an adherent of Scandinavism after a visit to Sweden in 1837, and committed himself to writing a poem that would convey the relatedness of Swedes, Danes and [Norwegians](/source/Norwegians).{{cite web |title=I am a Scandinavian |url=http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090113082313/http://www.kb.dk/elib/noder/hcamusik/skandinav/index_en.htm |archive-date=13 January 2009 |access-date=12 January 2007 |work=Hans Christian Andersen and Music}} It was in July 1839, during a visit to the island of [Funen](/source/Funen) in Denmark, that Andersen first wrote the text of his poem, ''Jeg er en Skandinav'' ("I am a Scandinavian"). Andersen composed the poem to capture "the beauty of the Nordic spirit, the way the three sister nations have gradually grown together", as part of a Scandinavian national anthem. Composer [Otto Lindblad](/source/Otto_Lindblad) set the poem to music, and the composition was published in January 1840. Its popularity peaked in 1845, after which it was seldom sung. In 1923, the [Clara Lachmann](/source/Clara_Lachmann) Foundation was established with the goal of promoting Scandinavian unity through culture.{{Cite encyclopedia |year=1979 |title=Clara Lachmann |encyclopedia=[Dictionary of Swedish National Biography](/source/Dictionary_of_Swedish_National_Biography) |url=https://sok.riksarkivet.se/Sbl/Presentation.aspx?id=10817 |last=Kjellander |first=Rune |volume=22 |page=23 |language=sv}}{{Cite web |title=Stiftelsens historik |trans-title=The Foundation's History |url=https://www.claralachmann.org/historik/ |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Clara Lachmanns Stiftelse |language=sv-SE}} == See also == {{Div col|colwidth=20em}} * [Nordic Council](/source/Nordic_Council) * [Nordic Language Convention](/source/Nordic_Language_Convention) * [Nordic Passport Union](/source/Nordic_Passport_Union) * [Nordic student meeting](/source/Nordic_student_meeting) * [Pan-nationalism](/source/Pan-nationalism) * [Scandinavian defence union](/source/Scandinavian_defence_union) * [Nordic Defence Cooperation](/source/Nordic_Defence_Cooperation) * [Viking revival](/source/Viking_revival) * [Kalmar Union](/source/Kalmar_Union) * [Nordic Resistance Movement](/source/Nordic_Resistance_Movement) {{Div col end}} == References == {{reflist}} == Further reading == * {{cite book |last=Hilson|first=Mary|url=https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |title=Denmark, Norway, and Sweden: Pan-Scandinavianism and Nationalism |publisher=[University of Portsmouth](/source/University_of_Portsmouth) |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180414010837/https://port.rl.talis.com/items/D8F0205C-25AE-65A6-16EB-850B430B8C38.html |archive-date=2018-04-14 }} * '[https://www.academia.edu/10741968/About_Pan-Scandinavianism._Reference_Points_in_the_19th_Century_1815-1864_ Pan-Scandinavianism. Reference Points in the 19th Century (1815-1864)]' by Mircea-Cristian Ghenghea == External links == * [http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/basic-agreement/the-helsinki-treaty The Helsinki Treaty of 1962] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140530190456/http://www.norden.org/en/about-nordic-co-operation/agreements/treaties-and-agreements/basic-agreement/the-helsinki-treaty |date=2014-05-30 }} Nicknamed as constitution of the Nordic Countries. * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=siIeHjqwhIA Jeg er en Skandinav]. A rendition of H. C. Andersen's poem, set to Otto Lindblad's music. {{Pan-nationalist concepts}} Category:Scandinavia Category:Pan-nationalism Category:Political theories Category:Nordic politics --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Scandinavism](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scandinavism?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.