# Saint Timothy

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1st-century Christian evangelist, philosopher and bishop

Saint Timothy Icon of Saint Timothy Bishop, Martyr Born Lystra, Galatia, Roman Empire[1] or Derbe, Galatia, Roman Empire[2][3] Died unknown (The Acts of Timothy dates Timothy's death to c. AD 97 [aged 79/80]) Ephesus, Asia, Roman Empire Venerated in Catholic Church Eastern Orthodox Church Oriental Orthodoxy Anglicanism Lutheranism Feast January 22 (Eastern Christianity) January 26 (Catholic Church, Lutheranism, Anglican Communion) January 24 (some local calendars and pre-1970 General Roman Calendar) 23 Tobi (Coptic Christianity)[4] 27 Tobi (Relocation of Relics – Coptic Christianity)[5] Thursday after fifth Sunday after feast of the Holy Cross (Armenian Apostolic Church)[6] Attributes pastoral staff[7] Patronage Invoked against stomach and intestinal disorders

**Timothy** ([Greek](/source/Greek_language): Τιμόθεος, *Timótheos*, meaning "honouring God" or "honoured by God"[8]) was an early Christian [evangelist](/source/Evangelism) and the first [Catholic](/source/Christianity) [bishop](/source/Bishop) of [Ephesus](/source/Ephesus),[9] whom the [Acts of Timothy](/source/Acts_of_Timothy) relates died around the year AD 97.

Timothy was from the [Lycaonian](/source/Lycaonia) city of [Lystra](/source/Lystra)[10] or of [Derbe](/source/Derbe)[2][3] in [Asia Minor](/source/Asia_Minor), born of a [Jewish](/source/Jews) mother who had become a Christian believer, and a [Greek](/source/Greeks) father. The [Apostle Paul](/source/Paul_the_Apostle) met him during his [second missionary journey](/source/Second_missionary_journey) and he became Paul's companion and missionary partner along with [Silas](/source/Silas).[11] The [New Testament](/source/New_Testament) indicates that Timothy traveled with Paul the Apostle, who was also his mentor. He is addressed as the recipient of the [First](/source/First_Epistle_to_Timothy) and [Second](/source/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy) Epistles to Timothy in the [New Testament](/source/New_Testament#Pauline_letters_to_persons).

## Life

Timothy was a native of [Lystra](/source/Lystra) or of [Derbe](/source/Derbe) in [Lycaonia](/source/Lycaonia) ([Asia Minor](/source/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Asia_Minor)).[12] When [Paul](/source/Paul_the_Apostle) and [Barnabas](/source/Barnabas) first visited Lystra, Paul healed a person crippled from birth, leading many of the inhabitants to accept his teaching. When he returned a few years later with Silas, Timothy was already a respected member of the Christian congregation, as were his grandmother [Lois](/source/Lois_(Bible)) and his mother [Eunice](/source/Eunice_(Bible)), both Jews. In 2 Timothy 1:5,[13] his mother and grandmother are noted as eminent for their piety and faith. Timothy is said to have been acquainted with the Scriptures since childhood. In 1 Corinthians 16:10,[14] there is a suggestion that he was by nature reserved and timid: "When Timothy comes, see that you put him at ease among you, for he is doing the work of the Lord".[15]

Timothy's father was a Greek [Gentile](/source/Gentile). Thus Timothy had not been [circumcised](/source/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity) and Paul now ensured that this was done, according to Acts 16:1-3,[16] to ensure Timothy's acceptability to the Jews whom they would be evangelizing. According to [John William McGarvey](/source/John_William_McGarvey):[17] “Yet we see him in the case before us, circumcising Timothy with his own hand, and this ‘on account of certain Jews who were in those quarters.’” This did not compromise the decision made at the [Council of Jerusalem](/source/Council_of_Jerusalem), that [gentile](/source/Non-Jewish) believers were not required to be circumcised.[10]

[Rembrandt's](/source/Rembrandt) *Timothy and his grandmother*, 1648

## Ministry

Statue of Saint Timothy at Saint Timothy's Church in [The Villages, Florida](/source/The_Villages%2C_Florida)

Timothy became Paul's disciple, and later his constant companion and co-worker in preaching.[18] In the year 52, Paul and [Silas](/source/Silas) took Timothy along with them on their journey to [Macedonia](/source/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)). [Augustine](/source/Augustine_of_Hippo) extols his zeal and disinterestedness in immediately forsaking his country, his house, and his parents, to follow the apostle, to share in his poverty and sufferings.[19] Timothy may have been subject to ill health or "frequent ailments", and Paul encouraged him to "use a little wine for your stomach's sake".[20]

When Paul went on to Athens, Silas and Timothy stayed for some time at [Beroea](/source/Beroea) and [Thessalonica](/source/Thessalonica) before joining Paul at [Corinth](/source/Ancient_Corinth).[19] [1 Thessalonians 3:1–6](https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=1+Thessalonians+3:1–6&version=nkjv) suggests that from Corinth, Paul sent Timothy back to Thessalonika to enquire about the community's continued faith, reporting back that it was in good shape. Timothy next appears in Acts during Paul's stay in Ephesus (54–57), and in late A. D. 56 or early 57 Paul sent him forth to Macedonia with the aim that he would eventually arrive at Corinth. Timothy arrived at Corinth just after Paul's letter [1 Corinthians](/source/1_Corinthians) reached that city.[21]

Timothy was with Paul in Corinth during the winter of 57–58 when Paul dispatched his [Letter to the Romans](/source/Letter_to_the_Romans).[22] According to Acts 20:3–6,[23] Timothy was with Paul in Macedonia just before [Passover](/source/Passover) in 58; he left the city before Paul, going ahead of him to await Paul in [Troas](/source/Troad).[24] "That is the last mention of Timothy in Acts", Raymond Brown notes.[25] In the year 64, Paul left Timothy at Ephesus, to govern that church.[19]

His relationship with Paul was close. Timothy's name appears as the co-author on [2 Corinthians](/source/2_Corinthians), [Philippians](/source/Philippians), [Colossians](/source/Colossians), [1 Thessalonians](/source/1_Thessalonians), [2 Thessalonians](/source/2_Thessalonians), and [Philemon](/source/Epistle_to_Philemon). Paul wrote to the Philippians about Timothy, "I have no one like him."[26] When Paul was in prison and awaiting martyrdom, he summoned his faithful friend Timothy for a last farewell.[18]

That Timothy was jailed at least once during the period of the writing of the New Testament is implied by the writer of [Hebrews](/source/Epistle_to_the_Hebrews) mentioning Timothy's release at the end of the epistle.[27]

Although not stated in the New Testament, other sources have records of the apostle's death. The apocryphal *[Acts of Timothy](/source/Acts_of_Timothy)* states that in the year 97 AD, the 80-year-old bishop tried to halt a procession in honor of the goddess [Diana](/source/Diana_(mythology)) by preaching [the Gospel](/source/The_Gospel). The angry pagans beat him, dragged him through the streets, and [stoned him to death](/source/Stoning).[18]

## Veneration

Timothy is venerated as an apostle, saint, and [martyr](/source/Martyr) by the [Eastern Orthodox Church](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church), with his feast day on 22 January. The [General Roman Calendar](/source/General_Roman_Calendar) venerates Timothy together with [Titus](/source/Titus_(Biblical)) by a [memorial](/source/Memorial_(liturgy)) on 26 January, the day after the [Feast of the Conversion of Saint Paul](/source/Feast_of_the_Conversion_of_Saint_Paul). From the 13th century until 1969 the feast of Timothy (alone) was on 24 January, the day before that of the Conversion of Saint Paul.[28] Along with Titus and [Silas](/source/Silas), Timothy is commemorated by the [Evangelical Lutheran Church in America](/source/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_America) on 26 January. Timothy's feast is kept by the [Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod](/source/Lutheran_Church%E2%80%93Missouri_Synod) on 24 January.

Timothy is honored on the calendars of the [Church of England](/source/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)) and the [Episcopal Church](/source/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church)) (with [Titus](/source/Saint_Titus)) on [26 January](/source/January_26).[29][30]

In the 4th century, the relics of Timothy were transferred from Ephesus to Constantinople and placed in the [Church of the Holy Apostles](/source/Church_of_the_Holy_Apostles) near the tombs of Andrew and Luke.[18] Later on in the 13th century, the relics seem to have been taken to Italy by a count returning from the crusades, and buried around 1239 in the [Termoli Cathedral](/source/Termoli_Cathedral).[31] The remains were rediscovered in 1945, during restoration work.

### Patronage

[Icon](/source/Icon) of Saint Timothy in an Orthodox parish in the United States

Timothy is invoked against stomach and intestinal disorders.

## Pastoral Epistles

Main articles: [First Epistle to Timothy](/source/First_Epistle_to_Timothy) and [Second Epistle to Timothy](/source/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy)

See also: [Pastoral Epistles](/source/Pastoral_Epistles), [Pauline epistles](/source/Pauline_epistles), and [Authorship of the Pauline epistles](/source/Authorship_of_the_Pauline_epistles)

There are two letters to Timothy attributed to [Paul the Apostle](/source/Paul_the_Apostle), the [First Epistle to Timothy](/source/First_Epistle_to_Timothy) and the [Second Epistle to Timothy](/source/Second_Epistle_to_Timothy). These – along with the [Epistle to Titus](/source/Epistle_to_Titus) – are called the [Pastoral Epistles](/source/Pastoral_Epistles), and are considered pseudepigraphic by some modern scholars, including [Bart Ehrman](/source/Bart_D._Ehrman), [Raymond Collins](/source/Raymond_Collins_(priest)), and [David E. Aune](/source/David_Aune).[32][33][34]

### First Timothy (c. 62–64)

The author of this epistle writes to Timothy concerning the organization of the church and Timothy's own leadership within the body. Major themes include the use of [The Law](/source/Law_of_Moses),[35] warnings against [false doctrine](/source/Heresy) such as [Encratism](/source/Encratites), instructions for prayer,[36] roles of women in the church, qualifications for leaders of the church,[37] and the treatment of widows, elders, masters, youth, and church members in general.[38]

### Second Timothy (c. 62–64)

According to the letter, Paul urges Timothy not to have a "spirit of timidity" and not to "be ashamed to testify about our Lord".[39] He also entreats Timothy to come to him before winter, and to bring Mark with him. Paul clearly anticipates his being put to death and realities beyond in his valedictory found in 2 Timothy 4:6–8.[40] He exhorts his spiritual "son" Timothy to all diligence and steadfastness in the face of false teachings, with advice about combating them with reference to the teachings of the past, and to patience under persecution,[41] and to a faithful discharge of all the duties of his office,[42] with all the solemnity of one who was about to appear before the Judge of the quick and the dead (God).

## Acts of Timothy

Main article: [Acts of Timothy](/source/Acts_of_Timothy)

The **Acts of Timothy** (Acta Timothei) is a work of New Testament apocrypha, most likely from the 5th century. The Acts tell how Paul had consecrated Timothy as bishop during [Nero](/source/Nero)'s reign on the occasion of a visit to [Ephesus](/source/Ephesus) which they made together. Then, under [Nerva](/source/Nerva), Timothy suffers a martyr's death during a [pagan](/source/Paganism) festival.[43][44] Timothy "attempts to put an end to the wild and violent goings-on but himself falls victim to the orgies."[45][46]

The Acts of Timothy contain almost as much material about [John the Evangelist](/source/John_the_Evangelist), who was also a resident of [Ephesus](/source/Ephesus) as they do about Timothy.[47]

## See also

- [Christianity portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Christianity)

- [Clement of Rome](/source/Clement_of_Rome)

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["Saint Timothy"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Timothy). *[Encyclopaedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopaedia_Britannica)*. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021. Saint Timothy, (born, Lystra, Lycaonia [now Lusna, Tur.]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-biblehub.com_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-biblehub.com_2-1) ["2 Timothy 3 Barnes' Notes"](https://biblehub.com/commentaries/barnes/2_timothy/3.htm). *biblehub.com*. Retrieved 2023-05-20. Timothy was a native of either Derbe or Lystra, cities near to each other

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1) *"Paul came also to Derbe and to Lystra. A disciple was there, named Timothy, the son of a Jewish woman who was a believer, but his father was a Greek. He was well spoken of by the brothers at Lystra and Iconium."* Acts 16:1

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** [""The Martyrdom of St. Timothy, the Apostle.", Coptic Orthodox Church Network"](http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/5_23.html#1).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** [""The Relocation of the Relics of St. Timothy, the Apostle.", COCN"](http://www.copticchurch.net/synaxarium/5_27.html#3).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** *Domar: the calendrical and liturgical cycle of the Armenian Apostolic Orthodox Church*, Armenian Orthodox Theological Research Institute, 2002, p. 528.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Agasso, Domenico. "Saint Timothy, Bishop", Santi e Beati, February 1, 2001"](http://www.santiebeati.it/dettaglio/22450).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Timothy"](https://first-names.com/name/timothy/). *Finde*. Zelo. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Eusebius (1965), "3.4", *Historia Ecclesiastica* [*The History of the Church*], Williamson, G.A. transl., Harmonsworth: Penguin, p. 109

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-:0_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-:0_10-1) ["Saint Timothy"](https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Timothy). *[Encyclopaedia Britannica](/source/Encyclopaedia_Britannica)*. 1 January 2021. Retrieved 5 February 2021. Saint Timothy, (born, Lystra, Lycaonia [now Lusna, Tur.])

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** [Acts 16:1–4](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2016:1–4)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-stelca_12-0)** ["St. Timothy biography"](http://www.sttimothyelca.com/sttimothybio.htm). *St. Timothy ELCA*. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** [2 Timothy 1:5](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:2%20Timothy%201:5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** [1 Corinthians 16:10](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:1%20Corinthians%2016:10)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fwec_15-0)** ["Who Was Saint Timothy"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141114104907/http://www.fwepiscopal.org/st.timothy/StTimHist.html). Fort Worth, Texas: St.Timothy's Episcopal Church. Archived from [the original](http://www.fwepiscopal.org/st.timothy/StTimHist.html) on 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2014-01-17.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** [Acts 16:1–3](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2016:1–3)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** ["Commentary on Acts of the Apostles"](http://www.ccel.org/ccel/mcgarvey/acts.ch16.html). *Christian Classics Ethereal Library*. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-oca_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-oca_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-oca_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-oca_18-3) ["Apostle Timothy of the Seventy"](http://oca.org/saints/lives/2013/01/22/100262-apostle-timothy-of-the-seventy). *Lives of the saints*. OCA. 2013-01-22. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-butler_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-butler_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-butler_19-2) Butler, Alban. "Saint Timothy, Bishop and Martyr". [*The Lives of the Saints*](http://www.bartleby.com/210/1/241.html). Vol. I: January. Bartleby. Retrieved 2017-06-18.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** [""Saints Timothy and Titus", Franciscan Media"](https://web.archive.org/web/20200414221912/https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saints-timothy-and-titus/). Archived from [the original](https://www.franciscanmedia.org/saints-timothy-and-titus/) on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2019-03-25.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** ["1 Corinthians 4:17 - Paul Warns his Children"](https://biblehub.com/1_corinthians/4-17.htm). *Bible Hub*. Retrieved 2023-07-19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** [Romans 16:21](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Romans%2016:21)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** [Acts 20:3–6](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2020:3–6)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** [Acts 20:4–5](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Acts%2020:4–5)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** Brown (1997), *An Introduction to the New Testament*, New York: Doubleday, p. 655.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** [Philippians 2:19–23](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Philippians%202:19–23)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** [Hebrews 13:23](https://www.biblica.com/bible/?osis=niv:Hebrews%2013:23)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** *Calendarium Romanum* (Vatican City, 1969), p. 86.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** ["The Calendar"](https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar). *The Church of England*. Retrieved 2021-03-27.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-30)** ["Titus and Timothy, Companions of Saint Paul"](https://www.episcopalchurch.org/lectionary/titus-and-timothy/). *The Episcopal Church*. Retrieved 2022-07-19.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** Sanidopoulos, John (September 2011), [*Skull of apostle Timothy to travel to…*](https://www.johnsanidopoulos.com/2011/09/skull-of-apostle-timothy-to-travel-to.html).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [Ehrman, Bart](/source/Bart_Ehrman). *The New Testament: A Historical Introduction to the Early Christian Writings*. Oxford University Press. 2003. p. 393 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-515462-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-515462-2) "when we come to the Pastoral epistles, there is greater scholarly unanimity. These three letters are widely regarded by scholars as non-Pauline."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** Collins, Raymond F. *1 & 2 Timothy and Titus: A Commentary*. Westminster John Knox Press. 2004. p. 4 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-664-22247-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-664-22247-1) "By the end of the twentieth century New Testament scholarship was virtually unanimous in affirming that the Pastoral Epistles were written some time after Paul's death. ... As always some scholars dissent from the consensus view."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** David E. Aune, ed., *The Blackwell Companion to the New Testament* (Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 9: "While seven of the letters attributed to Paul are almost universally accepted as authentic (Romans, 1 and 2 Corinthians, Galatians, Philippians, 1 Thessalonians, Philemon), four are just as widely judged to be pseudepigraphal, i.e., written by unknown authors under Paul's name: Ephesians and the Pastorals (1 and 2 Timothy and Titus)."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** [1Timothy 1:7–11](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%201:7–11&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** [1Timothy 2:1–8](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%202:1–8&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** [1Timothy 3:1–13](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=1%20Timothy%203:1–13&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** [1 Timothy 5:1–5:20](https://www.esv.org/1+Timothy+5:1)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** [2 Timothy 1:7–8](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:7–8&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [2 Timothy 4:6–8](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%204:6–8&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** [2 Timothy 1:6–15](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%201:6–15&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** [2 Timothy 4:1–5](https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=2%20Timothy%204:1–5&version=nrsv)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** Zahn 1909, 41.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** As quoted in Lawson 1910, 222 "In what [Photius](/source/Photius) calls a "devilish and abominable festival.""

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [Klauck](/source/Hans-Josef_Klauck) 2008, p. 249.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** Text in Usener 1877, 11.48–51; English translation from Lawson 1910, 222.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** Lipsius 1884, p. 376.

## External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to ***[Timothy](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Timothy)***.

Media related to [Saint Timothy](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Timothy) at Wikimedia Commons

- [St. Timothy, Bishop and Martyr](http://www.bartleby.com/210/1/241.html)

- [Saints](http://www.catholic.org/saints/saint.php?saint_id=367)

- [Colonnade Statue in St Peter's Square](http://www.stpetersbasilica.info/Exterior/Colonnades/Saints/St%20Timothy-80/StTimothy.htm)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Saint Timothy](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Timothy) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Timothy?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.