# Samos

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Greek island in the eastern Aegean Sea

For other uses, see [Samos (disambiguation)](/source/Samos_(disambiguation)). Not to be confused with [Samus](/source/Samus_(disambiguation)).

"Samian" and "Sisam" redirect here. For other uses, see [Samian (disambiguation)](/source/Samian_(disambiguation)) and [Sisam (disambiguation)](/source/Sisam_(disambiguation)).

Regional unit in Greece

Samos Περιφερειακή ενότητα Σάμου Regional unit Samos (town), capital of Samos Samos within the North Aegean Samos Coordinates: 37°45′N 26°50′E / 37.750°N 26.833°E / 37.750; 26.833 Country Greece Administrative region North Aegean Seat Samos (town) Area • Total 477.4 km2 (184.3 sq mi) Highest elevation 1,434 m (4,705 ft) Population (2021)[1] • Total 32,642 • Density 68.37/km2 (177.1/sq mi) Demonym(s) Samian, Samiot Time zone UTC+2 (EET) • Summer (DST) UTC+3 (EEST) Postal code 831 xx Area code 2273 Vehicle registration MO Website www.samos.gr

**Samos** ([/ˈseɪmɒs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English),[2] also [US](/source/American_English): [/ˈsæmoʊs, ˈsɑːmɔːs/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English);[3][4][5] [Greek](/source/Greek_language): Σάμος, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Greek): *Sámos*, Greek pronunciation: [\[ˈsa.mos\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek)) is a [Greek](/source/Greece) island in the eastern [Aegean Sea](/source/Aegean_Sea), south of [Chios](/source/Chios), north of [Patmos](/source/Patmos) and the [Dodecanese](/source/Dodecanese) archipelago, and off the coast of western [Turkey](/source/Turkey), from which it is separated by the 1.6-kilometre-wide (1.0 mi) [Mycale Strait](/source/Mycale_Strait). It is also a separate [regional unit](/source/Regional_units_of_Greece) of the [North Aegean](/source/North_Aegean) region.

In [ancient times](/source/Classical_antiquity), Samos was an especially rich and powerful [city-state](/source/City-state), particularly known for its [vineyards](/source/Vineyard) and [wine](/source/Wine) production.[6] It is home to [Pythagoreion](/source/Pythagoreion) and the [Heraion of Samos](/source/Heraion_of_Samos), a [UNESCO World Heritage Site](/source/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site) that includes the [Eupalinian aqueduct](/source/Eupalinian_aqueduct), a marvel of ancient engineering. Samos is the birthplace of the [Greek philosopher](/source/Greek_philosophy) and mathematician [Pythagoras](/source/Pythagoras), after whom the [Pythagorean theorem](/source/Pythagorean_theorem) is named, the philosophers [Melissus of Samos](/source/Melissus_of_Samos) and [Epicurus](/source/Epicurus), and the astronomer [Aristarchus of Samos](/source/Aristarchus_of_Samos), the first known individual to propose that the [Earth revolves around the Sun](/source/Heliocentrism). Samian wine was well known in antiquity and is still produced on the island.

The island was governed by the semi-autonomous [Principality of Samos](/source/Principality_of_Samos) under [Ottoman](/source/Ottoman_Empire) [suzerainty](/source/Suzerainty) from 1835 until it joined [Greece](/source/Greece) in March 1913.[6]

## Etymology

[Strabo](/source/Strabo) derived the name from the [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_language) word [𐤔𐤌𐤌](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%A4%94%F0%90%A4%8C%F0%90%A4%8C) (*smm*) 'high'.[7][8][9][10]

## Geography

Detailed map of Samos

The area of the [island](/source/List_of_islands_of_Greece) is 477.395 km2 (184.3 sq mi),[11] and it is 43 km (27 mi) long and 13 km (8 mi) wide. It is separated from [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia) by the approximately 1-mile-wide (1.6 km) [Mycale Strait](/source/Mycale_Strait). While largely mountainous, Samos has several relatively large and fertile plains.

A great portion of the island is covered with [vineyards](/source/Vineyards), from which [Muscat](/source/Muscat_(grape)) wine is made. The most important plains other than the capital, [Vathy](/source/Vathy%2C_Samos), in the northeast, are those of [Karlovasi](/source/Karlovasi), in the northwest, [Pythagoreio](/source/Pythagoreio), in the southeast, and [Marathokampos](/source/Marathokampos) in the southwest. The island's population is 33,814, which makes it the 9th most populous of the Greek islands. The Samian climate is typically Mediterranean, with mild rainy winters, and warm rainless summers.

Samos's relief is dominated by two large mountains, Ampelos and [Kerkis](/source/Kerkis) (anc. Kerketeus). The Ampelos massif (colloquially referred to as "Karvounis") is the larger of the two and occupies the centre of the island, rising to 1,095 metres (3,593 ft). Mt. Kerkis, though smaller in area, is the taller of the two, and its summit is the island's highest point, at 1,434 metres (4,705 ft). The mountains are a continuation of the [Mycale](/source/Mycale) range on the Anatolian mainland.[6]

View of Poseidonio.

### Fauna

Samos is home to many species including the [golden jackal](/source/Golden_jackal), [stone marten](/source/Stone_marten), [wild boar](/source/Wild_boar), [flamingos](/source/Flamingos) and [monk seal](/source/Mediterranean_monk_seal).[12]

### Climate

Samos has a hot-summer [Mediterranean climate](/source/Mediterranean_climate) ([Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification): *Csa*), with mild, rainy winters and hot, dry summers. The highest temperature ever recorded is 43.0 °C (109.4 °F) while the lowest is −3.4 °C (25.9 °F). July is the hottest and driest month followed by August while February is the coldest month and December records the highest amount of precipitation. Samos receives about 705 millimetres (27.8 in) of rainfall annually while the average annual temperature is 18.4 °C (65.1 °F). Humidity is lowest during the summer and highest at the end of autumn.

Climate data for Samos Airport, Greece (1978-2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 20.4 (68.7) 21.6 (70.9) 25.0 (77.0) 30.0 (86.0) 36.4 (97.5) 39.6 (103.3) 43.0 (109.4) 41.4 (106.5) 37.2 (99.0) 36.0 (96.8) 27.2 (81.0) 23.0 (73.4) 43.0 (109.4) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 13.5 (56.3) 13.5 (56.3) 15.9 (60.6) 19.7 (67.5) 24.9 (76.8) 30.1 (86.2) 33.0 (91.4) 32.8 (91.0) 28.6 (83.5) 23.5 (74.3) 18.4 (65.1) 15.0 (59.0) 22.4 (72.3) Daily mean °C (°F) 10.3 (50.5) 10.0 (50.0) 12.1 (53.8) 15.9 (60.6) 20.6 (69.1) 25.5 (77.9) 28.4 (83.1) 27.9 (82.2) 24.3 (75.7) 19.4 (66.9) 14.5 (58.1) 11.9 (53.4) 18.4 (65.1) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 7.2 (45.0) 6.9 (44.4) 8.4 (47.1) 11.1 (52.0) 14.9 (58.8) 19.5 (67.1) 22.8 (73.0) 22.8 (73.0) 19.2 (66.6) 15.5 (59.9) 11.3 (52.3) 8.8 (47.8) 14.0 (57.2) Record low °C (°F) −2.4 (27.7) −3.4 (25.9) −1.0 (30.2) 2.5 (36.5) 7.4 (45.3) 8.8 (47.8) 14.8 (58.6) 16.4 (61.5) 12.2 (54.0) 7.0 (44.6) 1.0 (33.8) −1.4 (29.5) −3.4 (25.9) Average precipitation mm (inches) 135.0 (5.31) 105.5 (4.15) 76.4 (3.01) 40.2 (1.58) 19.8 (0.78) 1.6 (0.06) 0.5 (0.02) 0.5 (0.02) 16 (0.6) 35.8 (1.41) 116.4 (4.58) 156.8 (6.17) 704.5 (27.69) Average precipitation days 11.7 10.8 8.3 7.4 4.0 1.0 0.2 0.1 1.8 5.0 9.4 13.8 73.5 Average relative humidity (%) 70.6 68.8 67.5 64.3 58.6 50.4 44.2 47.2 53.5 63.1 70.1 73.1 61.0 Source 1: Hellenic National Meteorological Service (temperature and precipitation)[13] Source 2: NOAA (extremes),[14] Info Climat extremes 1991-present [15]

## History

### Early and Classical antiquity

Further information: [Ancient Greece](/source/Ancient_Greece)

Colonies of ancient Samos

[Kouros of Samos](/source/Kouros_of_Samos), the largest surviving Kouros in Greece, showing Egyptian influence (Archaeological Museum of Samos)

In classical antiquity, the island was a centre of [Ionian](/source/Ionia) culture and luxury, renowned for its Samian wines and its red pottery (called [Samian ware](/source/Samian_ware) by the Romans). Its most famous building was the [Ionic order](/source/Ionic_order) archaic Temple of goddess [Hera](/source/Hera)—the [Heraion](/source/Heraion_of_Samos).[6]

Concerning the earliest history of Samos, literary tradition is singularly defective. At the time of the great migrations, it received an Ionian population which traced its origin to [Epidaurus](/source/Epidaurus) in [Argolis](/source/Argolis): Samos became one of the twelve members of the [Ionian League](/source/Ionian_League). By the 7th century BC, it had become one of the leading commercial centres of Greece. This early prosperity of the Samians seems largely due to the island's position near trade routes, which facilitated the import of textiles from inner Asia Minor, but the Samians also developed an extensive oversea commerce. They helped to open up trade with the population that lived around the Black Sea as well as with Egypt, Cyrene (Libya), Corinth, and Chalcis. Among the [colonies](/source/Greek_colonisation) the Samians founded, most of them in the sixth century BC, were [Bisanthe](/source/Bisanthe), [Perinthus](/source/Perinthus), and [Samothrace](/source/Samothrace) (northern [Aegean Sea](/source/Aegean_Sea)), [Cydonia](/source/Kydonia) (Crete), [Nagidos](/source/Nagidos) and [Kelenderis](/source/Ayd%C4%B1nc%C4%B1k%2C_Mersin) (southern [Anatolia](/source/Anatolia)), [Dicaearchia](/source/Pozzuoli) (Italy), and [Oasis Polis](/source/Oasis_Polis) (Egypt).[16] The trade caused them to become bitter rivals with [Miletus](/source/Miletus). Samos was able to become so prominent despite the growing power of the Persian empire because of the alliance they had with the Egyptians and their powerful fleet. The Samians are also credited with having been the first Greeks to reach the Straits of Gibraltar.[17]

The feud between [Miletus](/source/Miletus) and Samos broke out into open strife during the [Lelantine War](/source/Lelantine_War) (7th century BC), with which a Samian innovation in Greek naval warfare may be connected, the use of the [trireme](/source/Trireme). The result of this conflict was to confirm the supremacy of the Milesians in eastern waters for the time being; but in the 6th century, the insular position of Samos preserved it from those aggressions at the hands of Asiatic kings to which [Miletus](/source/Miletus) was henceforth exposed. About 535 BC, when the existing oligarchy was overturned by the tyrant [Polycrates](/source/Polycrates), Samos reached the height of its prosperity. Its navy not only protected it from invasion but also ruled supreme in Aegean waters. The city was beautified with public works, and its school of sculptors, metal-workers and engineers achieved high repute.[6]

[Heraion of Samos](/source/Heraion_of_Samos)

#### Eupalinian aqueduct

Main article: [Tunnel of Eupalinos](/source/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos)

Inside the [Eupalinian aqueduct](/source/Eupalinian_aqueduct)

In the 6th century BC, Samos was ruled by the famous [tyrant](/source/Tyrant) [Polycrates](/source/Polycrates). During his reign, two working groups under the leadership of the engineer [Eupalinos](/source/Eupalinos) dug a tunnel through Mount Kastro to build an [aqueduct](/source/Aqueduct_(watercourse)) to supply the ancient capital of Samos with fresh water, as this was of the utmost defensive importance (since being underground, it was not easily detected by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the supply). Eupalinos's tunnel is particularly notable because it is the second earliest tunnel in history to be dug from both ends in a methodical manner.[18] With a length of over 1 km (0.6 mi), Eupalinos's subterranean aqueduct is today regarded as one of the masterpieces of ancient engineering. The aqueduct is now part of the [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site), the [Pythagoreion](/source/Pythagoreion).

#### Persian Wars and Persian rule

After Polycrates's death, Samos suffered a severe blow when the Persian [Achaemenid Empire](/source/Achaemenid_Empire) conquered and partly depopulated the island. It had regained much of its power when in 499 BC it joined the general revolt of the [Ionian](/source/Ionia) city-states against Persia; but owing to its long-standing jealousy of Miletus, it rendered indifferent service, and at the decisive battle of Lade (494 BC), part of its contingent of sixty ships was guilty of outright treachery. In 479BC, the Samians led the revolt against Persia, during the [Battle of Mycale](/source/Battle_of_Mycale),[6] which was part of the offensive by the Delian League (led by Cimon).

#### Samian War

Main article: [Samian War](/source/Samian_War)

In the [Delian League](/source/Delian_League), Samos held a position of special privilege and remained actively loyal to Athens until 440 BC, when a dispute with [Miletus](/source/Miletus), which the Athenians had decided against them, induced them to secede. With a fleet of sixty ships, they held their own for some time against a large Athenian fleet led by [Pericles](/source/Pericles) himself, but after a protracted siege, they were forced to capitulate.[6] Samos was punished, but [Thucydides](/source/Thucydides) tells readers not as harshly as other states which rebelled against Athens. Most in the past had been forced to pay tribute, but Samos was only told to repay the damages that the rebellion had cost the Athenians:[19] 1,300 talents, to pay back in instalments of 50 talents per annum.

#### Peloponnesian War

During the [Peloponnesian War](/source/Peloponnesian_War) (431–404 BC), Samos took the side of [Athens](/source/Athens) against [Sparta](/source/Sparta), providing their port to the Athenian [fleet](/source/Naval_fleet). At the end of the Peloponnesian War, Samos appears as one of the most loyal dependencies of Athens, serving as a base for the naval war against the Peloponnesians and as a temporary home of the Athenian democracy during the [revolution of the Four Hundred](/source/Revolution_of_the_Four_Hundred) at Athens (411 BC), and in the last stage of the war was rewarded with the Athenian franchise. This friendly attitude towards Athens was the result of a series of political revolutions, which ended in the establishment of a democracy. After the downfall of Athens, Samos was besieged by [Lysander](/source/Lysander) and again placed under an oligarchy.[6]

In 394 BC, the withdrawal of the Spartan navy induced the island to declare its independence and re-establish a democracy, but by the peace of Antalcidas (387 BC), it fell again under Persian dominion. It was recovered by the Athenians in 366 after a siege of eleven months, and received a strong body of military settlers, the [cleruchs](/source/Cleruchs), which proved vital in the [Social War (357-355 BC)](/source/Social_War_(357-355_BC)). After the [Lamian War](/source/Lamian_War) (322 BC), when Athens was deprived of Samos, the vicissitudes of the island can no longer be followed.[6]

#### Famous Samians of antiquity

Panorama of [Pythagoreion](/source/Pythagoreion), the place of birth of [Pythagoras](/source/Pythagoras).

Perhaps the most famous persons ever connected with classical Samos were the philosopher and mathematician [Pythagoras](/source/Pythagoras) and the fabulist [Aesop](/source/Aesop). In 1955, the town of Tigani was renamed Pythagoreio in honour of the philosopher.

Other notable personalities include the philosophers [Melissus of Samos](/source/Melissus_of_Samos) and [Epicurus](/source/Epicurus), who were of Samian birth, and the [astronomer](/source/Astronomer) [Aristarchus of Samos](/source/Aristarchus_of_Samos), whom history credits with the first recorded [heliocentric model](/source/Heliocentric_model) of the [Solar System](/source/Solar_System). The historian [Herodotus](/source/Herodotus), known by his [Histories](/source/Histories_(Herodotus)), resided in Samos for a while.

There was a school of sculptors and architects that included [Rhoecus](/source/Rhoecus), the architect of the [Temple of Hera (Olympia)](/source/Temple_of_Hera_(Olympia)), and the great sculptor and inventor [Theodorus](/source/Theodorus_of_Samos), who is said to have invented with [Rhoecus](/source/Rhoecus) the art of [casting statues in bronze](/source/Bronze_sculpture).

The vases of Samos were among the most characteristic products of Ionian pottery in the 6th century.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Hellenistic and Roman eras

Main articles: [Hellenistic Greece](/source/Hellenistic_Greece) and [Roman Greece](/source/Roman_Greece)

For some time (about 275–270 BC), Samos served as a base for the Egyptian fleet of the [Ptolemies](/source/Ptolemies); at other periods, it recognized the overlordship of [Seleucid](/source/Seleucid_Empire) Syria. In 189 BC, it was transferred by the Romans to their vassal, the [Attalid](/source/Attalid) dynasty's Hellenistic kingdom of [Pergamon](/source/Pergamon), in [Asia Minor](/source/Asia_Minor).[6]

Enrolled from 133 in the Roman province of Asia Minor, Samos sided with [Aristonicus](/source/Eumenes_III) (132) and [Mithridates](/source/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus) (88) against its overlord, and consequently forfeited its autonomy, which it only temporarily recovered between the reigns of [Augustus](/source/Augustus) and [Vespasian](/source/Vespasian). Nevertheless, Samos remained comparatively flourishing and was able to contest with [Smyrna](/source/Smyrna) and [Ephesus](/source/Ephesus) the title "first city of lonia";[6] it was chiefly noted as a health resort and for the manufacture of pottery. Since Emperor Diocletian's [Tetrarchy](/source/Tetrarchy), it became part of the Provincia Insularum, in the diocese of *Asiana* in the eastern empire's pretorian prefecture of *Oriens*.[6]

### Byzantine and Genoese eras

Further information: [Byzantine Greece](/source/Byzantine_Greece) and [Republic of Genoa](/source/Republic_of_Genoa)

Vronta monastery

Church in [Kokkari](/source/Kokkari) village

The harbour of [Pythagoreion](/source/Pythagoreion)

As a portion of the [Byzantine Empire](/source/Byzantine_Empire), Samos became part of the [namesake theme](/source/Samos_(theme)). After the 13th century, it passed through much the same changes of government as [Chios](/source/Chios), and, like the latter island, became the property of the Genoese family [Giustiniani](/source/Giustiniani) (1346–1566; 1475 interrupted by an Ottoman period). It was also ruled by [Tzachas](/source/Tzachas) between 1081–1091.[6]

### Ottoman rule

Further information: [Ottoman Greece](/source/Ottoman_Greece)

Samos map, 1574

Samos came under Ottoman rule in 1475[20] or c. 1479/80,[21] at which time the island was practically abandoned due to the effects of piracy and the plague. The island remained desolate for almost a full century before the Ottoman authorities, by now in secure control of the Aegean, undertook a serious effort to repopulate the island.[21]

In 1572/3, the island was granted as a personal domain (*hass*) to [Kilic Ali Pasha](/source/Ulu%C3%A7_Ali_Reis), the *[Kapudan Pasha](/source/Kapudan_Pasha)* (the [Ottoman Navy](/source/Ottoman_Navy)'s chief admiral). Settlers, including Greeks and [Arvanites](/source/Arvanites) from the [Peloponnese](/source/Peloponnese) and the [Ionian Islands](/source/Ionian_Islands), as well as the descendants of the original inhabitants who had fled to [Chios](/source/Chios), were attracted through the concession of certain privileges such as a seven-year tax exemption, a permanent exemption from the [tithe](/source/Tithe) in exchange for a lump annual payment of 45,000 [piastres](/source/Kuru%C5%9F), and a considerable autonomy in local affairs.[21] The island recovered gradually, reaching a population of some 10,000 in the 17th century, which was still concentrated mostly in the interior. It was not until the mid-18th century that the coast began to be densely settled as well.[21]

Under Ottoman rule, Samos ([Ottoman Turkish](/source/Ottoman_language): سيسام *Sisam*) came under the administration of the *Kapudan Pasha*'s [Eyalet of the Archipelago](/source/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago), usually as part of the [Sanjak of Rhodes](/source/Sanjak_of_Rhodes) rather than as a distinct province.[20] Locally, the Ottoman authorities were represented by a *[voevoda](/source/Voevoda)*, who was in charge of the fiscal administration, the *[kadi](/source/Qadi)* (judge), the island's Orthodox bishop and four notables representing the four districts of the island ([Vathy](/source/Vathy%2C_Samos), [Chora](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chora,_Samos&action=edit&redlink=1), [Karlovasi](/source/Karlovasi) and [Marathokampos](/source/Marathokampos)).[21] Ottoman rule was interrupted during the [Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774](/source/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1768%E2%80%931774), when the island came under Russian control in 1771–1774.[21]

The [Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca](/source/Treaty_of_K%C3%BC%C3%A7%C3%BCk_Kaynarca) that concluded the war contained clauses that enabled a great expansion of the commercial activities of the Ottoman Empire's Greek Orthodox population. Samian merchants also took advantage of this, and an urban mercantile class based on commerce and shipping began to grow.[21] The Samian merchants' voyages across the Mediterranean, as well as the settlement of Greeks from the Ionian Islands (which in 1797 had passed from Venice to the [French Republic](/source/First_French_Republic)), introduced to Samos the progressive ideas of the [Age of Enlightenment](/source/Age_of_Enlightenment) and of the [French Revolution](/source/French_Revolution), and led to the formation of two rival political parties, the progressive-radical *Karmanioloi* ("Carmagnoles", named after the French Revolutionary song *[Carmagnole](/source/Carmagnole)*) and the reactionary *Kallikantzaroi* ("[goblins](/source/Kallikantzaros)") who represented mostly the traditional land-holding elites. Under the leadership of [Lykourgos Logothetis](/source/Lykourgos_Logothetis), in 1807 the *Karmanioloi* gained power in the island, introducing liberal and democratic principles and empowering the local popular assembly at the expense of the land-holding notables. Their rule lasted until 1812, when they were overthrown by the Ottoman authorities and their leaders expelled from the island.[21]

#### Greek Revolution

Flag of the Administration of Samos during the [Greek War of Independence](/source/Greek_War_of_Independence) (1821–1830)

[Lykourgos Logothetis](/source/Lykourgos_Logothetis), leader of the Revolution in Samos

In March 1821, the [Greek War of Independence](/source/Greek_War_of_Independence) broke out, and on 18 April, under the leadership of Logothetis and the *Karmanioloi*, Samos too joined the uprising. In May, a revolutionary government with its [own constitution](/source/Military-political_System_of_Samos) was set up to administer the island, mostly inspired by Logothetis.[22]

The Samians successfully repulsed three Ottoman attempts to recapture the island: in summer 1821, in July 1824; when Greek naval victories off [Samos](/source/Battle_of_Samos_(1824)) and at [Gerontas](/source/Battle_of_Gerontas) averted the threat of an invasion, and again in summer 1826. In 1828, the island became formally incorporated into the [Hellenic State](/source/First_Hellenic_Republic) under Governor [Ioannis Kapodistrias](/source/Ioannis_Kapodistrias), as part of the province of the [Eastern Sporades](/source/Eastern_Sporades), but the [London Protocol of 1830](/source/London_Protocol_of_1830) excluded Samos from the borders of the independent Greek state.[22]

The Samians refused to accept their re-subordination to the Sultan, and Logothetis declared Samos to be an independent state, governed as before under the provisions of the 1821 constitution. Finally, due to the pressure of the [Great Powers](/source/Great_Powers), Samos was declared an autonomous, tributary principality under Ottoman [suzerainty](/source/Suzerainty). The Samians still refused to accept this decision until an Ottoman fleet enforced it in May 1834, forcing the revolutionary leadership and a part of the population to flee to independent Greece, where they settled near [Chalkis](/source/Chalkis).[22]

#### Autonomous principality

Main article: [Principality of Samos](/source/Principality_of_Samos)

Flags of the Principality of Samos

In 1834, the island of Samos became the territory of the [Principality of Samos](/source/Principality_of_Samos), a semi-independent state tributary to Ottoman Turkey, paying the annual sum of £2,700. It was governed by a Christian of Greek descent though nominated by the Porte, who bore the title of "Prince." The prince was assisted in his function as chief executive by a 4-member senate. These were chosen by him out of eight candidates nominated by the four districts of the island: Vathy, Chora, Marathokampos, and Karlovasi. The legislative power belonged to a chamber of 36 deputies, presided over by the Greek Orthodox Metropolitan. The seat of the government was the port of Vathý.[6]

The modern capital of the island was, until the early 20th century, at Chora, about 2 miles (3.2 km) from the sea and from the site of the ancient city.[6]

After reconsidering political conditions, the capital was moved to Vathy, at the head of a deep bay on the North coast. This became the residence of the prince and the seat of government.[6]

Since then a new town has grown, with a harbour.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Modern era

The union with the [Kingdom of Greece](/source/Kingdom_of_Greece) in March 1913

Statue of a lion in [Samos town](/source/Vathy%2C_Samos); erected in 1930 to celebrate the centenary of Greek independence.

The island was united with the [Kingdom of Greece](/source/Kingdom_of_Greece) in March 1913, five months after the outbreak of the [First Balkan War](/source/First_Balkan_War). Although other Aegean islands had been quickly captured by the [Greek Navy](/source/Greek_Navy), Samos was initially left to its existing *status quo* out of a desire not to upset the Italians in the nearby [Dodecanese](/source/Dodecanese). The Greek fleet landed troops on the island in March 1913.[23] The clashes with the Ottoman garrison were short-lived as the Ottomans withdrew to the Anatolian mainland, so that the island was securely in Greek hands by 16 March.[24][25]

[King George II](/source/George_II_of_Greece) visited Samos in 1937 during the [4th of August Regime](/source/4th_of_August_Regime).[26]

During [World War II](/source/World_War_II), the island was [occupied](/source/Axis_occupation_of_Greece) by the Italians in May 1941, with the [6th Infantry Division "Cuneo"](/source/6th_Infantry_Division_%22Cuneo%22) being stationed on the island. During the winter of 1941–42 Samos was affected by the [Great Famine](/source/Great_Famine_(Greece)) which killed 2,000 Samiots and forced thousands more to flee the island for the Middle East. In December 1942, local communists founded a branch of [ELAS](/source/ELAS) resistance organisation, the following month the resistance came into contact with the British military who provided them with material support. In spring 1943, the Cuneo Division launched an unsuccessful, two-month-long counter-insurgency operation in Karvouni. In June 1943, ELAS came into contact with the anti-fascist organisation within the Cuneo Division resulting in an unofficial two-month truce between the two sides. After the [Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy](/source/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy) on 25 July, [Pietro Badoglio](/source/Pietro_Badoglio) replaced division commander [Mario Soldarelli](/source/Mario_Soldarelli) with Lieutenant General Pierola and reinforced the Samos garrison with 1,500 [Blackshirts](/source/Blackshirts). Pierola then launched another counter-insurgency operation in Kerkis, which resulted in the death of 40 resistance members. Following the [Italian surrender](/source/Italian_surrender) in September 1943, the Cuneo Division joined forces with ELAS in arresting local collaborationists and freeing jailed resistance fighters. Samos was briefly taken over by the [Sacred Band](/source/Sacred_Band_(World_War_II)) and British forces, but following the Allied defeat in the [Battle of Leros](/source/Battle_of_Leros) and a fierce aerial bombardment of Vathy and Tigani, the island was abandoned by most of the ELAS members, the anti-fascist Italians and the Allied troops and taken over by Germans without a fight. The Germans then destroyed the harbours of Karlovasos and Ormos Marathokampos with explosives. On 15 September 1944, an Allied aerial bombardment destroyed the German ship "Aslan" along with three support ships in the Vathy harbour. Upon the departure of the Germans, ELAS and a 120-man unit of the Sacred Band forced the remaining 1,000 Blackshirts to surrender; ending the island's occupation on 5 October 1944.[27]

Many of the Samiot ELAS members that abandoned the island following its occupation by the Germans, enlisted in the [Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East](/source/Greek_Armed_Forces_in_the_Middle_East), participated in the communist-led [1944 Greek naval mutiny](/source/1944_Greek_naval_mutiny) and were subsequently imprisoned in British prison camps. Approximately 4,500 of them returned to the island after the end of the war. The anti-communist [persecutions](/source/White_Terror_(Greece)) that came in the aftermath of the [Treaty of Varkiza](/source/Treaty_of_Varkiza) led many former ELAS members to create self-defence militias which gradually evolved into the Samos branch of the [Democratic Army of Greece](/source/Democratic_Army_of_Greece) (DSE). The Samiot DSE drew manpower from nearby [Icaria](/source/Icaria) which was a notable place of [internal exile](/source/Internal_exile_in_Greece) for Greek communists, it was also able to capture large quantities of weapons and ammunition abandoned by the Italians during World War II. During the course of the [Greek Civil War](/source/Greek_Civil_War), Samos became one of the biggest centres of DSE resistance outside of the Greek mainland. The last DSE unit surrendered in Kerkis on 26 August 1949, the defeat of the communist resistance was followed by a celebratory visit of the [Greek royal family](/source/Greek_royal_family) on 15 October 1949. A total of 197 Samiot DSE fighters were killed during the course of the civil war.[28]

On August 3, 1989, a [Short 330](/source/Short_330) aircraft of the Olympic Airways (now [Olympic Airlines](/source/Olympic_Airlines)) crashed near [Samos Airport](/source/Samos_International_Airport); 31 passengers and the crew died.[29]

A substantial migrant camp has been developed on the island at the site of a Greek military camp at Vathy to cope with the influx of migrants crossing the strait between the island and the Turkish mainland. It is estimated that in April 2020 the Vathy camp held 6,800 migrants, ten times the number it was originally designed for.[30] The presence of large numbers of migrants on the Greek islands has caused tensions and some civil unrest on the part of island residents and migrants being kept in camps.[31] In 2020, the Greek government announced a new closed reception centre will be built near the village of Zervou to replace the current temporary open camps by 2021.[32]

On 30 October 2020, a [magnitude 7.0 earthquake](/source/2020_Aegean_Sea_earthquake) struck offshore near the island, triggering a tsunami. The earthquake and tsunami resulted in two deaths and several injured in Samos, and 117 deaths and 1632 injured in Turkey. The earthquake also caused damage to a number of buildings in Vathy, Karlovasi, and their vicinities; these included residential buildings, public buildings (schools, halls, etc.), religious buildings (churches), the tower of Lykourgos Logothetis, as well as pottery collections and sculptures at some museums.[33]

## Government

Samos is a separate [regional unit](/source/Regional_units_of_Greece) of the [North Aegean](/source/North_Aegean) region, and since 2019 it consists of two [municipalities](/source/Communities_and_Municipalities_of_Greece): [East Samos](/source/East_Samos) and [West Samos](/source/West_Samos).[34] Between the 2011 [Kallikratis government reform](/source/Kallikratis_Programme) and 2019, there was one single municipality on the island: Samos, created out of the 4 former municipalities on the island. At the same reform, the regional unit Samos was created out of part of the former [Samos Prefecture](/source/Samos_Prefecture).[35]

The municipality of East Samos consists of the following municipal units (former municipalities):

- [Pythagoreio](/source/Pythagoreio)

- [Vathy](/source/Vathy%2C_Samos)

The municipality of West Samos consists of the following municipal units:

- [Karlovasi](/source/Karlovasi)

- [Marathokampos](/source/Marathokampos)

Samos has a sister town called [Samo](/source/Samo%2C_Calabria), which is located in [Calabria](/source/Calabria), [Italy](/source/Italy).

### Province

The province of Samos ([Greek](/source/Greek_language): Επαρχία Σάμου) was one of the [provinces](/source/Provinces_of_Greece) of the Samos Prefecture. It had the same territory as the present regional unit.[36] It was abolished in 2006.

## Economy

*Muscat* of Samos

Samian wine

The Samian economy depends mainly on agriculture[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] and the tourist industry which was growing steadily since the early 1980s and reached a peak at the end of the 1990s.[37] The main agricultural products include [grapes](/source/Grapes), [honey](/source/Honey), [olives](/source/Olives), [olive oil](/source/Olive_oil), [citrus](/source/Citrus) fruit, dried [figs](/source/Common_Fig), [almonds](/source/Almonds) and flowers. The [Muscat grape](/source/Muscat_grape) is the main crop used for wine production. Samian wine is also exported under several other appellations.

In 2026, the [European Investment Bank](/source/European_Investment_Bank) approved financing to connect the northeast Aegean islands to the Greek electricity grid.[38]

### Cuisine

Local specialities:

- *Bourekia* ([Börek](/source/B%C3%B6rek))

- *Katimeria*

- *[Armogalo](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Armogalo&action=edit&redlink=1)* cheese

- *Katádes* (dessert)

- *[Moustalevria](/source/Moustalevria)* (dessert)

- *Muscat of Samos* (wine)

- *Tiganites* (pancakes)

## UNESCO

View of [Marathokampos](/source/Marathokampos) village

Agios Nikolaos Church, [Karlovasi](/source/Karlovasi)

Picture of the town of [Karlovasi](/source/Karlovasi)

The island is the location of the joint [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) [World Heritage Sites](/source/World_Heritage_Site) of the [Heraion of Samos](/source/Heraion_of_Samos) and the [Pythagoreion](/source/Pythagoreion) which were inscribed in UNESCO's World Heritage list in 1992.[39]

## Notable people

### Ancient

- [Aegles](/source/Aegles), athlete

- [Aeschrion of Samos](/source/Aeschrion_of_Samos), poet

- [Aesop](/source/Aesop), storyteller

- [Aethlius (writer)](/source/Aethlius_(writer))

- [Agatharchus](/source/Agatharchus), painter

- [Agathocles (writer)](/source/Agathocles_(writer))

- [Aristarchus of Samos](/source/Aristarchus_of_Samos) (3rd century BC), astronomer and mathematician, the first known individual to propose that the [Earth revolves around the Sun](/source/Heliocentrism).

- [Asclepiades of Samos](/source/Asclepiades_of_Samos), epigrammist and poet

- [Asius of Samos](/source/Asius_of_Samos), poet

- [Conon of Samos](/source/Conon_of_Samos), astronomer and mathematician

- [Creophylus of Samos](/source/Creophylus_of_Samos), legendary singer

- [Duris of Samos](/source/Duris_of_Samos) (4th-3rd century BC), historian

- [Epicurus](/source/Epicurus) (4th century BC), philosopher, founder of the [Epicurean school of philosophy](/source/Epicureanism)

- [Melissus of Samos](/source/Melissus_of_Samos), philosopher

- [Nicaenetus of Samos](/source/Nicaenetus_of_Samos), poet

- [Philaenis](/source/Philaenis) (4th-3rd century BC), courtesan and writer

- [Polycrates](/source/Polycrates) (6th century BC), tyrant of Samos

- [Pythagoras](/source/Pythagoras) (6th century BC), philosopher, mathematician, and religious leader, after whom the [Pythagorean theorem](/source/Pythagorean_theorem) is named.

- [Telauges](/source/Telauges), philosopher

- [Pythagoras (sculptor)](/source/Pythagoras_(sculptor))

- [Rhoecus](/source/Rhoecus) (6th century BC), sculptor

- [Telesarchus of Samos](/source/Telesarchus_of_Samos) (6th century BC), aristocrat

- [Theodorus](/source/Theodorus_of_Samos) (6th century BC), sculptor and architect

- [Theon of Samos](/source/Theon_of_Samos), painter

### Modern

- [Lykourgos Logothetis](/source/Lykourgos_Logothetis) (1772–1850), leader of the Samians during the revolution of 1821

- [Ion Ghica](/source/Ion_Ghica) (1816–1897), Romanian revolutionary, mathematician, diplomat, prime minister of Romania, first president of the Romanian Academy, prince of Samos

- [Themistoklis Sofoulis](/source/Themistoklis_Sofoulis) (1860–1949), politician, [Prime Minister of Greece](/source/Prime_Minister_of_Greece)

- [Kostas Roukounas](/source/Kostas_Roukounas) (1903–1984), singer of [Rebetika](/source/Rebetiko)

- [Nikos Stavridis](/source/Nikos_Stavridis) (1910–1987), actor

- [Nerses Ounanian](/source/Nerses_Ounanian) (1924–1957), Armenian-Uruguayan sculptor

- [Nikolaos Margioris](/source/Nikolaos_Margioris) (1913–1993), Greek esoteric philosopher

- [Anna Perivolaris](/source/Anna_Perivolaris) (c. 1888 – 1963), teacher of Greek culture in Australia[40]

- [Patrick Dimon](/source/Patrick_Dimon) (1946–2025), singer[41]

## Gallery

		- The town hall and the archaeological museum in Vathy

		- St Spyridon, Samos town

		- Old tobacco factory, Samos town

		- Kokkari beach

		- [Samos International Airport](/source/Samos_International_Airport)

## See also

- [1904 Samos earthquake](/source/1904_Samos_earthquake)

- [Xenophon](/source/Xenophon)

- [Ancient regions of Anatolia](/source/Ancient_regions_of_Anatolia)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-census21_1-0)** ["Αποτελέσματα Απογραφής Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2021, Μόνιμος Πληθυσμός κατά οικισμό"](https://www.statistics.gr/documents/20181/17286366/MON_PLI_DHM_OIKISN_2021.xlsx) [Results of the 2021 Population - Housing Census, Permanent population by settlement] (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority. 29 March 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** ["Samos"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200806213102/https://www.lexico.com/definition/samos). *[Lexico](/source/Lexico) UK English Dictionary*. [Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press). Archived from [the original](http://www.lexico.com/definition/Samos) on 2020-08-06.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Samos"](https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Samos). *[The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language](/source/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language)* (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Samos"](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/samos). *[Collins English Dictionary](/source/Collins_English_Dictionary)*. [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). Retrieved 6 July 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Samos"](https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Samos). *[Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary](/source/Merriam-Webster)*. Merriam-Webster. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1032680871](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1032680871). Retrieved 6 July 2019.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-10) [***l***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-11) [***m***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-12) [***n***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-13) [***o***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-14) [***p***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBunburyCaspariGardner1911116_6-15) [Bunbury, Caspari & Gardner 1911](#CITEREFBunburyCaspariGardner1911), p. 116.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Strabo, Geography, [10.2.17](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Strab.+10.2.17&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0198)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Everett-Heath, John (2017). [*The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names*](https://books.google.com/books?id=qgJCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1354). Oxford University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780192556462](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192556462).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Marozzi, Justin (2010-02-02). [*The Way of Herodotus: Travels with the Man Who Invented History*](https://books.google.com/books?id=A5JKDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT258). Hachette Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780786727278](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786727278).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Leaf, Walter (2010). [*Homer, the Iliad*](https://books.google.com/books?id=cyxW9XVsROoC&pg=PA4). Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781108016872](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781108016872).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-stat01_11-0)** ["Population & housing census 2001 (incl. area and average elevation)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20150921212047/http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf) (PDF) (in Greek). National Statistical Service of Greece. Archived from [the original](http://dlib.statistics.gr/Book/GRESYE_02_0101_00098%20.pdf) (PDF) on 2015-09-21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Greece"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120710062548/http://www.wwf.gr/en/images/pdfs/JACKAL-ActionPlanFINAL.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.wwf.gr/en/images/pdfs/JACKAL-ActionPlanFINAL.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-07-10. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-HNMS_13-0)** ["Samos Climate"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111219091623/http://www.hnms.gr/hnms/english/climatology/climatology_region_diagrams_html?dr_city=Samos). Hellenic National Meteorological Service. Archived from [the original](http://www.hnms.gr/emy/en/climatology/climatology_city?perifereia=North%20Aegean&poli=Samos) on 19 December 2011. Retrieved 15 October 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-noaa_14-0)** ["Climate Data for Samos"](ftp://dossier.ogp.noaa.gov/GCOS/WMO-Normals/RA-VI/GR/16723.TX). *National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration* ([FTP](/source/FTP)). Retrieved 15 October 2012.[*dead ftp link*] (To view documents see [Help:FTP](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:FTP))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Normales et records climatologiques 1981-2010 à Samos Airport - Infoclimat"](https://www.infoclimat.fr/climatologie/normales-records/1981-2010/samos-airport/valeurs/16723.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Tsetskhladze, Gocha R. (2006). *Greek Colonisation. An account of Greek Colonies and Other Settlements Overseas. Vol. 1*. Leiden, Boston: Brill. pp. lxvii - lxxiii (Table 6). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-90-04-12204-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-12204-8).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Samos (island, Greece) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia"](http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/520614/Samos). Britannica.com. Retrieved 2012-11-07.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** [The Siloam Tunnel was first](http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII1/samos.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110322023637/http://eands.caltech.edu/articles/LXVII1/samos.html) 2011-03-22 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Thucydides, The Peloponnesian War, [1.117.3](https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0200%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D117%3Asection%3D3)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Provinzen_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Provinzen_20-1) Birken, Andreas (1976). *Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches*. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. p. 107. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9783920153568](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783920153568).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.3_21-7) Landros Christos; Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). ["Samos: 2.3. Ottoman rule"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172343/http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_6). *Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago*. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from [the original](http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_6) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.4_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.4_22-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Aegean2.4_22-2) Landros Christos, Kamara Afroditi; Dawson Maria-Dimitra; Spiropoulou Vaso (10 July 2005). ["Samos: 2.4. The Greek War of Independence, 1821"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130522172343/http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_8). *Cultural Portal of the Aegean Archipelago*. Foundation of the Hellenic World. Archived from [the original](http://www2.egeonet.gr/aigaio/FORMS/fLemmaBodyExtended.aspx?lemmaid=10453&boithimata_State=true&kefalaia_State=true#chapter_8) on 22 May 2013. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["The Island of Samos"](https://www.pansamianvic.com/island-of-samos).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Hall, Richard C. (2000). [*The Balkan Wars, 1912–1913: Prelude to the First World War*](https://books.google.com/books?id=ZSllgZ-1D4YC). Routledge. p. 64. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-415-22946-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22946-4).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Erickson, Edward J. (2003). [*Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912–1913*](https://books.google.com/books?id=3fYuy5iUi_sC). Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 158–159. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-275-97888-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-97888-5)..

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Μιχάλης Φύλλας, «H επίσκεψη του Βασιλέως Γεωργίου β΄ στη Σάμο το 1937 μέσα από τον σαμιακό τύπο της εποχής: η περίπτωση των εφημερίδων « Σ ά μ ο ς » και « Α ι γ α ί ο ν » Δελτίον Σαμιακών Σπουδών, τομ. 5 (2019-2020), σελ.113-126 [\[1\]](https://www.academia.edu/62050997/_H_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B5%CF%88%CE%B7_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%89%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%B2_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%AC%CE%BC%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF_1937_%CE%BC%CE%AD%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CF%8D%CF%80%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE%CF%82_%CE%B7_%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%80%CF%84%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%B5%CF%86%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B4%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A3_%CE%AC_%CE%BC_%CE%BF_%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B9_%CE%91_%CE%B9_%CE%B3_%CE%B1_%CE%AF_%CE%BF_%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BC_5_2019_2020_%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BB_113_126)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVasileiouDiakogiannisZafeirisKatsoufros19879–12_27-0)** [Vasileiou et al. 1987](#CITEREFVasileiouDiakogiannisZafeirisKatsoufros1987), pp. 9–12.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMargaritis2006424–439_28-0)** [Margaritis 2006](#CITEREFMargaritis2006), pp. 424–439.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["ASN Aircraft Accident Shorts 330-200 SX-BGE"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121110005034/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890803-1). Archived from [the original](http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19890803-1) on 2012-11-10. Retrieved 2020-06-24.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Greece to close Samos island migrant camp by year end"](https://www.infomigrants.net/en/post/24409/greece-to-close-samos-island-migrant-camp-by-year-end). *[InfoMigrants](/source/InfoMigrants)*. 28 April 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Bell, Bethany (22 January 2020). ["Greek islanders strike over crowded migrant camps"](https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-51204084). *BBC News*. Retrieved 31 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** ["Μετανάστες : "Πιλότος" η Σάμος για τις νέες δομές στα νησιά"](https://www.in.gr/2020/11/17/greece/metanastes-pilotos-samos-gia-tis-nees-domes-sta-nisia/). *in.gr* (in Greek). 2020-11-17. Retrieved 2020-12-16.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Altunişik, Ahmet Can; Atmaca, Barbaros; Kartal, Murat Emre; Günaydin, Murat; Demir, Serhat; Uluşan, Alper (2021). ["Assessment of Structural Damage Following the October 30, 2020 Aegean Sea Earthquake and Tsunami"](https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/10.1142/S1793431121500299). *[Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami](/source/Journal_of_Earthquake_and_Tsunami)*. **15** (6). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1142/S1793431121500299](https://doi.org/10.1142%2FS1793431121500299). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1793-4311](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1793-4311).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-gazette_34-0)** ["Τροποποίηση του άρθρου 1 του ν. 3852/2010"](http://www.et.gr/idocs-nph/search/pdfViewerForm.html?args=5C7QrtC22wFqnM3eAbJzrXdtvSoClrL87TVLbP6RgP3tIl9LGdkF53UIxsx942CdyqxSQYNuqAGCF0IfB9HI6qSYtMQEkEHLwnFqmgJSA5UkHEKavWyL4FoKqSe4BlOTSpEWYhszF8P8UqWb_zFijOYvZQ9oVzh_eHrjhF2IgFB0wiv-nanwQoPLtSkFjBWO) [Amendment of Article 1 of l. 3852/2010] (in Greek). [Government Gazette](/source/Government_Gazette_(Greece)). p. 1164.

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## References

**Attribution**

This article incorporates text from a publication now in the [public domain](/source/Public_domain): Bunbury, Edward Herbert; Caspari, Maximilian Otto Bismarck; Gardner, Ernest Arthur (1911). "[Samos](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Samos)". In [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm) (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 116–117.

- Margaritis, Giorgos (2006). *Ιστορία του ελληνικού εμφυλίου πολέμου 1946-1949* [*History of the Greek Civil War 1946-1949*] (in Greek). Vol. II. Athens: Vivliorama. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9608087139](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9608087139).

- Vasileiou, Theodoros; Diakogiannis, Manolis; Zafeiris, Giannis; Katsoufros, Kostas; Marinis, Kostas; Christodoulou, Epi (1987). *Ο αγώνας του Δημοκρατικού στρατού στη Σάμο* [*The Struggle of the Democratic Army in Samos*] (in Greek). Athens: Syghroni Epoxi. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9602249552](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9602249552).

## Further reading

**Ancient sources**

- Herodotus, especially book iii.

- Strabo xiv. pp. 636–639

- Thucydides, especially books i. and viii.

- Xenophon, Hellenica, books i. ii.

**Modern texts**

- A. Agelarakis, "Anthropologic Results: The Geometric Period Necropolis at Pythagoreion". *Archival Report*. Samos Island Antiquities Authority, Greece, (2003).

- J. P. Barron, *The Silver Coins of Samos* (London, 1966).

- J. Boehlau, *Aus ionischen and italischen Nekropolen* (Leipzig, 1898). (E. H. B.; M. 0. B. C.; E. Ga.).

- C. Curtius, *Urkunden zur Geschichte von Samos* (Wesel, 1873).

- P. Gardner, *Samos and Samian Coins* (London, 1882).

- V. Guérin, *Description de l'île de Patmos et de l'île de Samos* (Paris, 1856).

- K. Hallof and A. P. Matthaiou (eds), *Inscriptiones Chii et Sami cum Corassiis Icariaque* (Inscriptiones Graecae, xii. 6. 1–2). 2 vols. (Berolini–Novi Eboraci: de Gruyter, 2000; 2004).

- B. V. Head, *Historia Numorum* (Oxford, 1887), pp. 515–518.

- L. E. Hicks and G. F. Hill, *Greek Historical Inscriptions* (Oxford, 1901), No. 81.

- H. Kyrieleis, *Führer durch das Heraion von Samos* (Athen, 1981).

- T. Panofka, *Res Samiorum* (Berlin, 1822).

- Pauly-Wissowa (in German, on Antiquity)

- T. J. Quinn, *Athens and Samos, Chios and Lesbos* (Manchester, 1981).

- G. Shipley, *A History of Samos 800–188 BC* (Oxford, 1987).

- R. Tölle-Kastenbein, *Herodot und Samos* (Bochum, 1976).

- H. F. Tozer, *Islands of the Aegean* (London, 1890).

- K. Tsakos, *Samos: A Guide to the History and Archaeology* (Athens, 2003).

- H. Walter, *Das Heraion von Samos* (München, 1976).

- Westermann, *Großer Atlas zur Weltgeschichte* (in German)

**Volumes of the *Samos* series of archaeological reports published by the Deutsches Archäologisches Institut.**

- 1. V. Milojčić, *Die prähistorische Siedlung unter dem Heraion* (Bonn, 1961).

- 2. R. C. S. Felsch, *Das Kastro Tigani* (Bonn, 1988).

- 3. A. E. Furtwängler, *Der Nordbau im Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1989).

- 4. H. P. Isler, *Das archaische Nordtor und seine Umgebung im Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1978).

- 5. H. Walter, *Frühe samische Gefäße* (Bonn, 1968).

- 6.1. E. Walter-Karydi, *Samische Gefäße des 6. Jahrhunderts v. Chr.* (Bonn, 1973).

- 7. G. Schmidt, *Kyprische Bildwerke aus dem Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1968).

- 8. U. Jantzen, *Ägyptische und orientalische Bronzen aus dem Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1972).

- 9. U. Gehrikg, with G. Schneider, *Die Greifenprotomen aus dem Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 2004).

- 10. H. Kyrieleis, *Der große Kuros von Samos* (Bonn, 1996).

- 11. B. Freyer-Schauenburg, *Bildwerke der archaischen Zeit und des strengen Stils* (Bonn, 1974).

- 12. R. Horn, *Hellenistische Bildwerke auf Samos* (Bonn, 1972).

- 14. R. Tölle-Kastenbein, *Das Kastro Tigani* (Bonn, 1974).

- 15. H. J. Kienast, *Die Stadtmauer von Samos* (Bonn, 1978).

- 16. W. Martini, *Das Gymnasium von Samos* (Bonn, 1984).

- 17. W. Martini and C. Streckner, *Das Gymnasium von Samos: das frühbyzantinische Klostergut* (Bonn, 1993).

- 18. V. Jarosch, *Samische Tonfiguren aus dem Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1994).

- 19. H. J. Kienast, *Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos auf Samos* (Bonn, 1995).

- 20. U. Jantzen with W. Hautumm, W.-R. Megow, M. Weber, and H. J. Kienast, *Die Wasserleitung des Eupalinos: die Funde* (Bonn, 2004).

- 22. B. Kreuzer, *Die attisch schwarzfigurige Keramik aus dem Heraion von Samos* (Bonn, 1998).

- 24.1. T. Schulz with H. J. Kienast, *Die römischen Tempel im Heraion von Samos: die Prostyloi* (Bonn, 2002).

- 25. C. Hendrich, *Die Säulenordnung des ersten Dipteros von Samos* (Bonn, 2007).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Samos Island](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Samos_Island).

- [Samos](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Samos#Q156882) travel guide from Wikivoyage

- [Municipality of Samos](https://www.islandofsamos.gr/)

- [Visit Samos](http://visit.samos.gr)

v t e Aegean Sea General Countries Greece Turkey Other Aegean civilizations Aegean dispute Aegean Islands Greek islands Turkish islands Aegean Islands Cyclades Amorgos Anafi Ananes Andros Antimilos Antiparos Daskalio Delos Despotiko Donousa Folegandros Gyaros Ios Irakleia Kardiotissa Kea Keros Kimolos Koufonisia Kythnos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Polyaigos Rineia Santorini Schoinoussa Serifopoula Serifos Sifnos Sikinos Syros Therasia Tinos Vous Aegean Sea Dodecanese Agathonisi Alimia Arkoi Armathia Astakida Astypalaia Çatalada Chamili Farmakonisi Gaidaros Gyali Halki Imia Kalolimnos Kalymnos Kandelioussa Kara Ada Karpathos Kasos Kinaros Kos Küçük Tavşan Adası Leipsoi (Lipsi) Leros Levitha (Lebynthos) Nimos Nisyros Pacheia Patmos Platy Pserimos Rhodes Salih Ada Saria Symi Syrna Telendos Tilos Zaforas North Aegean Agios Efstratios Agios Minas Ammouliani Ayvalık Islands Büyük Ada Chios Chryse Cunda Foça Islands Fournoi Korseon Icaria Imbros Koukonesi Lemnos Lesbos Megalonisi (Nisiopi) Metelik Island Oinousses Pasas Psara Samiopoula Samos Samothrace Tenedos Thasos Thymaina Uzunada Zourafa Saronic Aegina Agios Georgios Agistri Dokos Hydra Poros Psyttaleia Salamis Spetses Sporades Adelfoi Islets Agios Georgios Skopelou Alonnisos Argos Skiathou Dasia Erinia Gioura Grammeza Kyra Panagia Lekhoussa Peristera Piperi Psathoura Repi Sarakino Skandili Skantzoura Skiathos Skopelos Skyropoula Skyros Tsoungria Valaxa Cretan Afentis Christos Agia Varvara Agioi Apostoloi Agioi Pantes Agioi Theodoroi Agios Nikolaos Anavatis Arnaouti Aspros Volakas Avgo Crete Daskaleia Dia Diapori Dionysades Elasa Ftena Trachylia Glaronisi Gramvousa Grandes Kalydon (Spinalonga) Karavi Karga Katergo Kavallos Kefali Kolokytha Koursaroi Kyriamadi Lazaretta Leon Mavros Mavros Volakas Megatzedes Mochlos Nikolos Palaiosouda Peristeri Peristerovrachoi Petalida Petalouda Pontikaki Pontikonisi Praso (Prasonisi) Prosfora Pseira Sideros Souda Valenti Vryonisi Other Ionian Islands Antikythera Kythira Euboea Makronisos

v t e Administrative division of the North Aegean Region Area 3,836 km2 (1,481 sq mi) Population 199,231 (as of 2011) Municipalities 9 (since 2011) Capital Mytilini (Lesbos) Regional unit of Chios Chios Oinousses Psara Regional unit of Ikaria Fournoi Korseon Ikaria Regional unit of Lemnos Agios Efstratios Lemnos Regional unit of Lesbos Mytilene West Lesbos Regional unit of Samos East Samos West Samos Regional governor Kostas Moutzouris [el] (since 2019) Decentralized administration Aegean

v t e Journeys of Paul the Apostle First journey 1. Antioch 2. Seleucia 3. Cyprus 3a. Salamis 3b. Paphos 4. Perga 5. Antioch of Pisidia 6. Iconium 7. Derbe 8. Lystra 9. Attalea 10. Antioch (returns to beginning of journey) Second journey 1. Cilicia 2. Derbe 3. Lystra 4. Phrygia 5. Galatia 6. Mysia (Alexandria Troas) 7. Samothrace 8. Neapolis 9. Philippi 9. Amphipolis 10. Apollonia 11. Thessalonica 12. Beroea 13. Athens 14. Corinth 15. Cenchreae 16. Ephesus 17. Syria 18. Caesarea 19. Jerusalem 20. Antioch Third journey 1. Galatia 2. Phrygia 3. Ephesus 4. Macedonia 5. Corinth 6. Cenchreae 7. Macedonia (again) 8. Troas 9. Assos 10. Mytilene 11. Chios 12. Samos 13. Miletus 14. Cos 15. Rhodes 16. Patara 17. Tyre 18. Ptolemais 19. Caesarea 20. Jerusalem

v t e Ionian League Chios Clazomenae Colophon Ephesus Erythrae Lebedus Miletus Myus Phocaea Priene Samos Teos

v t e Regional units of Greece Northern Greece Central Macedonia Imathia Thessaloniki Kilkis Pella Pieria Serres Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Drama Evros Kavala Rhodope Thasos Xanthi Epirus Arta Ioannina Preveza Thesprotia Western Macedonia Florina Grevena Kastoria Kozani Central Greece Central Greece Boeotia Euboea Evrytania Phocis Phthiotis Ionian Islands Corfu Ithaca Cephalonia Lefkada Zakynthos Peloponnese Arcadia Argolis Corinthia Laconia Messenia Thessaly Karditsa Larissa Magnesia Sporades Trikala Western Greece Achaea Aetolia-Acarnania Elis Attica Attica North Athens West Athens Central Athens South Athens East Attica Piraeus Islands West Attica Aegean Islands and Crete Crete Chania Heraklion Lasithi Rethymno North Aegean Chios Ikaria Lemnos Lesbos Samos South Aegean Andros Kalymnos Karpathos-Kasos Kea-Kythnos Kos Milos Mykonos Naxos Paros Rhodes Syros Thira Tinos

v t e Former provinces of Greece Grouped by region and prefecture Attica East and West Attica Attica Piraeus Aegina Hydra Kythira Piraeus Troizinia West Attica Megaris Central Greece Boeotia Livadeia Thebes Euboea Chalcis Istiaia Karystia Phocis Dorida Parnassida Phthiotis Domokos Locris Phthiotis Central Macedonia Chalkidiki Arnaia Chalkidiki Imathia Imathia Naousa Kilkis Kilkis Paionia Pella Almopia Edessa Giannitsa Serres Fyllida Serres Sintiki Visaltia Thessaloniki Lagkadas Thessaloniki Crete Chania Apokoronas Kissamos Kydonia Selino Sfakia Heraklion Kainourgio Malevizi Monofatsi Pediada Pyrgiotissa Temenos Viannos Lasithi Ierapetra Lasithi Mirampello Siteia Rethymno Agios Vasileios Amari Mylopotamos Rethymno Eastern Macedonia and Thrace Evros Alexandroupoli Didymoteicho Orestiada Samothrace Soufli Kavala Kavala Nestos Pangaio Thasos Rhodope Komotini Sapes Epirus Ioannina Dodoni Konitsa Metsovo Pogoni Thesprotia Filiates Margariti Souli Thyamida Ionian Islands Corfu Corfu Paxoi Kefallinia Ithaca Kranaia Pali Sami North Aegean Lesbos Lemnos Mithymna Mytilene Plomari Samos Ikaria Samos Peloponnese Arcadia Gortynia Kynouria Mantineia Megalopoli Argolis Argos Ermionida Nafplia Laconia Epidavros Limira Gytheio Lacedaemon Oitylo Messenia Kalamai Messini Pylia Trifylia South Aegean Cyclades Andros Kea Milos Naxos Paros Syros Thira Tinos Dodecanese Kalymnos Karpathos Kos Rhodes Thessaly Larissa Agia Elassona Farsala Larissa Tyrnavos Magnesia Almyros Skopelos Volos Trikala Kalampaka Trikala West Greece Achaea Aigialeia Kalavryta Patras Aetolia-Acarnania Missolonghi Nafpaktia Trichonida Valtos Vonitsa-Xiromero Elis Elis Olympia Western Macedonia Kozani Eordaia Kozani Voio Note: not all prefectures were subdivided into provinces.

Authority control databases International VIAF 2 GND WorldCat National United States Israel 2 Geographic Pleiades Other İslâm Ansiklopedisi Yale LUX

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