# Satellite state

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Country which is nominally sovereign but under extensive influence from a larger state

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A **satellite state** or **dependent state** is a [country](/source/Country) that is formally independent but under heavy [political](/source/Politics), [economic](/source/Economy), and [military](/source/Military) influence or control from another country.[1] The term was coined by analogy to planetary objects [orbiting](/source/Satellite) a larger object, such as smaller moons revolving around larger planets, and is used mainly to refer to [Central](/source/Central_Europe) and [Eastern European](/source/Eastern_Europe) member states of the [Warsaw Pact](/source/Warsaw_Pact) during the [Cold War](/source/Cold_War),[2] as well as to [Mongolia](/source/Mongolian_People's_Republic) and [Tuva](/source/Tuvan_People's_Republic) between 1924 and 1990,[3] all of which were economically, culturally, and politically [dominated](/source/Eastern_Bloc) by the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union). While primarily referring to the Soviet-controlled states in Central and Eastern Europe or Asia, in some contexts the term also refers to other countries under [Soviet hegemony](/source/Soviet_empire) during the Cold War, such as [North Korea](/source/North_Korea) (especially in the years surrounding the [Korean War](/source/Korean_War) of 1950–1953), [Cuba](/source/Cuba) (particularly after it joined the [Comecon](/source/Comecon) in 1972), [North Vietnam](/source/North_Vietnam) during the [Vietnam War](/source/Vietnam_War),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and some countries in the American sphere of influence, such as [South Vietnam](/source/South_Vietnam) during 1964–1973.[4][5] In Western usage, the term has seldom been applied to states other than those in the Soviet orbit. In Soviet usage, the term applied to states in the orbit of [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany), [Fascist Italy](/source/Fascist_Italy), and [Imperial Japan](/source/Empire_of_Japan), whereas in the West the term to refer to those has typically been *[client states](/source/Client_state)*.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The *[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary)* traces the concept of satellite states in English back as early as 1780.[6] In times of [war](/source/War) or political tension, satellite states sometimes served as [buffers](/source/Buffer_zone) between an enemy country and the nation exerting control over the satellites.[7]

## Soviet satellite states

### Interwar period

When the [Mongolian Revolution of 1921](/source/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1921) broke out, Mongolian revolutionaries expelled the Russian [White Guards](/source/White_movement) (during the [Russian Civil War](/source/Russian_Civil_War) of 1917–1923 following the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution) of 1917) from Mongolia, with the assistance of the Soviet [Red Army](/source/Red_Army). The revolution also officially ended Manchurian sovereignty over Mongolia, which had existed since 1691.[8] Although the [theocratic](/source/Theocracy) [Bogd Khanate of Mongolia](/source/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia) still nominally continued, with successive series of violent struggles, Soviet influence grew stronger. In 1924, after the [Bogd Khan](/source/Bogd_Khan) died of [laryngeal cancer](/source/Laryngeal_cancer)[9] or, as some sources suggest, at the hands of Soviet spies,[10] the [Mongolian People's Republic](/source/Mongolian_People's_Republic) was proclaimed on November 26, 1924. A nominally independent and sovereign country, it has been described as being a satellite state of the Soviet Union in the years from 1924 [until 1990](/source/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990). This is supported by the fact that the Mongolian PR collapsed less than two months after the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union).[3][11]

During the Russian Civil War, Red Army troops occupied [Tuva](/source/Tuva) in January 1920, which had also been part of the [Qing Empire](/source/Qing_dynasty) of China and a [protectorate](/source/Protectorate) of [Imperial Russia](/source/Russian_Empire). The [Tuvan People's Republic](/source/Tuvan_People's_Republic) was proclaimed a nominally independent state in 1921, although it was tightly controlled by Moscow and is considered a satellite state of the Soviet Union until 1944, when the USSR annexed it into the [Russian SFSR](/source/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic).[11]

Another early Soviet satellite state in [Asia](/source/Asia) was the short-lived [Far Eastern Republic](/source/Far_Eastern_Republic) in Siberia.[11]

### Post-World War II

At the end of [World War II](/source/World_War_II), most Eastern and Central European countries were occupied by the Soviet Union,[12] and along with the Soviet Union made up what is called the [Soviet empire](/source/Soviet_empire). Soviet forces remained in these countries after the war's end.[13] Through a series of coalition governments including [communist parties](/source/Communist_party), and then a forced liquidation of coalition members opposed by the Soviets, [Stalinist](/source/Stalinism) systems were established in each country.[13] Stalinists gained control of existing governments, police, press and radio outlets in these countries.[13] Soviet satellite states of the Cold War included:[13][14][15][16]

- [People's Republic of Albania](/source/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania) (1946–1961)

- [Polish People's Republic](/source/Polish_People's_Republic) (1947–1989)

- [People's Republic of Bulgaria](/source/People's_Republic_of_Bulgaria) (1946–1990)

- [Romanian People's Republic](/source/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) (1947–1965)

- [Czechoslovak Socialist Republic](/source/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic) (1948–1989)

- [German Democratic Republic](/source/East_Germany) (1949–1990)

- [Hungarian People's Republic](/source/Hungarian_People's_Republic) (1949–1989)

- [Mongolian People's Republic](/source/Mongolian_People's_Republic) (1924–1990)

- [Democratic People's Republic of Korea](/source/North_Korea) (1948–1956)

- [Democratic Republic of Afghanistan](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) (1978–1991)

Albania and Romania ceased to be satellites before the [revolutions of 1989](/source/Revolutions_of_1989).[17] The [People's Socialist Republic of Albania](/source/People's_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania), under the leadership of [Enver Hoxha](/source/Enver_Hoxha), broke ties with the Soviet Union in the [Albanian–Soviet split](/source/Albanian%E2%80%93Soviet_split) following the Soviet [de-Stalinisation](/source/De-Stalinization) process,[18] and removed itself from Soviet influence in 1961.[17] Romania's [de-satellization process](/source/De-satellization_of_the_Socialist_Republic_of_Romania) started in 1956 and ended by 1965,[19] with serious economic disagreements with Moscow resulting in a final rejection of Soviet hegemony in 1964.[20]

From 1945 to 1948 [North Korea](/source/North_Korea) was under [Soviet Civil Administration](/source/Soviet_Civil_Administration), following this provisional governments were established under the [Provisional People's Committee of North Korea](/source/Provisional_People's_Committee_of_North_Korea) and [People's Committee of North Korea](/source/People's_Committee_of_North_Korea) resulting in the establishment of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea in 1948. Some scholars consider North Korea a satellite state under the Soviet Union from 1948 until the 1958 [August faction incident](/source/August_faction_incident).[21]

The short-lived [East Turkestan Republic](/source/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic) (1944–1949) was a Soviet satellite until [it was absorbed into](/source/Incorporation_of_Xinjiang_into_the_People's_Republic_of_China) the [People's Republic of China](/source/China). Between 1945 and the [Iran crisis of 1946](/source/Iran_crisis_of_1946) the [Azerbaijan People's Government](/source/Azerbaijan_People's_Government) and [Republic of Mahabad](/source/Republic_of_Mahabad) existed as satellite states in Soviet-occupied Iran. The [Democratic Republic of Afghanistan](/source/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan) was a satellite regime of the Soviet Union from 1978 to 1991. Between 1979 and 1989, Afghanistan was also under [Soviet military occupation](/source/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War).[22][23][24]

## Post-Cold War usage of the term

Some commentators have expressed concern that [United States](/source/United_States) military and diplomatic interventions in the [Balkans](/source/Balkans), in the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), and elsewhere might lead, or perhaps have already led, to the existence of American satellite states.[25][26] [William Pfaff](/source/William_Pfaff) warned that a permanent American presence in [Iraq](/source/Iraq) would "turn Iraq into an American satellite state".[27] In the Asia-Pacific, [John Pilger](/source/John_Pilger) accused ex Australian Prime Minister [John Howard](/source/John_Howard) of turning the country into [America's 51st state](/source/51st_state)[28] and [South Korea](/source/South_Korea) has regularly been described by [North Korea](/source/North_Korea) for being a "puppet state" of the United States.[29]

## See also

- [American imperialism](/source/American_imperialism)

- [Banana republic](/source/Banana_republic)

- [Buffer state](/source/Buffer_state)

- [Client state](/source/Client_state)

- [Eastern Bloc](/source/Eastern_Bloc)

- [Finlandisation](/source/Finlandisation)

- [Neo-colony](/source/Neocolonialism)

- [Protectorate](/source/Protectorate)

- [Puppet state](/source/Puppet_state)

- [Sister republic](/source/Sister_republic)

- [Soviet empire](/source/Soviet_empire)

- [Suzerainty](/source/Suzerainty)

- [Vassal state](/source/Vassal_state)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** Betts, R. R. (January 1945). "The European Satellite States: Their War Contribution and Present Position". *International Affairs*. **21** (1): 15–29. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2307/3018989](https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3018989). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [3018989](https://www.jstor.org/stable/3018989).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Source: NATO website 2nd Footnote at bottom"](http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/1.htm). *nato.int*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170816194558/http://www.nato.int/archives/1st5years/chapters/1.htm) from the original on 16 August 2017. Retrieved 9 May 2018.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sik_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sik_3-1) Sik, Ko Swan (1990). [*Nationality and International Law in Asian Perspective*](https://books.google.com/books?id=H1ecjepq80QC&pg=PA39). Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 39. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7923-0876-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-0876-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["The Vietnam War - CCEA"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/articles/zn4cqyc#zy8kmbk). BBC. Retrieved 2 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["209. Paper Prepared by the Ambassador to India (Galbraith)"](https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v01/d209). Office of the Historian. Retrieved 5 November 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-OED_6-0)** ["satellite, n. meanings, etymology and more"](https://www.oed.com/dictionary/satellite_n?tab=meaning_and_use#24278178). *Oxford English Dictionary*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Wood, Alan (2005) [1990]. [*Stalin and Stalinism*](https://books.google.com/books?id=TvxtVk0XMpgC&pg=PA62). [Routledge](/source/Routledge). p. 62. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-30732-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30732-1). Retrieved 2009-09-10.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["History of the U.S. and Mongolia"](https://mn.usembassy.gov/our-relationship/policy-history/). *U.S. Embassy in Mongolia*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Кузьмин, С.Л.; [Kuzmin, S.L.]; Оюунчимэг, Ж.; [Oyunchimeg, J.]. ["Буддизм и революция в Монголии"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160306164044/https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8) [Buddhism and the revolution in Mongolia] (in Russian). Archived from [the original](https://www.scribd.com/doc/54133527/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC-%D0%B8-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8E%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B2-%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8) on March 6, 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [Догсомын Бодоо 1/2](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XuB0b_dEZ5g) on [YouTube](/source/YouTube_video_(identifier)) **(Mongolian)**

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Japan_11-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Japan_11-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Japan_11-2) Narangoa, Li; Cribb, Robert B (2003). [*Imperial Japan and National Identities in Asia: 1895–1945*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DGQMKex16AsC&pg=PA13). Psychology Press. pp. 13, 66. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7007-1482-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7007-1482-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-wettig69_12-0)** [Wettig 2008](#CITEREFWettig2008), p. 69

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-rao280_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-rao280_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-rao280_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-rao280_13-3) [Rao 2006](#CITEREFRao2006), p. 280

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Langley_14-0)** [Langley 2006](#CITEREFLangley2006), p. 30

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Merkl_15-0)** [Merkl 2004](#CITEREFMerkl2004), p. 53

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Rajagopal_16-0)** [Rajagopal 2003](#CITEREFRajagopal2003), p. 75

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-auto_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-auto_17-1) Schmid, Alex Peter (October 19, 1985). [*Social Defence and Soviet Military Power: An Inquiry Into the Relevance of an Alternative Defence Concept : Report*](https://books.google.com/books?id=w1EsAAAAYAAJ&q=Romania+managed). Center for the Study of Social Conflict (C.O.M.T.), State University of Leiden. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9789034607386](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789034607386) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-olsen19_18-0)** [Olsen 2000](#CITEREFOlsen2000), p. 19

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Crampton, R. J. (July 15, 2014). [*The Balkans Since the Second World War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=0tEFBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA185). Routledge. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781317891178](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317891178) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [*Political Handbook of the World 1998*](https://books.google.com/books?id=D6mFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA758). Springer. February 1, 2016. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781349149513](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349149513) – via Google Books.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** Armstrong, Charles K. (20 December 2010). ["The Destruction and Reconstruction of North Korea, 1950–1960"](https://web.archive.org/web/20220116204532/https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf) (PDF). *The Asia-Pacific Journal*. **8** (51). Archived from [the original](https://apjjf.org/-Charles-K--Armstrong/3460/article.pdf) (PDF) on 16 January 2022. Retrieved 13 September 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Azmi, Muhammad R. (Spring 1986). ["Soviet Politico-Military Penetration in Afghanistan, 1955 to 1979"](https://www.jstor.org/stable/45304853). *Armed Forces & Society*. **12** (3). Sage Publishing: 343, 344. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1177/0095327X8601200301](https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0095327X8601200301). [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [45304853](https://www.jstor.org/stable/45304853).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** Amstutz, J. Bruce (1 July 1994). [*Afghanistan: The First Five Years of Soviet Occupation*](https://books.google.com/books?id=RUSNyMH1aFQC). Diane Publishing. pp. 52, 59, 190, 343. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780788111112](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780788111112).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Cordovez, S. Harrison, Deigo, Selig; S. Harrison, Selig (1995). *Out of Afghanistan: The Inside Story of the Soviet Withdrawal*. New York, USA: Oxford University Press. p. 29. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-506294-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-506294-9).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** ["Serbia Says U.S. Wants Kosovo To Be 'Satellite State.'"](https://www.rferl.org/a/1078172.html). *[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty](/source/Radio_Free_Europe%2FRadio_Liberty)*. 15 August 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Bailes, Jon; Aksan, Cihan (28 November 2008). ["On Israel: An Interview with Norman Finkelstein"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101128045212/http://www.stateofnature.org/normanFinkelstein.html). *State of Nature: an Online Journal of Radical Ideas*. Archived from [the original](http://www.stateofnature.org/normanFinkelstein.html) on 2010-11-28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Cooley, John (18 June 2008). ["How to silence that Iran war drumbeat"](https://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0618/p09s01-coop.htm). *[The Christian Science Monitor](/source/The_Christian_Science_Monitor)*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** ["Australia: the new 51st state"](http://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2007/03/pilger-australia-howard-bush). 5 March 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201216102129/https://www.newstatesman.com/international-politics/2007/03/pilger-australia-howard-bush) from the original on 2020-12-16. Retrieved 2014-07-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["Why does North Korea use term 'puppet' to describe South Korea?"](https://www.koreatimes.co.kr/www/nation/2024/10/103_360705.html). Retrieved 2007-03-05.

## References

- Langley, Andrew (2006), [*The Collapse of the Soviet Union: The End of an Empire*](https://archive.org/details/collapseofsoviet0000lang), Compass Point Books, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7565-2009-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7565-2009-6)

- Merkl, Peter H. (2004), *German Unification*, Penn State Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-271-02566-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-02566-2)

- Olsen, Neil (2000), [*Albania*](https://archive.org/details/albania00neil), Oxfam, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85598-432-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85598-432-5)

- Rajagopal, Balakrishnan (2003), *International law from below: development, social movements, and Third World resistance*, Cambridge University Press, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-521-01671-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-01671-1)

- Rao, B. V. (2006), *History of Modern Europe Ad 1789–2002: A.D. 1789–2002*, Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-932705-56-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-932705-56-2)

- Wettig, Gerhard (2008), *Stalin and the Cold War in Europe*, Rowman & Littlefield, [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7425-5542-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5542-6)

- Wood, Alan (2005), *Stalin and Stalinism*, [Routledge](/source/Routledge), [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-415-30732-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-30732-1)

v t e Autonomous types of first-tier subdivision administration Federalism Asymmetric federalism Confederation Cooperative federalism Corporative federalism Dual federalism Ethnic federalism Federacy Federal monarchy Federal republic Federated state Federation Fiscal federalism Symmetric federalism List of federal countries Unitary state Devolution Regional state Unions Composite monarchy Dual monarchy Dynastic union Empire Colonial empire Multinational state Personal union Political union Real union Superstate Supranational union Continental union Subordinacy Associated state Client state Colony Dependent territory Direct rule Dominion Indirect rule Mandate Protectorate Puppet state Satellite state Trusteeship Tributary state Vassal state Development Annexation Cession Detachment Irredentism Military occupation Partition Regional integration Secession Separatism Territorial dispute See also Autonomy Autonomous area Decentralization Hegemony Home rule Stateless nation Subsidiarity Suzerainty Tribal sovereignty

Authority control databases GND

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Satellite state](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_state) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_state?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.