# Sam Sole

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**Stephen Patrick "Sam" Sole** is a South African [investigative journalist](/source/Investigative_journalism). He is the co-founder and managing director of the [amaBhungane Centre for Investigative Journalism](/source/AmaBhungane). Before the centre became independent in April 2016, he was a journalist for the *[Mail & Guardian](/source/Mail_%26_Guardian)*. Since 2003 he has won both the [Vodacom Journalist of the Year Award](/source/Vodacom_Journalist_of_the_Year_Awards) and the [Taco Kuiper Award for Investigative Journalism](/source/Taco_Kuiper_Award_for_Investigative_Journalism) on multiple occasions.

## Early life and education

Sole's father was [Donald Sole](https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Bell_Sole), a diplomat who during Sole's childhood was the [South African Ambassador to the Federal Republic of Germany](/source/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_South_Africa) and then the [South African Ambassador to the United States](/source/South_African_Ambassador_to_the_United_States).[1] Sole was a boarding student at the [South African College Schools](/source/South_African_College_Schools) (SACS) in [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town), where he acquired the nickname "Sam" from his English teacher.[2] After matriculating in 1979, he failed to persuade his parents to allow him to study drama; instead he enrolled in a [Bachelor of Science](/source/Bachelor_of_Science) in [computer science](/source/Computer_science) at the [University of Cape Town](/source/University_of_Cape_Town) but found that he was "neither very good nor very interested".[2] He transferred to a [Bachelor of Arts](/source/Bachelor_of_Arts) and then dropped out entirely in favour of working.[2]

In mid-1984, after a brief hitchhiking tour of Europe, Sole was conscripted into the [South African Defence Force](/source/South_African_Defence_Force). He later said that he considered [leaving the country](/source/Draft_evasion) but enlisted to confront both the "ugly realities" of [apartheid](/source/Apartheid)-era South Africa and his "doubts about my own courage".[2] He was a [rifleman](/source/Rifleman) in the [6 South African Infantry Battalion](/source/6_South_African_Infantry_Battalion) in [Grahamstown](/source/Grahamstown), which was deployed to nearby [townships](/source/Township) to quell [ongoing civil unrest](/source/Vaal_uprising).[2]

Sole was in the defence force for two years.[3] During that time, in 1985, he wrote his first newspaper article, an account of [police](/source/South_African_Police) and military actions in the townships during the prevailing [state of emergency](/source/State_of_emergency); he submitted it to the [End Conscription Campaign](/source/End_Conscription_Campaign), which arranged for it to be printed anonymously on the front page of the *[International Herald Tribune](/source/International_Herald_Tribune)*.**[2][3]** Later he testified about his experience at the post-apartheid [Truth and Reconciliation Commission](/source/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_(South_Africa)).[4]

## Early career in journalism: 1986–2010

Sole entered journalism full-time in 1986.[5] He worked at *[Noseweek](/source/Noseweek)* and at the *[Sunday Tribune](/source/Independent_Online)* in [Durban](/source/Durban), where he was political editor.[5] During the [post-apartheid transition](/source/End_of_apartheid) of the 1990s, he wrote about [third force](/source/Third_Force_(South_Africa)) political violence and the apartheid state's [chemical warfare programme](/source/Project_Coast).**[6]** He also served a term as president of the South African Union of Journalists.[7]

In 2002 Sole joined the *[Mail & Guardian](/source/Mail_%26_Guardian)* (*M&G*) as an [investigative journalist](/source/Investigative_journalism).[5] *M&G* editor Howard Barrell later said that he recruited Sole and his colleague [Stefaans Brümmer](/source/Stefaans_Br%C3%BCmmer) through "wooing and waiting".[8] At the newspaper, Sole launched a series of award-winning investigations into [political corruption in South Africa](/source/Political_corruption_in_South_Africa), often writing with Brümmer .

## AmaBhungane: 2010–present

In 2010, Sole and Brümmer launched the M&G Centre for Investigative Journalism, branded as [amaBhungane](/source/AmaBhungane); a spin-off of the *M&G*'s existing investigative unit, it was a semi-autonomous [non-profit organisation](/source/Nonprofit_organization) for investigative journalism.[9] The model for the centre was inspired by the non-profit [Bureau of Investigative Journalism](/source/Bureau_of_Investigative_Journalism) and [ProPublica](/source/ProPublica), and in its first fiscal year it received two-thirds of its funding from *M&G* and the other third from the [Open Society Foundation](/source/Open_Society_Foundation_for_South_Africa).[10][11] Before launching it grew from three staff members – Sole, Brümmer, and [Adriaan Basson](/source/Adriaan_Basson) – to five.[10] The centre published its first article in the *M&G* on 19 March 2010 under the title "Zuma Inc.", a mapping of the business interests of individuals close to the recently elected [President of South Africa](/source/President_of_South_Africa), [Jacob Zuma](/source/Jacob_Zuma).[12][13]

In April 2016, amaBhungane became an entirely independent organisation, terminating its exclusivity agreement with the *M&G*.[9] Initially serving as managing director alongside Brümmer,[9] Sole became the centre's sole managing director in 2021 when Brümmer stepped down.[14][15] He is also a member of the [International Consortium of Investigative Journalists](/source/International_Consortium_of_Investigative_Journalists).[16]

## Notable investigations and awards

On 29 November 2002, still in his first year at the *M&G*, Sole broke the story of [an ongoing criminal investigation](/source/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges) into Deputy President Jacob Zuma, who was suspected of soliciting [bribes](/source/Bribery) from contractors in the [1999 Arms Deal](/source/Arms_Deal_(South_Africa)).[17] For that story Sole won the inaugural [Vodacom Journalist of the Year Award](/source/Vodacom_Journalist_of_the_Year_Awards) of 2002.[18][19]

The next year, Sole and Brümmer's investigations into [Oilgate](/source/Oilgate) and the [Oil-for-Food Programme](/source/Oil-for-Food_Programme) won them the 2003 [Mondi](/source/Mondi) [Shanduka](/source/Shanduka_Group) Newspaper Award for investigative journalism.[20] For further reporting on the same subject in 2005, with Wisani wa ka Ngobeni as third co-author, they won the same Mondi Shanduka award,[21] the [Media Institute of Southern Africa](/source/Media_Institute_of_Southern_Africa)'s John Manyarara Investigative Journalism Award,[22] and (shared with Bruce Cameron) the Vodacom Journalist of the Year Award.[23]

For reporting on [Jackie Selebi](/source/Jackie_Selebi)'s ties to [Brett Kebble](/source/Brett_Kebble), published in 2006 and 2007, Sole, Brümmer, and colleagues won the 2006 Mondi Shanduka Newspaper Award for investigative journalism,[24] as well as the Mondi Shanduka South African Story of the Year Award in both 2006 and 2007.[24][25] They were the joint runners-up for the [Taco Kuiper Award for Investigative Journalism](/source/Taco_Kuiper_Award_for_Investigative_Journalism) in both years.**[26][27]**

Shortly thereafter Sole received the 2008 Taco Kuiper Award jointly with Brümmer and Adriaan Basson for further exposés of corruption in the Arms Deal;[28] they were also finalists for the Mondi Shanduka investigative journalism award that year.[29]

AmaBhungane's first exposé, "Zuma Inc.", won the 2010 Mondi Shanduka South African Story of the Year.[30][31] Sole was also the joint winner of the 2010 Vodacom Journalist of the Year Award for best [feature](/source/Feature_writing) for amaBhungane's series on [Radovan Krejčir](/source/Radovan_Krej%C4%8D%C3%AD%C5%99), written by Sole, Brümmer, and Ilham Rawoot.[32]

He, Brümmer, and amaBhungane's Vinayak Bhardwaj won the 2013 Taco Kuiper Award for their investigation into state-sponsored upgrades at President Zuma's [Nkandla residence](/source/Nkandla_homestead).[33][34]

During the second term of [Zuma's presidency](/source/Presidency_of_Jacob_Zuma), Sole and amaBhungane investigated [state capture](/source/State_capture) by the [Gupta brothers](/source/Gupta_brothers) and other Zuma allies. Notably, in 2017 *[Daily Maverick](/source/Daily_Maverick)* editor [Branko Brkic](/source/Daily_Maverick#Branko_Brkic) recruited amaBhungane, and later [News24](/source/News24_(website)), for a joint investigation of the so-called [Gupta Leaks](/source/Gupta_Leaks).[35] Members of the three investigative units, including Sole, were the joint winners of several journalism awards for that investigation, including the 2017 Taco Kuiper Award, the 2017 [Standard Bank](/source/Standard_Bank) Sikuvile Award for investigative journalism,[36] and the 2019 [Global Shining Light Award](/source/Global_Shining_Light_Award).[37][38] Sole was also shortlisted separately for the 2017 Taco Kuiper Award for reporting with Susan Comrie on the involvement of [McKinsey & Company](/source/McKinsey_%26_Company) in Gupta-linked public contracts.[37]

In later years Sole collaborated with a rotation of amaBhungane members. Sole and Comrie were the joint winners of the Vodacom Journalist of the Year Award in the finance and economics category in both 2020 and 2021.[39][40] Sole, Dewald van Rensburg, and Micah Reddy won the 2022 [Sanlam](/source/Sanlam) Award for Excellence in Financial Journalism in the business and companies category,[41] and the same trio were the joint runners-up for the 2023 Taco Kuiper Award for their reporting on Zunaid Moti's business dealings.[42] The [Editors' Forum of Namibia](/source/Editors'_Forum_of_Namibia) awarded its 2023 Journalist of the Year Award in the environment category to Sole and *[The Namibian](/source/The_Namibian)*'s Timo Shihepo, with whom Sole had investigated the [oil exploration](/source/Oil_exploration) activities of [ReconAfrica](/source/ReconAfrica).[43][44]

## Surveillance

In 2015 Sole learned from court records, filed in litigation about the [spy tapes](/source/National_Prosecuting_Authority#"Spy_tapes"_allegations) in [Zuma's corruption trial](/source/Jacob_Zuma_corruption_charges), that the [National Intelligence Agency](/source/National_Intelligence_Agency_(South_Africa)) (later the [State Security Agency](/source/State_Security_Agency_(South_Africa))) had [intercepted](/source/Phone_tap) a 2008 phone call between him and a [source](/source/Source_(journalism)), prosecutor [Billy Downer](/source/Billy_Downer). In response to a [Promotion of Access to Information Act](/source/Promotion_of_Access_to_Information_Act,_2000) request, the State Security Agency disclosed that it had obtained a warrant to tap Sole's phone under the [Regulation of Interception of Communications and Provision of Communication-Related Information Act](/source/Regulation_of_Interception_of_Communications_and_Provision_of_Communication-related_Information_Act,_2002) (RICA).[45][46] The disclosure confirmed longstanding suspicions; in 2009 the *M&G* had lodged an ineffectual complaint with the [Inspector-General of Intelligence](/source/Inspector-General_of_Intelligence_(South_Africa)) in connection with reliable reports that Sole and his colleagues, including *M&G* editor [Ferial Haffajee](/source/Ferial_Haffajee), appeared on the spy tapes.[47]

[Right2Know](/source/Right2Know) used Sole's case as a case study of [state surveillance](/source/State_surveillance) of journalists in South Africa.[48] Meanwhile, on the basis of the State Security Agency's disclosure, Sole and amaBhungane mounted a challenge to the [constitutionality](/source/Constitution_of_South_Africa) of RICA and of [bulk surveillance](/source/Bulk_surveillance) conducted under its auspices. The [Constitutional Court of South Africa](/source/Constitutional_Court_of_South_Africa) ruled in their favour on 4 February 2021.[49] In 2022 Zuma used the tapes to lodge criminal charges against Downer, alleging that they showed that Downer had perpetrated an unlawful [leak](/source/News_leak) to Sole in 2008 (as well as to legal journalist [Karyn Maughan](/source/Karyn_Maughan) more recently).[50]

## Personal life

Sole is married and has two daughters.[6]

## References

1. ["Embassy of miracle and wonder"](https://mg.co.za/article/2003-12-21-embassy-of-miracle-and-wonder/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2003-12-20. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Sole, Sam (21 December 2023). ["Stepping up and stepping out"](https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/columnists/guestcolumn/sam-sole-stepping-up-and-stepping-out-20231221). *News24*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Sole, Sam (2019-02-25). ["To Adri Senekal De Wet: The soul is dead at Independent"](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-02-25-to-adri-senekal-de-wet-the-soul-is-dead-at-independent/). *Daily Maverick*. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["TRC Final Report Volume 4, Section 1: Mr Sam Sole, former conscript in the townships"](https://sabctrc.saha.org.za/reports/volume4/chapter8/subsection7.htm). *Truth Commission Special Report*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Sam Sole"](https://amabhungane.org/team/sam-sole/) (in en-ZA). *amaBhungane*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Haffajee, Ferial (2019-09-22). ["Sam Sole & Stefaans Brummer took on the surveillance state, and won"](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2019-09-22-sam-sole-stefaans-brummer-took-on-the-surveillance-state-and-won/). *Daily Maverick*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Good and rotten eggs of Noseweek trial"](https://mg.co.za/article/1996-10-04-good-and-rotten-eggs-of-noseweek-trial/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 1996-10-04. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Barrell, Howard (2005-11-24). ["Never just a newzzzpaper"](https://mg.co.za/article/2005-11-24-never-just-a-newzzzpaper/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Goodbye, hello from amaBhungane"](https://mg.co.za/article/2016-04-01-goodbye-hello-from-amabhungane-1/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2016-04-01. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Schmidt, Christine (31 January 2018). ["Digging for dung, unearthing corruption: This South African investigative nonprofit could help take down the president"](https://www.niemanlab.org/2018/01/digging-for-dung-unearthing-corruption-this-south-african-investigative-nonprofit-could-help-take-down-the-president/). *Nieman Lab*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Fertilising SA's rotting ecosystem: M&G's new investigative journalism centre"](http://www.thedailymaverick.co.za/article/2010-04-20-fertilising-sas-rotting-ecosystem-mgs-new-investigative-journalism-centre). *Daily Maverick*. 2010-04-23. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100423040500/http://www.thedailymaverick.co.za/article/2010-04-20-fertilising-sas-rotting-ecosystem-mgs-new-investigative-journalism-centre) 23 April 2010 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Zuma Incorporated"](https://mg.co.za/article/2010-03-19-zuma-incorporated/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2010-03-19. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Keeping it in the family"](https://amabhungane.org/keeping-it-in-the-family/) (in en-ZA). *amaBhungane*. 2010-03-19. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Villiers, James de (21 August 2021). ["Stefaans Brümmer, amaBhungane co-founder, on crooks, graft and why he's moving on"](https://www.news24.com/news24/opinions/analysis/saturday-profile-the-man-behind-guptaleaks-and-arms-deal-exposes-and-why-hes-moving-on-20210821). *News24*. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Bartlett, Kate (16 July 2024). ["Fighting State Capture Through Collaboration: How amaBhungane Has Redefined Investigative Journalism in Southern Africa"](https://gijn.org/stories/amabhungane-member-profile/). *Global Investigative Journalism Network*. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["ICIJ Member Sam Sole"](https://www.icij.org/journalists/sam-sole/). *International Consortium of Investigative Journalists*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Sole, Sam (2002-11-29). ["Scorpions probe Jacob Zuma"](https://mg.co.za/article/2002-11-29-scorpions-probe-jacob-zuma/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Past winners – Vodacom Journalist of the Year"](https://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/past-winners/). *SABC News*. 29 September 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2024.

1. ["Another award comes home"](https://mg.co.za/article/2003-09-26-another-award-comes-home/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2003-09-26. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Mondi Newspaper 2003 Award winners shine..."](https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/3507.html). *Bizcommunity*. 6 May 2004. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["All the Mondi Shanduka Newspaper journalist winners"](https://www.bizcommunity.com/Article/196/90/9806.html). *Bizcommunity*. 5 April 2006. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["M&G Oilgate team doubly awarded for reports"](https://mg.co.za/article/2006-08-29-mg-oilgate-team-doubly-awarded-for-reports/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2006-08-29. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["M&G wins top award for Oilgate reporting"](https://mg.co.za/article/2006-10-30-mg-wins-top-award-for-oilgate-reporting/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2006-10-30. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Kruger, Franz (26 April 2007). ["Kebble story brings honours to two papers"](https://journalism.co.za/kebble-story-brings-honours-to-two-papers/). *Journalism.co.za*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Mail & Guardian team wins SA Story of the Year"](https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/media/9692/breaking-news-mail--guardian-team-wins-sa-story-of-the-year). *Media Update*. 2008-04-09. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Taco Kuiper Award Winners"](http://www.journalism.co.za/taco-kuiper-award-winners/). *Journalism.co.za*. 27 April 2007. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140625203043/http://www.journalism.co.za/taco-kuiper-award-winners/) 25 June 2014 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 23 July 2014. – via University of the Witwatersrand.

1. Kruger, Franz (28 June 2008). ["Judges' remarks for 2007 Taco Kuiper prize"](https://journalism.co.za/judges-remarks-for-2007-taco-kuiper-prize/). *Journalism.co.za*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["M&G investigative journalists scoop prestigious award"](https://mg.co.za/article/2009-04-17-mg-investigative-journalists-scoop-prestigious-award/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2009-04-17. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["M&G lauded at Mondi Awards"](https://mg.co.za/article/2009-05-06-mg-lauded-at-mondi-awards/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2009-05-06. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["M&G's Mondi triumph: Journalism is a team sport"](https://amabhungane.org/mgs-mondi-triumph-journalism-is-a-team-sport/) (in en-ZA). *amaBhungane*. 2011-05-11. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Story of the Year: The M&G Centre for Investigative Journalism (amaBhungane)"](https://themediaonline.co.za/2011/05/story-of-the-year-the-mg-centre-for-investigative-journalism-amabhungane/). *The Media Online*. 2011-05-10. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["amaBhungane wins Vodacom's best feature award"](https://mg.co.za/article/2011-11-07-amabhungane-wins-vodacoms-best-feature-award/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2011-11-07. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["AmaBhungane clinches Taco Kuiper award for Nkandla files"](https://mg.co.za/article/2014-04-11-amabhungane-clinches-taco-kuiper-award-for-nkandla-files/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2014-04-11. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["South African Awards Showcase Impressive Investigations"](https://gijn.org/stories/south-african-awards-showcase-impressive-investigations/). *Global Investigative Journalism Network*. 15 April 2014. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Uncaptured: How it all began"](https://mg.co.za/article/2018-12-20-00-uncaptured-how-it-all-began/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2018-12-20. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["All the Standard Bank Sikuvile Award winners"](https://themediaonline.co.za/2018/09/all-the-standard-bank-sikuvile-award-winners/). *The Media Online*. 2018-09-14. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Harber, Anton (21 March 2018). ["South Africa's Extraordinary Year: Journalists Turn the Tide Against Corruption"](https://gijn.org/stories/south-africas-extraordinary-year-journalists-turn-tide-corruption/). *Global Investigative Journalism Network*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["Investigations From Peru, Philippines, South Africa Win Global Shining Light Award"](https://gijc2019.org/2019/09/28/investigations-from-peru-philippines-south-africa-win-global-shining-light-award/). *Global Investigative Journalism Conference 2019*. 2019-09-28. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Overall Winners of 2021 Vodacom Journalist of the Year Awards announced"](https://www.vodacom.com/news-article.php?articleID=7721). *Vodacom Group*. 25 November 2021. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["National Winners Announced at 2020 Vodacom Journalist of the year awards"](https://www.vodacom.com/news-article.php?articleID=7576#:~:text=These%20factors%20made%20it%20harder,as%20our%20two%20winners,%20both). *Vodacom Group*. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["2022 Financial Journalist of the Year Winners"](https://www.sanlam.com/productcatalog/Pages/2022-financial-journalist-of-the-year-winners.aspx). *Sanlam*. 4 August 2023. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Dickinson, Stuart (31 May 2024). ["Winners announced for the 18th Taco Kuiper Award for Investigative Journalism"](https://journalism.co.za/winners-announced-for-the-18th-taco-kuiper-award-for-investigative-journalism/). *Journalism.co.za*. Retrieved 2024-07-20. – via University of the Witwatersrand.

1. ["EFN thanks sponsors for supporting the 2023 Journalism Awards"](https://futuremedia.com.na/efn-thanks-sponsors-for-supporting-the-2023-journalism-awards/). *Future Media*. 2023-10-24. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Lazarus Amukeshe scoops Journalist of the Year award"](https://www.nbcnews.na/node/103081). *Namibian Broadcasting Corporation*. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Being the target: Sam Sole"](http://privacyinternational.org/case-study/4253/being-target-sam-sole). *Privacy International*. 23 October 2020. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. Quintal, Angela (2021-02-10). ["South African journalist Sam Sole on landmark court victory: "2008 surveillance was the tip of the iceberg""](https://cpj.org/2021/02/south-african-journalist-sam-sole-on-landmark-court-victory-2008-surveillance-was-the-tip-of-the-iceberg/). *Committee to Protect Journalists*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

1. ["I spy..."](https://mg.co.za/article/2009-05-22-i-spy/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2009-05-22. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. ["Journalist surveillance: Spooks are back in action"](https://mg.co.za/article/2018-07-04-journalist-surveillance-spooks-are-back-in-action/) (in en-ZA). *The Mail & Guardian*. 2018-07-04. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Milo, Dario (2021-02-07). ["amaBhungane's Rica victory: Big Brother can no longer watch us with impunity"](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2021-02-07-amabhunganes-rica-victory-big-brother-can-no-longer-watch-us-with-impunity/). *Daily Maverick*. Retrieved 2024-07-21.

1. Thamm, Marianne (2022-09-28). ["Recycle, repackage, repeat — Advocate Billy Downer sets out Jacob Zuma's years of rolling the legal dice to stay out of jail"](https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2022-09-28-recycle-repackage-repeat-billy-downer-sets-out-jacob-zumas-years-of-rolling-the-legal-dice-to-stay-out-of-jail/). *Daily Maverick*. Retrieved 2024-07-20.

## External links

- [Sam Sole](https://twitter.com/SamSoleZA) on Twitter
- [Sam Sole](https://amabhungane.org/team/sam-sole/) at amaBhungane
- [Sam Sole](https://gijc2017.org/2017/11/18/gijc17-voices-sam-sole/) at GIJC17 Voices

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sam Sole](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sole) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sam_Sole?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.