# Saint Petersburg

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Second-largest city in Russia

"Petrograd", "Leningrad", and "SPb" redirect here. For the American city, see [St. Petersburg, Florida](/source/St._Petersburg%2C_Florida). For other uses, see [Saint Petersburg (disambiguation)](/source/Saint_Petersburg_(disambiguation)), [Petrograd (disambiguation)](/source/Petrograd_(disambiguation)), [Leningrad (disambiguation)](/source/Leningrad_(disambiguation)), and [SPB (disambiguation)](/source/SPB_(disambiguation)).

Federal city in Northwestern, Russia

Saint Petersburg Санкт-Петербург Federal city Skyline and Saint Michael's Castle Winter Palace Palace Bridge Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral Saint Isaac's Cathedral General staff Building Moyka River Lakhta Center Avtovo (Saint Petersburg Metro) Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "Anthem of Saint Petersburg" Saint Petersburg Location in Russia Show map of Russia Saint Petersburg Location in Europe Show map of Europe Coordinates: 59°56′15″N 30°18′31″E / 59.93750°N 30.30861°E / 59.93750; 30.30861 Country Russia Federal district Northwestern Economic region Northwestern Founded 27 May 1703; 323 years ago (1703-05-27)[1] Named after Saint Peter City raions See list Government • Body Legislative Assembly • Governor Alexander Beglov[2] (United Russia) Area • Federal city 1,439 km2 (556 sq mi) Elevation 5 m (16 ft) Population (2021)[4] • Federal city 5,601,911 • Rank 4th in Europe 2nd in Russia • Density 3,992.81/km2 (10,341.3/sq mi) • Metro 6,421,000[3][a] Demonym Petersburgian GDP (nominal, 2024) [5] • Federal city ₽12.95 trillion (US$175.78 billion) • Per capita ₽2.3 million (US$31,246.8) Time zone UTC+3 (MSK[6]) Postal code 190000—199406 Area code 812 ISO 3166 code RU-SPE Vehicle registration 78, 98, 178, 198 OKATO ID 40 OKTMO ID 40000000 Official language Russian[b] Website gov.spb.ru

**Saint Petersburg**,[c] formerly known as **Nyenschantz** (Ниеншанц) and after that **Petrograd** (Петроград) and later **Leningrad** (Ленинград),[d] is the [second-largest city](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia_by_population) in [Russia](/source/Russia), after [Moscow](/source/Moscow), the nation's capital. Situated on the [Neva River](/source/Neva_River) at the head of the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland) on the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea), its area of 1,439 square kilometers (556 sq mi) renders it the smallest [administrative division of Russia](/source/Political_divisions_of_Russia) by area. The city had a population of 5,601,911 residents as of 2021,[4] with more than 6.4 million people living in the [metropolitan area](/source/Saint_Petersburg_metropolitan_area). Saint Petersburg is the [fourth-most populous city in Europe](/source/List_of_European_cities_by_population_within_city_limits), the [most populous city on the Baltic Sea](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_around_the_Baltic_Sea), and the world's [northernmost city](/source/List_of_northernmost_items#Cities_and_settlements) of more than 1 million residents. As the former capital of the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire), and a historically strategic [Baltic port](/source/Ports_of_the_Baltic_Sea), it is governed as a [federal city](/source/Federal_cities_of_Russia).

The city was founded by Tsar [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) on 27 May 1703 on the site of [a captured Swedish fortress](/source/Nyenschantz), and was named after the apostle [Saint Peter](/source/Saint_Peter).[8] In Russia, Saint Petersburg is historically and culturally associated with the birth of the Russian Empire and Russia's entry into modern history as a European [great power](/source/Great_power).[9] It served as a capital of the [Tsardom of Russia](/source/Tsardom_of_Russia), and the subsequent Russian Empire, from 1712 to 1918 (being replaced by Moscow for a short period between 1728 and 1730).[10] After the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution) in 1917, the [Bolsheviks](/source/Bolsheviks) moved their government to Moscow.[11] The city was renamed Leningrad after [Lenin's death](/source/Lenin's_death) in 1924. It was the site of the [siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad) during World War II, the most lethal [siege in history](/source/List_of_sieges).[12] In June 1991, only a few months before the [Belovezha Accords](/source/Belovezha_Accords) and the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union), voters in [a city-wide referendum](/source/1991_Leningrad_municipal_election#Name_change_referendum) supported restoring the city's original name.[13]

As Russia's cultural centre,[14] Saint Petersburg received over 15 million tourists in 2018.[15][16] It is considered an important economic, scientific, and tourism centre of Russia and Europe. In modern times, the city has been nicknamed "the Northern Capital of Russia" and is home to notable [federal government](/source/Government_of_Russia) bodies such as the [Constitutional Court of Russia](/source/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia) and the [Heraldic Council of the President of the Russian Federation](/source/Heraldic_Council_of_the_President_of_the_Russian_Federation). It is also home to the [National Library of Russia](/source/National_Library_of_Russia) and a planned location for the [Supreme Court of Russia](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Russia), as well as home to the headquarters of the [Russian Navy](/source/Russian_Navy), and the [Leningrad Military District](/source/Leningrad_Military_District) of the [Russian Armed Forces](/source/Russian_Armed_Forces). The [Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments](/source/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments) constitute a UNESCO [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site). Saint Petersburg is home to the [Hermitage](/source/Hermitage_Museum) (one of the largest art museums in the world), and the [Lakhta Center](/source/Lakhta_Center) (the [tallest skyscraper in Europe](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe)), and was one of the host cities of the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup) and the [UEFA Euro 2020](/source/UEFA_Euro_2020).

## Toponymy

While not originally named for Tsar [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great), during World War I the city was changed from the Germanic "Petersburg" to "Petrograd" in his honour.

Before [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) had established St Petersburg as the capital, St Petersburg was known as Nyenschantz, as a fort for [Swedish](/source/Sweden) soldiers at the [Neva](/source/Neva) and [Okhta River](/source/Okhta), but in 1702, the fortress was conquered by [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) to make into the new capital of St Petersburg.[17]

The [name day](/source/Name_day) of Tsar [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) falls on 29 June,[18] when the [Russian Orthodox Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church) observes the memory of apostles [Peter](/source/Saint_Peter) and [Paul](/source/Paul_the_Apostle). The [consecration](/source/Consecration) of the small wooden church in their names (its construction began at the same time as the [citadel](/source/Citadel)) made them the heavenly patrons of the [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress), while Saint Peter at the same time became the [eponym](/source/Eponym) of the whole city. When in June 1703 Peter the Great renamed the site after Saint Peter, he did not issue a naming act that established an official spelling; even in his own letters he used diverse spellings, such as Санктьпетерсьбурк (*Sanktpetersburk*), emulating [German](/source/German_language) *Sankt Petersburg*, and Сантпитербурх (*Santpiterburkh*), emulating [Dutch](/source/Dutch_language) *Sint-Pietersburgh*, as Peter was [multilingual](/source/Multilingual) and a Hollandophile. The [name](/source/Toponymy) was later normalized and [russified](/source/Russified) to Санкт-Петербург (*Sankt-Peterburg*).[19][20][21]

A former spelling of the city's name in English was *Saint Petersburgh*. This spelling survives in the name of [a street](/source/St._Petersburgh_Place) in the [Bayswater](/source/Bayswater) district of London, near [St Sophia's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Sophia_Cathedral%2C_London), named after a visit by the Tsar to London in 1814.[22]

A 14-to-15-letter-long name, composed of the three [roots](/source/Root_(linguistics)), proved too cumbersome, and many shortened versions were used. The first General Governor of the city [Menshikov](/source/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov) is maybe also the author of the first nickname of Petersburg, which he called Петри (*Petri*). It took some years until the known [Russian spelling](/source/Russian_spelling) of this name finally settled. In 1740s [Mikhail Lomonosov](/source/Mikhail_Lomonosov) uses a derivative of [Greek](/source/Greek_language): Πετρόπολις (Петрополис, *Petropolis*) in a Russified form *Petropol'* (Петрополь). A combo *Piterpol* (Питерпол) also appears at this time.[23] In any case, eventually the usage of the [prefix](/source/Prefix) "*Sankt-*" ceased except for formal official documents, where a three-letter [abbreviation](/source/Abbreviation) "СПб" (*SPb*) was very widely used as well.

From 1924 to 1991 the city was known as 'Leningrad'. This photograph of the Saint Petersburg port entrance shows an old 'Ленинград' (Leningrad) sign.

In the early 19th century a [slavicised](/source/Slavicised) variant appeared: *Petrograd* (Russian: Петроград, IPA: [\[pʲɪtrɐˈgrat\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian)),[e] used also by [Alexander Pushkin](/source/Alexander_Pushkin).[24] However, it was only on 31 August [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 18 August] 1914, after [the war with Germany](/source/World_War_I) had begun, that Tsar [Nicholas II](/source/Nicholas_II) renamed the city Petrograd to expunge the [German](/source/German_language) words *[Sankt](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sankt#German)* and *[Burg](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burg#German)*.[25] Since the prefix "Saint" was omitted,[26] this act also changed the [eponym](/source/Eponym) and the "patron" of the city from Saint Peter to Peter the Great, its founder.[21] On 26 January 1924, shortly after the [death of Vladimir Lenin](/source/Death_of_Vladimir_Lenin), it was renamed to *Leningrad* (Russian: Ленинград, IPA: [\[lʲɪnʲɪnˈgrat\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian)), meaning 'Lenin City'. On 6 September 1991, the original name, *Sankt-Peterburg*, was returned by [a citywide referendum](/source/1991_Leningrad_municipal_election#Name_change_referendum). Today, in English, the city is known as *Saint Petersburg*. Residents often refer to the city by its shortened nickname, *Piter* (Russian: Питер, IPA: [\[ˈpʲitʲɪr\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian)).

Embankment of the [Neva](/source/Neva) at 23:11, 22 June 2013

After the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution), the name *Red Petrograd* (Красный Петроград, *Krasny Petrograd*) was often used in newspapers and other prints until the city was renamed *Leningrad* in January 1924.

[The referendum](/source/1991_Leningrad_municipal_election#Name_change_referendum) on restoring the historic name was held on 12 June 1991, with 55% of voters supporting "*Saint Petersburg*" and 43% supporting "*Leningrad*".[13] Renaming the city *Petrograd* was not an option. This change officially took effect on 6 September 1991.[27] Meanwhile, the [oblast](/source/Oblast) which surrounds Saint Petersburg is still named [Leningrad](/source/Leningrad_Oblast).

Having passed the role of capital to Petersburg, [Moscow](/source/Moscow) never relinquished the title of "capital", being called *pervoprestolnaya* ('first throned') for 200 years. An equivalent name for Petersburg, the "Northern Capital", has re-entered usage today since several federal institutions were recently moved from Moscow to Saint Petersburg. Solemn descriptive names like "the city of three revolutions" and "the cradle of the October Revolution" used in the Soviet era are reminders of the pivotal events in [national history](/source/History_of_Russia) that occurred here. *Petropolis* is a [translation](/source/Translation) of a city name to [Greek](/source/Greek_language), and is also a kind of descriptive name: [Πέτρ-](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81-&action=edit&redlink=1) [[el](https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1)] is a Greek root for 'stone', so the "city from stone" emphasizes the material that had been forcibly made obligatory for [construction](/source/Construction) from the first years of the city[23] (a [modern Greek](/source/Modern_Greek) translation is Αγία Πετρούπολη, *Agia Petroupoli*).[28]

Saint Petersburg has been traditionally called the "Window to Europe" and the "Window to the West" by the Russians.[29][30] The city is the [northernmost metropolis with more than 1 million people](/source/List_of_northernmost_items#Cities_and_settlements) in the world, and is also often described as the "[Venice of the North](/source/Venice_of_the_North)" or the "Russian [Venice](/source/Venice)" due to its many water corridors, as the city is built on swamp and water. Furthermore, it has strongly Western European-inspired architecture and culture[f], which is combined with the city's Russian heritage.[31][32][33] Another nickname of Saint Petersburg is "The City of the [White Nights](/source/White_night_(astronomy))" because of a natural phenomenon which arises due to the closeness to the [polar region](/source/Polar_region) and ensures that in summer the night skies of the city do not get completely dark for a month.[34][35] The city is also often called the "Northern [Palmyra](/source/Palmyra)", due to its extravagant architecture.[36]

## History

Main article: [History of Saint Petersburg](/source/History_of_Saint_Petersburg)

For a chronological guide, see [Timeline of Saint Petersburg](/source/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg).

### Imperial era (1703–1917)

Peter and Paul Fortress, 1722

Saint Petersburg, 1744

Nevsky Prospekt from restaurant Lejeune in the late 19th century

Swedish colonists built [Nyenskans](/source/Nyenskans), a fortress at the mouth of the [Neva](/source/Neva) River in 1611, which was later called [Ingermanland](/source/Ingermanland). The small town of Nyen grew up around the fort. Before the 17th century, this area was inhabited by [Finnic](/source/Baltic_Finnic_peoples) [Izhorians](/source/Izhorians) and [Votians](/source/Votians). The [Ingrian Finns](/source/Ingrian_Finns) moved to the region from the provinces of [Karelia](/source/Karelia_(historical_province)) and [Savonia](/source/Savonia_(historical_province)) during the Swedish rule. There was also some Estonian, [Karelian](/source/Karelians), Russian and German population in the area.[37][38]

The *[Bronze Horseman](/source/Bronze_Horseman)*, monument to Peter the Great

At the end of the 17th century, [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great), who was interested in seafaring and maritime affairs, wanted Russia to gain a seaport to trade with the rest of Europe.[39] He needed a better seaport than the country's main one at the time, [Arkhangelsk](/source/Arkhangelsk), which was on the [White Sea](/source/White_Sea) in the far north and closed to shipping during the winter.

On 12 May [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 1 May] 1703, during the [Great Northern War](/source/Great_Northern_War), Peter captured Nyenskans and soon replaced the fortress.[40] On 27 May [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 16 May] 1703,[41] closer to the [estuary](/source/Estuary) (5 km (3 mi) inland from [the gulf](/source/Gulf_of_Finland)), on [Zayachy (Hare) Island](/source/Hare_Island_(Saint_Petersburg)), he laid down the [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress), which became the first brick and stone building of the new city.[42]

The city was built by [conscripted peasants (serfs)](/source/Serfdom) from all over Russia; in some years several Swedish [prisoners of war](/source/Prisoners_of_war) were also involved under the supervision of [Alexander Menshikov](/source/Alexander_Danilovich_Menshikov).[43] Tens of thousands of serfs died while building the city.[44] Later, the city became the centre of the [Saint Petersburg Governorate](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Governorate). Peter moved the capital from Moscow to Saint Petersburg in 1712, nine years before the [Treaty of Nystad](/source/Treaty_of_Nystad) of 1721 ended the war. He referred to Saint Petersburg as the capital (or seat of government) as early as 1704.[39]

During its first few years, the city developed around Trinity Square on the right bank of the Neva, near the Peter and Paul Fortress. However, Saint Petersburg soon started to be built out according to a plan. By 1716, the Swiss–Italian [Domenico Trezzini](/source/Domenico_Trezzini) had elaborated a project whereby the city centre would be on [Vasilyevsky Island](/source/Vasilyevsky_Island) and shaped by a rectangular grid of canals. The project was not completed but is evident in the layout of the streets. In 1716, Peter the Great appointed Frenchman [Jean-Baptiste Alexandre Le Blond](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Alexandre_Le_Blond) as the chief [architect](/source/Architect) of Saint Petersburg.[45]

The style of [Petrine Baroque](/source/Petrine_Baroque), developed by Trezzini and other architects and exemplified by such buildings as the [Menshikov Palace](/source/Menshikov_Palace_(Saint_Petersburg)), [Kunstkamera](/source/Kunstkamera), [Peter and Paul Cathedral](/source/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg), and [Twelve Collegia](/source/Twelve_Collegia), became prominent in the city [architecture](/source/Architecture) of the early 18th century. In 1724, [the Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences), [the University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University), and the Academic [Gymnasium](/source/Gymnasium_(school)) were established in Saint Petersburg by Peter the Great.

In 1725, [Peter died](/source/Peter_the_Great#Illness_and_death) at age fifty-two. His endeavors to modernise Russia had been opposed by the [Russian nobility](/source/Russian_nobility). There were several attempts on his life and a treason case involving his son.[46] In 1728, [Peter II of Russia](/source/Peter_II_of_Russia) moved his seat back to Moscow. But four years later, in 1732, under Empress [Anna of Russia](/source/Anna_of_Russia), Saint Petersburg was again designated as the capital of the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire). It remained the seat of the [Romanov dynasty](/source/Romanov_dynasty) and the Imperial Court of the [Russian tsars](/source/List_of_Russian_monarchs), as well as the seat of the Russian government, for another 186 years until the [communist revolution of 1917](/source/Russian_Revolution).

In 1736–1737, the city suffered from catastrophic fires. To rebuild the damaged boroughs, a committee under [Burkhard Christoph von Münnich](/source/Burkhard_Christoph_von_M%C3%BCnnich) commissioned a new plan in 1737. The city was divided into five boroughs, and the city centre was moved to the Admiralty borough, on the east bank between the Neva and [Fontanka](/source/Fontanka).

[Palace Square](/source/Palace_Square) backed by the [General staff arch and building](/source/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)). As the main square of the Russian Empire, it was the setting of many events of historic significance.

It developed along three radial streets, which meet at the [Admiralty building](/source/Admiralty%2C_Saint_Petersburg) and are now known as [Nevsky Prospect](/source/Nevsky_Prospect) (which is considered the [main street](/source/Main_street) of the city), [Gorokhovaya Street](/source/Gorokhovaya_Street), and [Voznesensky Prospekt](/source/Voznesensky_Prospekt). [Baroque architecture](/source/Baroque_architecture) became dominant in the city during the first sixty years, culminating in the [Elizabethan Baroque](/source/Elizabethan_Baroque), represented most notably by Italian [Bartolomeo Rastrelli](/source/Bartolomeo_Rastrelli) with such buildings as the [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace). In the 1760s, Baroque architecture was succeeded by [neoclassical architecture](/source/Neoclassical_architecture).

Established in 1762, the Commission of Stone Buildings of Moscow and Saint Petersburg ruled that no structure in the city could be higher than the Winter Palace and [prohibited spacing between buildings](/source/Party_wall). During the reign of [Catherine the Great](/source/Catherine_the_Great) in the 1760s–1780s, the banks of the Neva were lined with [granite](/source/Granite) embankments.

However, it was not until 1850 that the first permanent bridge across the Neva, [Annunciation Bridge](/source/Annunciation_Bridge), was allowed to open. Before that, only [pontoon bridges](/source/Pontoon_bridge) were allowed. [Obvodny Canal](/source/Obvodny_Canal) (dug in 1769–1833) became the southern limit of the city.

The most prominent neoclassical and [Empire-style](/source/Empire_style) architects in Saint Petersburg included:

- [Jean-Baptiste Vallin de la Mothe](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Vallin_de_la_Mothe) ([Imperial Academy of Arts](/source/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts), [Small Hermitage](/source/Small_Hermitage), [Gostiny Dvor](/source/Great_Gostiny_Dvor), [New Holland Arch](/source/New_Holland_Arch), [Catholic Church of St. Catherine](/source/Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)))

- [Antonio Rinaldi](/source/Antonio_Rinaldi_(architect)) ([Marble Palace](/source/Marble_Palace))

- [Yury Felten](/source/Yury_Felten) ([Old Hermitage](/source/Hermitage_Museum), [Chesme Church](/source/Chesme_Church))

- [Giacomo Quarenghi](/source/Giacomo_Quarenghi) ([Academy of Sciences](/source/Russian_Academy_of_Sciences), [Hermitage Theatre](/source/Hermitage_Theatre), [Yusupov Palace](/source/Moika_Palace))

- [Andrey Voronikhin](/source/Andrey_Voronikhin) ([Mining Institute](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Mining_University), [Kazan Cathedral](/source/Kazan_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg))

- [Andreyan Zakharov](/source/Andreyan_Zakharov) ([Admiralty building](/source/Admiralty%2C_Saint_Petersburg))

- [Jean-François Thomas de Thomon](/source/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Thomas_de_Thomon) ([Spit of Vasilievsky Island](/source/Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island))

- [Carlo Rossi](/source/Carlo_Rossi_(architect)) ([Yelagin Palace](/source/Yelagin_Palace), [Mikhailovsky Palace](/source/Russian_Museum), [Alexandrine Theatre](/source/Alexandrine_Theatre), [Senate and Synod Buildings](/source/Senate_and_Synod_Building), [General staff Building](/source/General_Staff_Building_(Saint_Petersburg)), design of many streets and [squares](/source/Town_square))

- [Vasily Stasov](/source/Vasily_Stasov) ([Moscow Triumphal Gate](/source/Moscow_Triumphal_Gate), [Trinity Cathedral](/source/Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg))

- [Auguste de Montferrand](/source/Auguste_de_Montferrand) ([Saint Isaac's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral), [Alexander Column](/source/Alexander_Column))

[Decembrist revolt](/source/Decembrist_revolt) at the [Senate Square](/source/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)), 26 December 1825

In 1810, [Alexander I](/source/Alexander_I_of_Russia) established the first engineering higher education, the [Military Engineering-Technical University](/source/Military_Engineering-Technical_University) in Saint Petersburg. Many monuments commemorate the Russian victory over [Napoleonic France](/source/Napoleonic_France) in the [Patriotic War of 1812](/source/Patriotic_War_of_1812), including the [Alexander Column](/source/Alexander_Column) by [Montferrand](/source/Auguste_de_Montferrand), erected in 1834, and the [Narva Triumphal Arch](/source/Narva_Triumphal_Arch).

In 1825, the suppressed [Decembrist revolt](/source/Decembrist_revolt) against [Nicholas I](/source/Nicholas_I_of_Russia) took place on the [Senate Square](/source/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)) in the city, a day after Nicholas assumed the throne.

Petrograd in 1916, from an Admiralty chart

By the 1840s, neoclassical architecture had given way to various [romanticist](/source/Romanticism) styles, which dominated until the 1890s, represented by such architects as [Andrei Stackenschneider](/source/Andrei_Stackenschneider) ([Mariinsky Palace](/source/Mariinsky_Palace), [Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace](/source/Beloselsky-Belozersky_Palace), [Nicholas Palace](/source/Nicholas_Palace), [New Michael Palace](/source/Andrei_Stackenschneider)) and [Konstantin Thon](/source/Konstantin_Thon) ([Moskovsky railway station](/source/Moskovsky_railway_station_(Saint_Petersburg))).

With the [emancipation of the serfs](/source/Emancipation_reform_of_1861) undertaken by [Alexander II](/source/Alexander_II_of_Russia) in 1861 and an [Industrial Revolution](/source/Industrial_Revolution), the influx of former [peasants](/source/Peasant) into the capital increased greatly. Poor boroughs spontaneously [developed on the outskirts](/source/Peri-urbanisation) of the city. Saint Petersburg surpassed Moscow in population and industrial growth; it became one of the largest industrial cities in Europe, with a major [naval base](/source/Naval_base) (in [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt)), the Neva River, and a seaport on the Baltic.

The names of Saints [Peter](/source/Saint_Peter) and [Paul](/source/Paul_the_Apostle), bestowed upon the [original city's citadel](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress) and its [cathedral](/source/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg) (from 1725, a [burial vault](/source/Burial_vault_(tomb)) of [Russian emperors](/source/List_of_Russian_monarchs)) coincidentally were the names of the first two [assassinated](/source/Assassinated) Russian emperors, [Peter III](/source/Peter_III_of_Russia) (1762, supposedly killed in a conspiracy led by his wife, [Catherine the Great](/source/Catherine_the_Great)) and [Paul I](/source/Paul_I_of_Russia) (1801, [Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov](/source/Nikolay_Alexandrovich_Zubov) and other conspirators who brought to power [Alexander I](/source/Alexander_I_of_Russia), the son of their victim). The third emperor's assassination took place in Saint Petersburg in 1881 when [Alexander II](/source/Alexander_II_of_Russia) was murdered by [terrorists](/source/Narodnaya_Volya) (see the [Church of the Savior on Spilled Blood](/source/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Spilled_Blood)).

The [Revolution of 1905](/source/Revolution_of_1905) began in Saint Petersburg and spread rapidly into the provinces.

On 1 September 1914, after the outbreak of [World War I](/source/Russia_in_World_War_I), the Imperial government renamed the city *Petrograd*,[25] meaning "Peter's City", to remove the German words *[Sankt](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sankt#German)* and *[Burg](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Burg#German)*.

### Revolution and Soviet era (1917–1941)

In March 1917, during the [February Revolution](/source/February_Revolution), [Nicholas II abdicated](/source/Abdication_of_Nicholas_II) for himself and on behalf of his son, ending the Russian monarchy and over three hundred years of [Romanov](/source/Romanov) dynastic rule.

On 7 November [[O.S.](/source/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates) 25 October] 1917, the [Bolsheviks](/source/Bolsheviks), led by [Vladimir Lenin](/source/Vladimir_Lenin), stormed the [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace) in an event known thereafter as the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution), which led to the end of [the social-democratic provisional government](/source/Russian_Provisional_Government), the transfer of all political power to the [Soviets](/source/Soviet_(council)), and the rise of [the Communist Party](/source/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union).[47] After that the city acquired a new descriptive name, "the city of three revolutions",[48] referring to the three major developments in the political history of Russia of the early 20th century.

[Bolsheviks](/source/Bolsheviks) celebrating [1 May](/source/International_Workers'_Day) near the [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace) half a year after [taking power](/source/October_Revolution), 1918

In September and October 1917, in [Operation Albion](/source/Operation_Albion), German troops invaded the [West Estonian archipelago](/source/West_Estonian_archipelago) and threatened Petrograd with bombardment and invasion. On 12 March 1918, Lenin transferred the government of [Soviet Russia](/source/Soviet_Russia) to Moscow, to keep it away from the state border. During the [Russian Civil War](/source/Russian_Civil_War), in mid-1919, [Russian anti-communist forces](/source/White_movement) with the help of [Estonians](/source/Estonian_Land_Forces) attempted to capture the city, but [Leon Trotsky](/source/Leon_Trotsky) mobilized the army and forced them to retreat to [Estonia](/source/Estonia). On 26 January 1924, five days after [Lenin's death](/source/Lenin's_death), Petrograd was renamed *Leningrad*.[49] Later many streets and other [toponyms](/source/Toponymy) were renamed accordingly, with names in honour of [communist](/source/Communism) figures replacing historic names given centuries before. The city has over 230 places associated with the life and activities of Lenin. Some of them were turned into museums,[50] including the [cruiser *Aurora*](/source/Russian_cruiser_Aurora)– a symbol of the [October Revolution](/source/October_Revolution) and the oldest ship in the [Russian Navy](/source/Russian_Navy).

Leningrad in 1935

In the 1920s and 1930s, the poor outskirts were reconstructed into [regularly planned boroughs](/source/Urban_planning_in_Russia). [Constructivist architecture](/source/Constructivist_architecture) flourished around that time. [Housing became a government-provided amenity](/source/Public_housing); many "[bourgeois](/source/Bourgeoisie)" apartments were so large that numerous families were assigned to what were called ["communal" apartments (*kommunalkas*)](/source/Communal_apartment). By the 1930s, 68% of the population lived in such housing under very poor conditions. In 1935, a new general plan was outlined, whereby the city should expand to the south. Constructivism was rejected in favour of a more pompous [Stalinist architecture](/source/Stalinist_architecture). Moving the city centre further from the border with Finland, [Stalin](/source/Stalin) adopted a plan to build a new city hall with a huge adjacent square at the southern end of [Moskovsky Prospekt](/source/Moskovsky_Prospekt), designated as the new [main street](/source/Main_street) of Leningrad. After the [Winter (Soviet-Finnish) war](/source/Winter_War) in 1939–1940, the Soviet–Finnish border moved northwards. Nevsky Prospekt with [Palace Square](/source/Palace_Square) maintained the functions and the role of a city centre.

In December 1931, Leningrad was administratively separated from [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast). At that time, it included the Leningrad Suburban District, some parts of which were transferred back to Leningrad Oblast in 1936 and turned into [Vsevolozhsky District](/source/Vsevolozhsky_District), [Krasnoselsky District](/source/Krasnoselsky_District%2C_Saint_Petersburg), Pargolovsky District and Slutsky District (renamed Pavlovsky District in 1944).[51]

The [Saviour Church on Sennaya Square](/source/Saviour_Church_on_Sennaya_Square) (pre-1917 photo) in Leningrad was one of many notable church buildings destroyed during [The Thaw](/source/Khrushchev_Thaw).

During the Soviet era, many historic architectural monuments of the previous centuries were destroyed by the new regime for ideological reasons. While that mainly concerned churches and cathedrals, some other buildings were also demolished.[52][53][54]

On 1 December 1934, [Sergei Kirov](/source/Sergei_Kirov), the [Bolshevik](/source/Bolshevik) leader of Leningrad, was [assassinated](/source/Assassinated) under suspicious circumstances, which became the [pretext](/source/Pretext) for the [Great Purge](/source/Great_Purge).[55] In Leningrad, approximately 40,000 were executed during Stalin's purges.[56]

### World War II (1941–1945)

Main article: [Siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad)

Citizens of Leningrad during the 872-day [siege](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad), in which more than one million civilians died, mostly from starvation, [Nevsky Prospect](/source/Nevsky_Prospect) (then known as the *25 October Prospekt*)

[During World War II](/source/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II), [German forces](/source/Nazi_Germany) besieged Leningrad following the [Axis invasion of the Soviet Union](/source/Axis_invasion_of_the_Soviet_Union) in June 1941.[57] The siege lasted 872 days, or almost two and a half years,[57] from 8 September 1941 to 27 January 1944.[58]

The [Siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad) proved one of the longest, most destructive, and [most lethal sieges](/source/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat) of a major city in modern history. It isolated the city from food supplies except those provided through the [Road of Life](/source/Road_of_Life) across [Lake Ladoga](/source/Lake_Ladoga), which could not make it through until the lake froze. More than one million civilians were killed, mainly from starvation. There were incidents of cannibalism, with around 2,000 residents arrested for eating other people.[59] Many others escaped or were evacuated, so the city became largely depopulated.

On 1 May 1945, [Joseph Stalin](/source/Joseph_Stalin), in his Supreme Commander Order No. 20, named Leningrad, alongside [Stalingrad](/source/Stalingrad), [Sevastopol](/source/Sevastopol), and [Odesa](/source/Odesa), [hero cities](/source/Hero_City_(Soviet_Union)) of the war. A law acknowledging the [honorary title](/source/Honorary_title) of "Hero City" passed on 8 May 1965 (the 20th anniversary of the victory in the [Great Patriotic War](/source/Great_Patriotic_War)), during the [Brezhnev era](/source/Brezhnev_era). The [Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union](/source/Presidium_of_the_Supreme_Soviet_of_the_Soviet_Union) awarded Leningrad as a Hero City the [Order of Lenin](/source/Order_of_Lenin) and the [Gold Star medal](/source/Gold_Star_medal) "for the heroic resistance of the city and tenacity of the survivors of the Siege". The [Hero-City Obelisk](/source/Hero-City_Obelisk) bearing the Gold Star sign was installed in April 1985.

### Post-war Soviet era (1945–1991)

View of Lermontovski Prospekt, [Egyptian Bridge](/source/Egyptian_Bridge) and the [Fontanka River](/source/Fontanka_River), 1972

In October 1946, some territories along the northern coast of the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland), which had been annexed into the USSR from [Finland](/source/Finland) in 1940 under [the peace treaty](/source/Moscow_Peace_Treaty) following the [Winter War](/source/Winter_War), were transferred from [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast) to Leningrad and divided into [Sestroretsky District](/source/Sestroretsk) and [Kurortny District](/source/Kurortny_District). These included the town of Terijoki (renamed [Zelenogorsk](/source/Zelenogorsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg) in 1948).[51] Leningrad and many of its suburbs were rebuilt over the post-war decades, partially according to pre-war plans. The 1948 general plan for Leningrad featured radial [urban development](/source/Urban_development) in the north as well as in the south. In 1953, Pavlovsky District in Leningrad Oblast was abolished, and parts of its territory, including [Pavlovsk](/source/Pavlovsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg), merged with Leningrad. In 1954, the settlements [Levashovo](/source/Levashovo%2C_Saint_Petersburg), [Pargolovo](/source/Pargolovo) and [Pesochny](/source/Pesochny%2C_Russia)[*[disambiguation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Disambiguation/Fixing_links)*] merged with Leningrad.[51]

[Griboedov Canal](/source/Griboedov_Canal) and the [Church of the Saviour on Blood](/source/Church_of_the_Saviour_on_Blood), 1991

Leningrad gave its name to the [Leningrad affair](/source/Leningrad_affair) (1949–1952), a notable event in the postwar political struggle in the [USSR](/source/USSR). It was a product of rivalry between Stalin's potential successors where one side was represented by the leaders of the city [Communist Party](/source/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union) organization – the second most significant one in the country after Moscow. The entire elite leadership of Leningrad was destroyed, including the former mayor [Kuznetsov](/source/Alexey_Kuznetsov), the acting mayor [Pyotr Sergeevich Popkov](/source/Pyotr_Popkov), and all their deputies; overall, 23 leaders were sentenced to the [death penalty](/source/Death_penalty), 181 to prison or exile ([rehabilitated](/source/Rehabilitation_(Soviet)) in 1954). About 2,000 ranking officials across the USSR were expelled from the party and the [Komsomol](/source/Komsomol) and removed from leadership positions.[60]

The [Leningrad Metro](/source/Leningrad_Metro) underground [rapid transit](/source/Rapid_transit) system, designed before the war, opened in 1955 with its first eight stations decorated with marble and bronze. However, after [Stalin died](/source/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin) in 1953, the perceived [ornamental](/source/Ornament_(art)) excesses of Stalinist architecture were abandoned. From the 1960s to the 1980s, many new residential boroughs were built on the outskirts; while the [functionalist](/source/Functionalism_(architecture)) apartment blocks were nearly identical to each other, many families moved there from *[kommunalkas](/source/Kommunalka)* in the city centre to live in separate apartments.

### Contemporary era (1991–present)

View of the city from the [Saint Isaac's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral)

On 12 June 1991, simultaneously with the [first Russian SFSR presidential elections](/source/1991_Russian_presidential_election), the city authorities arranged for [the mayoral elections and a referendum on the city's name](/source/1991_Leningrad_municipal_election), which resulted in the original name *Saint Petersburg* being restored. 66% of the total count of votes went to [Anatoly Sobchak](/source/Anatoly_Sobchak), who became the first directly elected [mayor of the city](/source/List_of_heads_of_Saint_Petersburg_government).[61][62]

Meanwhile, economic conditions started to deteriorate as the country's people tried to adapt to major changes. For the first time since the 1940s, food [rationing](/source/Rationing) was introduced,[63] and the city received humanitarian food aid from abroad.[27] This dramatic time was depicted in photographic series of Russian photographer [Alexey Titarenko](/source/Alexey_Titarenko).[64][65] Economic conditions began to improve only at the beginning of the 21st century.[66] In 1995, a northern section of the [Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya Line](/source/Kirovsko-Vyborgskaya_Line) of the Saint Petersburg Metro was cut off by underground flooding, creating a major obstacle to the city development for almost ten years. On 13 June 1996, Saint Petersburg, alongside [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast) and [Tver Oblast](/source/Tver_Oblast), signed a [power-sharing](/source/Power-sharing) agreement with [the federal government](/source/Government_of_Russia), granting it [autonomy](/source/Autonomy).[67] This agreement was abolished on 4 April 2002.[68]

In 1996, [Vladimir Yakovlev](/source/Vladimir_Anatolyevich_Yakovlev) defeated [Anatoly Sobchak](/source/Anatoly_Sobchak) in the elections for the head of [the city administration](/source/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration). The title of the city head was changed from "[mayor](/source/Mayor#Russia)" to "[governor](/source/Governor#Russia_and_former_Soviet_Union)".[69] In 2000, Yakovlev won [re-election](/source/Re-election).[70] His second term expired in 2004; the long-awaited restoration of the broken subway connection was expected to finish by that time. But in 2003, Yakovlev suddenly [resigned](/source/Resigned), leaving the governor's office to [Valentina Matviyenko](/source/Valentina_Matviyenko).

[Moyka River](/source/Moyka), flowing through [Central Saint Petersburg](/source/Central_Saint_Petersburg)

[The Trinity Bridge](/source/Trinity_Bridge%2C_Saint_Petersburg) is a landmark of Art Nouveau design.

People walking on the main street of Saint Petersburg, [Nevsky Prospekt](/source/Nevsky_Prospekt)

The law on the election of the City Governor was changed, breaking the tradition of democratic election by [universal suffrage](/source/Universal_suffrage) that started in 1991. In 2006, [the city legislature](/source/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg) re-approved Matviyenko as governor. Residential building had intensified again; real-estate prices inflated greatly, which caused many new problems for the [preservation of the historical part](/source/Historic_preservation) of the city.

Although the central part of the city has a [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) designation (there are about 8,000 architectural monuments in Petersburg), the preservation of its historical and architectural environment became controversial.[71] After 2005, the demolition of older buildings in [the historical centre](/source/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments) was permitted.[72] In 2006, [Gazprom](/source/Gazprom) announced an ambitious project to build a [skyscraper](/source/Skyscraper) as part of the [Gazprom City](/source/Gazprom_City) complex, with its main tower set to soar significantly higher than [the city's most famous landmarks](/source/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg). The tower would be located opposite the [Smolny Cathedral](/source/Smolny_Cathedral) on the Neva river, and critics have warned it could disrupt the architectural harmony of the city's landscape.[73] Urgent protests by citizens and prominent public figures of Russia against this project were not considered by Governor [Valentina Matviyenko](/source/Valentina_Matviyenko) and the city authorities until December 2010, when after the statement of President [Dmitry Medvedev](/source/Dmitry_Medvedev), the city decided to find a more appropriate location for this project. In the same year, the new location for the project was relocated to [Lakhta](/source/Lakhta%2C_Saint_Petersburg), a historical area northwest of the city centre, and the new project would be named [Lakhta Center](/source/Lakhta_Center). Construction was approved by Gazprom and the city administration and commenced in 2012. The 462 m (1,516 ft) high Lakhta Center has become the tallest skyscraper [in Russia](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Russia) and [in Europe](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe) outside Moscow.

## Geography

Main article: [Geography of Saint Petersburg](/source/Geography_of_Saint_Petersburg)

The [Neva River](/source/Neva_River) flows through much of the centre of the city. Left – the [Spit of Vasilievsky Island](/source/Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island), center – [River Neva](/source/River_Neva), [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress) and [Trinity Bridge](/source/Trinity_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg)), right – [Palace Embankment](/source/Palace_Embankment) with the [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace).

Satellite image of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs

The area of Saint Petersburg [city proper](/source/City_proper) is 605.8 square kilometres (233.9 square miles). The area of the [federal subject](/source/Federal_subjects_of_Russia) is 1,439 square kilometres (556 sq mi), which contains Saint Petersburg proper (consisting of eighty-one municipal *[okrugs](/source/Okrug)*), nine municipal towns ([Kolpino](/source/Kolpino), [Krasnoye Selo](/source/Krasnoye_Selo), [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt), [Lomonosov](/source/Lomonosov%2C_Russia), [Pavlovsk](/source/Pavlovsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg), [Petergof](/source/Petergof), [Pushkin](/source/Pushkin_(town)), [Sestroretsk](/source/Sestroretsk), [Zelenogorsk](/source/Zelenogorsk%2C_Saint_Petersburg)), and twenty-one municipal settlements.

Petersburg is in the middle [taiga](/source/Taiga) lowlands along the shores of the [Neva Bay](/source/Neva_Bay) of the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland), and the islands of the [river delta](/source/River_delta). The largest are [Vasilyevsky Island](/source/Vasilyevsky_Island) (besides the [artificial island](/source/Artificial_island) between [Obvodny Canal](/source/Obvodny_Canal) and [Fontanka](/source/Fontanka), and [Kotlin](/source/Kotlin_Island) in the Neva Bay), [Petrogradsky](/source/Petrogradsky_Island), [Dekabristov](/source/Dekabristov_Island) and [Krestovsky](/source/Krestovsky_Island). The latter, together with [Yelagin](/source/Yelagin_Island) and the [Kamenny Islands](/source/Kamenny_Islands) are covered mostly by parks. The [Karelian Isthmus](/source/Karelian_Isthmus), north of the city, is a popular [resort](/source/Resort) area. In the south, Saint Petersburg crosses the [Baltic-Ladoga Klint](/source/Baltic-Ladoga_Klint) and meets the [Izhora Plateau](/source/Izhora_Plateau).

The [elevation](/source/Elevation) of Saint Petersburg ranges from the [sea level](/source/Sea_level) to its highest point of 175.9 metres (577 feet) at the Orekhovaya Hill in the [Duderhof Heights](/source/Duderhof_Heights) in the south. Part of the city's territory west of [Liteyny Prospekt](/source/Liteyny_Prospekt) is no higher than 4 m (13 ft) [above sea level](/source/Above_sea_level), and has suffered from numerous floods. [Floods in Saint Petersburg](/source/Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg) are triggered by a long wave in the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea), caused by [meteorological](/source/Meteorological) conditions, winds, and shallowness of the Neva Bay. The five most disastrous floods occurred in 1824 (4.21 metres or 13 feet 10 inches above sea level, during which over 300 buildings were destroyed[g]); 1924 (3.8 m, 12 ft 6 in); 1777 (3.21 m, 10 ft 6 in); 1955 (2.93 m, 9 ft 7 in); and 1975 (2.81 m, 9 ft 3 in). To prevent floods, the [Saint Petersburg Dam](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Dam) has been constructed.[74]

Since the 18th century, the city's terrain has been raised artificially, at some places by more than 4 m (13 ft), making mergers of several islands, and changing the [hydrology](/source/Hydrology) of the city. Besides the [Neva](/source/Neva) and its tributaries, other important rivers of the federal subject of Saint Petersburg are [Sestra](/source/Sestra_(Leningrad_Oblast)), [Okhta](/source/Okhta), and [Izhora](/source/Izhora). The largest lake is Sestroretsky Razliv in the north, followed by [Lakhtinsky Razliv](/source/Lakhtinsky_Razliv), the Suzdal Lakes, and other smaller lakes.

Due to its northerly location at c. 60° N [latitude](/source/Latitude), the [day length](/source/Day_length) in Petersburg varies across seasons, ranging from 5 hours 53 minutes to 18 hours 50 minutes. A period from mid-May to end-July during which it doesn't get darker than [nautical twilight](/source/Twilight) is called *the [white nights](/source/White_night_(astronomy))* (during which they have [a festival](/source/White_Nights_Festival)).

Saint Petersburg is about 165 kilometres (103 miles) southeast of [the border with Finland](/source/Finland%E2%80%93Russia_border), connected to it via Russia's [M10 highway](/source/M10_highway_(Russia)) ([E18](/source/European_route_E18)), along which there is also a connection to the historic city of [Vyborg](/source/Vyborg).

### Climate

Main article: [Climate of Saint Petersburg](/source/Climate_of_Saint_Petersburg)

Under the [Köppen climate classification](/source/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification), Saint Petersburg is classified as (Köppen:*Dfb*,Trewartha:*Dcbo*), a [humid continental climate](/source/Humid_continental_climate). The distinct moderating influence of Baltic Sea [cyclones](/source/Cyclone) results in mild to hot, humid, short summers and long, moderately cold, wet winters. The climate of Saint Petersburg is close to that of [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), although slightly more [continental](/source/Continental_climate) (i.e., colder in winter and warmer in summer) because of its more eastern location, while slightly less continental than that of Moscow.

The average high temperature in July is 23 °C (73 °F), and the average low temperature in February is −8.5 °C (16.7 °F); an extreme temperature of 37.1 °C (98.8 °F) occurred during the [2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat wave](/source/2010_Northern_Hemisphere_summer_heat_wave). A winter low of −35.9 °C (−32.6 °F) was recorded in 1883. The average annual temperature is 5.8 °C (42.4 °F). The Neva River within the city limits usually freezes in November–December and a break-up occurs in April. From December to March, there are 118 days on average with [snow](/source/Snow) cover, which reaches an average snow depth of 19 cm (7.5 in) by February.[75] The [frost](/source/Frost)-free period in the city lasts on average for about 135 days. Despite St. Petersburg's northern location, its winters are warmer than [Moscow's](/source/Climate_of_Moscow) due to the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland) and some [Gulf Stream](/source/Gulf_Stream) influence from [Scandinavian](/source/Scandinavia) winds that can bring temperatures slightly above [freezing](/source/Freezing_air_temperature). The city also has a slightly warmer climate than its suburbs due to the [urban heat island](/source/Urban_heat_island) effect. It also has a pretty low [diurnal temperature variation](/source/Diurnal_temperature_variation), especially during fall and winter. Weather conditions are quite variable all year round.[76][77]

Average annual [precipitation](/source/Precipitation) varies across the city, averaging 660 millimetres (26 inches) per year and reaching a maximum in late summer. Due to the cool climate, [soil moisture](/source/Soil_moisture) is almost always high because of lower [evapotranspiration](/source/Evapotranspiration). Air [humidity](/source/Humidity) is 78% on average, and there are, on average, 165 [overcast](/source/Overcast) days per year.

Climate data for Saint Petersburg (1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 8.7 (47.7) 10.2 (50.4) 16.1 (61.0) 25.3 (77.5) 33.0 (91.4) 35.9 (96.6) 35.3 (95.5) 37.1 (98.8) 30.4 (86.7) 21.0 (69.8) 12.3 (54.1) 10.9 (51.6) 37.1 (98.8) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) −2.5 (27.5) −2.4 (27.7) 2.3 (36.1) 9.5 (49.1) 16.3 (61.3) 20.5 (68.9) 23.3 (73.9) 21.4 (70.5) 15.9 (60.6) 8.7 (47.7) 2.8 (37.0) −0.5 (31.1) 9.6 (49.3) Daily mean °C (°F) −4.8 (23.4) −5.0 (23.0) −1.0 (30.2) 5.2 (41.4) 11.5 (52.7) 16.1 (61.0) 19.1 (66.4) 17.4 (63.3) 12.4 (54.3) 6.2 (43.2) 0.9 (33.6) −2.5 (27.5) 6.3 (43.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) −7.2 (19.0) −7.6 (18.3) −4.0 (24.8) 1.7 (35.1) 7.2 (45.0) 12.2 (54.0) 15.3 (59.5) 13.9 (57.0) 9.4 (48.9) 4.1 (39.4) −0.9 (30.4) −4.5 (23.9) 3.3 (37.9) Record low °C (°F) −35.9 (−32.6) −35.2 (−31.4) −29.9 (−21.8) −21.8 (−7.2) −6.6 (20.1) 0.1 (32.2) 4.9 (40.8) 1.3 (34.3) −3.1 (26.4) −12.9 (8.8) −22.2 (−8.0) −34.4 (−29.9) −35.9 (−32.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 46 (1.8) 36 (1.4) 36 (1.4) 37 (1.5) 47 (1.9) 69 (2.7) 84 (3.3) 87 (3.4) 57 (2.2) 64 (2.5) 56 (2.2) 51 (2.0) 670 (26.4) Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) 15 (5.9) 19 (7.5) 14 (5.5) 1 (0.4) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 0 (0) 3 (1.2) 9 (3.5) 19 (7.5) Average rainy days 9 7 10 13 16 18 17 17 20 20 16 10 173 Average snowy days 25 23 16 8 1 0.1 0 0 0.1 5 16 23 117 Average relative humidity (%) 86 84 79 69 65 69 71 76 80 83 86 87 78 Mean monthly sunshine hours 18.9 45.5 120.5 177.9 255.6 254.3 267.7 228.1 134.8 61.8 23.0 8.1 1,596.2 Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[75] Source 2: NOAA[78]

## Demographics

Main article: [Demographics of Saint Petersburg](/source/Demographics_of_Saint_Petersburg)

Population pyramid of St. Petersburg in the 2021 Russian Census

Saint Petersburg is the second-largest [city in Russia](/source/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Russia). As of the [2021 Russian census](/source/2021_Russian_census),[4] the [federal subject](/source/Federal_subjects_of_Russia)'s [population](/source/Population_(human_biology)) is 5,601,911 or 3.9% of the total population of Russia; up from 4,879,566 (3.4%) recorded in the [2010 Russian census](/source/2010_Russian_census),[79] and up from 5,023,506 recorded in the [1989 Soviet census](/source/1989_Soviet_census).[80] Over 6.4 million people reside in [the metropolitan area](/source/Saint_Petersburg_metropolitan_area).

‹ The [template](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Template) *[Historical populations](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Historical_populations)* is being [considered for merging](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2026_June_24#Template:Infobox_demographics). ›

Historical population Year Pop. ±% 1897 1,264,920 — 1926 1,590,770 +25.8% 1939 3,191,304 +100.6% 1959 3,321,196 +4.1% 1970 3,949,501 +18.9% 1979 4,588,183 +16.2% 1989 5,023,506 +9.5% 2002 4,661,219 −7.2% 2010 4,879,566 +4.7% 2021 5,601,911 +14.8% Source: Census data

**[Vital statistics](/source/Vital_statistics_(government_records)) for 2024:[81]**

- Births: 47,148 (8.4 per 1,000)

- Deaths: 62,471 (11.2 per 1,000)

**[Total fertility rate](/source/Total_fertility_rate) (2024):[82]** 1.26 children per woman

**[Life expectancy](/source/Life_expectancy) (2021):**[83] Total – 72.51 years (male – 68.23, female – 76.30)

Life expectancy at birth in Saint Petersburg

**[Ethnic](/source/Ethnic) composition of Saint Petersburg**

Ethnicity Year 1939[84] 1959[85] 1970[86] 1979[87] 1989[88] 2002[89] 2010[89] 2021[90] Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population % Population1 % Russians 2,775,979 86.9 2,951,254 88.9 3,514,296 89.0 4,097,629 89.7 4,448,884 89.1 3,949,623 92.0 3,908,753 92.5 4,275,058 90.6 Ukrainians 54,660 1.7 68,308 2.1 97,109 2.5 117,412 2.6 150,982 3.0 87,119 2.0 64,446 1.5 29,353 0.6 Tatars 31,506 1.0 27,178 0.8 32,851 0.8 39,403 0.9 43,997 0.9 35,553 0.8 30,857 0.7 20,286 0.4 Azerbaijanis 385 – 855 – 1,576 – 3,171 0.1 11,804 0.2 16,613 0.4 17,717 0.4 16,406 0.3 Belarusians 32,353 1.0 47,004 1.4 63,799 1.6 81,575 1.8 93,564 1.9 54,484 1.3 38,136 0.9 15,545 0.3 Armenians 4,615 0.1 4,897 0.1 6,628 0.2 7,995 0.2 12,070 0.2 19,164 0.4 19,971 0.5 14,737 0.3 Uzbeks 238 – – – 1,678 – 1,883 – 7,927 0.2 2,987 0.1 20,345 0.5 12,181 0.3 Tajiks 61 – – – 361 – 473 – 1,917 – 2,449 0.1 12,072 0.3 9,573 0.2 Jews 201,542 6.3 168,641 5.1 162,525 4.1 142,779 3.1 106,469 2.1 36,570 0.9 24,132 0.6 9,205 0.2 Others 89,965 2.8 53,059 1.6 68,678 1.7 76,228 1.7 113,135 2.3 88,661 2.1 90,310 2.1 277,297 6.7 Total 3,191,304 100 3,321,196 100 3,949,501 100 4,588,183 100 5,023,506 100 4,661,219 100 4,879,566 100 5,601,911 100 1884,678 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.

During the 20th century, the city experienced dramatic population changes. From 2.4 million residents in 1916, its population dropped to less than 740,000 by 1920 during the [Russian Revolution](/source/Russian_Revolution) of 1917 and the [Russian Civil War](/source/Russian_Civil_War). The minorities of [Germans](/source/History_of_Germans_in_Russia%2C_Ukraine%2C_and_the_Soviet_Union), [Poles](/source/Polish_minority_in_Russia), [Finns](/source/Finns), [Estonians](/source/Estonians_in_Russia), and [Latvians](/source/Latvians_in_Russia) were [almost completely transferred](/source/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union) out of Leningrad during the 1930s.[91] From 1941 to the end of 1943, population dropped from 3 million to less than 600,000, as people died in battles, starved to death or were evacuated during the [Siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad). Some evacuees returned after the siege, but most influx was due to migration from other parts of the [Soviet Union](/source/Soviet_Union). The city absorbed about 3 million people in the 1950s and grew to over 5 million in the 1980s. From 1991 to 2006, the city's population decreased to 4.6 million, while the [suburban](/source/Suburb) population increased due to [the privatization](/source/Privatization_in_Russia) of land and a massive move to the suburbs. Based on 2010 census results, the population is over 4.8 million.[92][93] For the first half of 2007, the [birth rate](/source/Birth_rate) was 9.1 per 1000[94] and remained lower than the [death rate](/source/Death_rate) (until 2012[95]); people over 65 constitute more than twenty percent of the population; and the [median age](/source/Median_age) is about 40 years.[96] Since 2012 the birth rate became higher than the death rate.[95] But in 2020, [the COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Russia) caused a drop in the birth rate, and the city's population decreased to 5,395,000 people.[97]

### Religion

**Clockwise from left**: Kronstadt: the Naval Cathedral on Yakornaya Square, the [Church of St. Catherine](/source/Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)), the [Saint Petersburg Mosque](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque), and the [Grand Choral Synagogue of St. Petersburg](/source/Grand_Choral_Synagogue_(St._Petersburg))

According to various opinion polls, more than half of the residents of Saint Petersburg "[believe in God](/source/Belief_in_God)" (up to 67% according to [VTsIOM](/source/VTsIOM) data for 2002).

Among the believers, the overwhelming majority of the residents of the city are [Orthodox](/source/Eastern_Orthodox_Church) (57.5%), followed by small minority communities of [Muslims](/source/Islam_in_Russia) (0.7%), [Protestants](/source/Protestantism_in_Russia) (0.6%), and [Catholics](/source/Catholic_Church_in_Russia) (0.5%), and [Buddhists](/source/Buddhism_in_Russia) (0.1%).[98]

In total, roughly 59% of the population of the city is [Christian](/source/Christianity_in_Russia), of which over 90% are Orthodox.[98] Non-[Abrahamic religions](/source/Abrahamic_religions) and other faiths are represented by only 1.2% of the total population.[98]

Religion in Saint Petersburg as of 2012 (Sreda Arena Atlas)[99][100] Russian Orthodoxy 50.3% Other Orthodox 1.4% Other Christians 3.2% Islam 1.1% Spiritual but not religious 20.5% Atheism and irreligion 15.4% Other and undeclared 7.6%

There are 268 communities of confessions and religious associations in the city: the [Russian Orthodox Church](/source/Russian_Orthodox_Church) (130 associations), [Pentecostalism](/source/Pentecostalism) (23 associations), the [Lutheranism](/source/Lutheranism) (19 associations), [Baptism](/source/Baptism) (13 associations), as well as [Old Believers](/source/Old_Believers), Roman [Catholic Church](/source/Catholic_Church_in_Russia), [Armenian Apostolic Church](/source/Armenian_Apostolic_Church), [Georgian Orthodox Church](/source/Georgian_Orthodox_Church), [Seventh-day Adventist Church](/source/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church), [Judaism](/source/History_of_the_Jews_in_Russia), Buddhist, Muslim, [Baháʼí](/source/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Russia) and [others](/source/Religion_in_Russia).[98]

229 religious buildings in the city are owned or run by religious associations. Among them are architectural monuments of federal significance. The oldest cathedral in the city is the [Peter and Paul Cathedral](/source/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg), built between 1712 and 1733, and the largest is the [Kazan Cathedral](/source/Kazan_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg), completed in 1811.

## Government

Further information: [Politics of Saint Petersburg](/source/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg)

The city assembly meets in the [Mariinsky Palace](/source/Mariinsky_Palace).

Saint Petersburg is a [federal subject of Russia](/source/Federal_subject_of_Russia) (a [federal city](/source/Federal_cities_of_Russia)).[101] The political life of Saint Petersburg is regulated by the [Charter of Saint Petersburg](/source/Charter_of_Saint_Petersburg) adopted by [the city legislature](/source/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg) in 1998.[102] The superior [executive](/source/Executive_(government)) body is the [Saint Petersburg City Administration](/source/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration), led by [the city governor](/source/Governor_of_Saint_Petersburg) (mayor before 1996). Saint Petersburg has a [single-chamber](/source/Unicameralism) legislature, the [Saint Petersburg Legislative Assembly](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Legislative_Assembly), which is the city's [regional parliament](/source/Regional_parliaments_of_Russia).

The [Smolny Institute](/source/Smolny_Institute), seat of the governor

According to the federal law passed in 2004, heads of federal subjects, including the governor of Saint Petersburg, were nominated by the [President of Russia](/source/President_of_Russia) and approved by local legislatures. Should the legislature disapprove of the nominee, the President could dissolve it. The former governor, [Valentina Matviyenko](/source/Valentina_Matviyenko), was approved according to the new system in December 2006. She was the only woman governor in all of Russia until her resignation on 22 August 2011. Matviyenko stood for elections as a member of the Regional Council of Saint Petersburg and won comprehensively with allegations of [rigging and ballot stuffing](/source/Electoral_fraud) by the opposition. Russian President [Dmitry Medvedev](/source/Dmitry_Medvedev) has already backed her for the position of [Speaker](/source/Chairman_of_the_Federation_Council_(Russia)) to the [Federation Council](/source/Federation_Council), and her election qualifies her for that job. After her resignation, [Georgy Poltavchenko](/source/Georgy_Poltavchenko) was appointed as the new acting governor the same day. In 2012, following passage of a new federal law,[103] restoring [direct elections](/source/Direct_election) of heads of federal subjects, the city charter was again amended to provide for direct elections of governor.[104] On 3 October 2018, Poltavchenko resigned, and [Alexander Beglov](/source/Alexander_Beglov) was appointed acting governor.[105]

Saint Petersburg is also the *[de facto](/source/De_facto)* (unofficial) [administrative centre](/source/Administrative_centre) of [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast) (a separate federal subject), and of the [Northwestern Federal District](/source/Northwestern_Federal_District).[106] Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast share several local departments of federal executive agencies and courts, such as court of arbitration, [police](/source/Police_of_Russia), [FSB](/source/Federal_Security_Service), [postal service](/source/Russian_Post), [drug enforcement administration](/source/Main_Directorate_for_Drugs_Control), [penitentiary service](/source/Prisons_in_Russia), [federal registration service](/source/Rosreestr), and other federal services.

The [Constitutional Court of Russia](/source/Constitutional_Court_of_Russia) moved to Saint Petersburg from Moscow in May 2008. The relocation of the [Supreme Court of Russia](/source/Supreme_Court_of_Russia) from Moscow to Saint Petersburg has been planned since 2014.

### Administrative divisions

Main article: [Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg](/source/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg)

Saint Petersburg is divided into 18 administrative districts: Administrative divisions of the city of Saint Petersburg Аdmiralteysky Vasileostrovsky Vyborgsky Kalininsky Кirovsky Kolpinsky Krasnogvardeysky Кrasnoselsky Kronshtadtsky Kurortny Moskovsky Nevsky Petrogradsky Petrodvortsovy Primorsky Pushkinsky Frunzensky Tsentralny Within the boundaries of the districts, there are 111 intra-city municipalities, 81 municipal districts, nine cities (Zelenogorsk, Kolpino, Krasnoe Selo, Kronstadt, Lomonosov, Pavlovsk, Petergof, Pushkin and Sestroretsk) and 21 villages.[107]

## Economy

Main article: [Economy of Saint Petersburg](/source/Economy_of_Saint_Petersburg)

The [Saint Petersburg International Economic Forum](/source/St._Petersburg_International_Economic_Forum) is a major Russian investment forum.

Saint Petersburg is a major trade gateway, serving as the financial and industrial centre of Russia, with specializations in oil and gas trade; shipbuilding yards; [aerospace industry](/source/Aerospace_industry_of_Russia); technology, including radio, electronics, software, and computers; machine building, heavy machinery and transport, including tanks and other military equipment; mining; instrument manufacture; ferrous and nonferrous [metallurgy](/source/Metallurgy_of_Russia) (production of aluminium alloys); chemicals, [pharmaceuticals](/source/Pharmaceutical_industry_in_Russia), and medical equipment; publishing and printing; food and catering; wholesale and retail; textile and apparel industries; and many other businesses. It was also home to Lessner, one of [Russia's two pioneering automobile manufacturers](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Russia) (along with [Russo-Baltic](/source/Russo-Balt)); it was founded by [machine tool](/source/Machine_tool_builder) and [boilermaker](/source/Boilermaker) G.A. Lessner in 1904, with [designs](/source/Automotive_design) by Boris Loutsky, and it survived until 1910.[108]

[Admiralty Shipyard](/source/Admiralty_Shipyard)

Power Machines plant building on Sverdlovskaya embankment in Saint Petersburg

Ten percent of the world's power [turbines](/source/Turbine) are made there at the [LMZ](/source/Leningradsky_Metallichesky_Zavod), which has built over two thousand turbines for [power plants](/source/Power_plant) across the world.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Major local industries are [Admiralty Shipyards](/source/Admiralty_Shipyards), [Baltic Shipyard](/source/Baltic_Shipyard), [LOMO](/source/LOMO), [Kirov Plant](/source/Kirov_Plant), [Elektrosila](/source/Elektrosila), [Izhorskiye Zavody](/source/Izhorskiye_Zavody); also registered in Saint Petersburg are [Sovcomflot](/source/Sovcomflot), [Petersburg Fuel Company](/source/Petersburg_Fuel_Company) and [Sibur](/source/Sibur) among other major Russian and international companies.

The [Great Port of Saint Petersburg](/source/Great_Port_of_Saint_Petersburg) has three large [cargo terminals](/source/Cargo_terminal), in [Petrodvorerts](/source/Petrodvorets), [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt), and [Lomonosov](/source/Lomonosov%2C_Russia).[109] International [cruise ships](/source/Cruise_ship) have been served at the passenger port at Morskoy Vokzal on the south-west of [Vasilyevsky Island](/source/Vasilyevsky_Island). In 2008, the first two [berths](/source/Berth_(moorings)) opened at the [New Passenger Port](/source/Passenger_Port_of_St._Petersburg) on the west of the island.[110] The new [passenger terminal](/source/Maritime_passenger_terminal) is part of the city's "[Marine Facade](/source/Marine_Facade)" development project[111] and was due to have seven berths in operation by 2010.[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

A complex system of [riverports](/source/Inland_port) on both [banks](/source/Bank_(geography)) of the [Neva](/source/Neva) River is interconnected with the system of seaports, thus making Saint Petersburg the main link between the [Baltic Sea](/source/Baltic_Sea) and the rest of Russia through the [Volga–Baltic Waterway](/source/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway).

The [Saint Petersburg Mint](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Mint) ([Monetny Dvor](/source/Monetny_Dvor)), founded in 1724, is one of the largest [mints in the world](/source/List_of_mints). It mints [Russian coins](/source/Russian_ruble), medals, and badges. Saint Petersburg is also home to the oldest and largest Russian [foundry](/source/Foundry), Monumentskulptura, which made thousands of sculptures and statues that now grace the public parks of Saint Petersburg and many other cities.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Monuments and [bronze statues](/source/Bronze_statues) of the Tsars, as well as other important historical figures and dignitaries, and other world-famous monuments, such as the sculptures by [Peter Clodt von Jürgensburg](/source/Peter_Clodt_von_J%C3%BCrgensburg), [Paolo Troubetzkoy](/source/Paolo_Troubetzkoy), [Mark Antokolsky](/source/Mark_Antokolsky), and others, were made there.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

In 2007, [Toyota](/source/Toyota) opened a [Camry](/source/Camry) plant after investing 5 billion rubles (approx. US$200 million) in [Shushary](/source/Shushary%2C_Saint_Petersburg),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] one of the southern suburbs of Saint Petersburg. [Opel](/source/Opel), [Hyundai](/source/Hyundai_Motor_Company) and [Nissan](/source/Nissan) have also signed deals with the Russian government to build their automotive plants in Saint Petersburg.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [The automotive and auto-parts industry](/source/Automotive_industry_in_Russia) is on the rise there during the last decade.[*[which?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words)*]

Saint Petersburg has a large [brewery](/source/Brewery) and [distillery](/source/Distillery) industry. Known as Russia's "[beer](/source/Beer) capital" due to the supply and quality of local water[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*], its five large breweries account for over 30% of [the country's domestic beer production](/source/Beer_in_Russia). They include Europe's second-largest brewery [Baltika](/source/Baltika_Breweries), Vena (both operated by [BBH](/source/Baltic_Beverages_Holding)), [Heineken Brewery](/source/Heineken_Brewery), Stepan Razin (both by [Heineken](/source/Heineken_N.V.)) and [Tinkoff Brewery](/source/Tinkoff_Brewery) (SUN-[InBev](/source/InBev)).[*[needs update](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*]

The city's many local distilleries produce a broad range of [vodka](/source/Vodka) brands. The oldest one is [LIVIZ](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LIVIZ&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7)] (founded in 1897). Among the youngest is [Russian Standard Vodka](/source/Russian_Standard_Vodka), introduced in Moscow in 1998, which opened in 2006 a new $60 million distillery in Petersburg (an area of 30,000 m2 (320,000 sq ft), production rate of 22,500 bottles per hour). In 2007, this brand was exported to over 70 countries.[112]

Saint Petersburg has the second largest [construction](/source/Construction) industry in Russia, including commercial, [housing](/source/Home_construction), and [road](/source/Roadworks) construction.

In 2006, Saint Petersburg's [city budget](/source/City_budget) was 180 billion rubles (about US$7 billion at 2006 exchange rates).[113] The federal subject's [Gross Regional Product](/source/Gross_Regional_Product) as of 2016[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit) was 3.7 trillion [Russian rubles](/source/Russian_ruble) (or around US$70 billion), ranked 2nd in Russia, after Moscow[114] and [per capita](/source/Per_capita) of US$13,000, ranked 12th among Russia's federal subjects,[115] contributed mostly by [wholesale](/source/Wholesaling) and [retail](/source/Retail) trade and [repair](/source/Repair) services (24.7%) as well as [processing industry](/source/Processing_industry) (20.9%) and [transportation](/source/Transport_industry) and [telecommunications](/source/Telecommunications_in_Russia) (15.1%).[116]

Budget revenues of the city in 2009 amounted to 294.3 billion rubles (about US$10.044 billion at 2009 exchange rates), expenses – 336.3 billion rubles (about US$11.477 billion at 2009 exchange rates). The [budget deficit](/source/Budget_deficit) amounted to about 42 billion rubles[117] (about US$1.433 billion at 2009 exchange rates).

In 2015, St. Petersburg was ranked in 4th place economically amongst all federal subjects of the Russian Federation, surpassed only by Moscow, the [Tyumen](/source/Tyumen_Oblast) and [Moscow Region](/source/Moscow_Oblast).[118]

## Cityscape

Main articles: [Landmarks of Saint Petersburg](/source/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg) and [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt)

The Admiralty building in St. Petersburg

[Kazan Cathedral](/source/Kazan_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg), an example of [Neoclassical architecture](/source/Neoclassical_architecture)

[Saint Isaac's Square](/source/Saint_Isaac's_Square)

The historic [architecture](/source/Architecture) of Saint Petersburg's [city centre](/source/City_centre), mostly [Baroque](/source/Baroque_architecture) and [Neoclassical](/source/Neoclassical_architecture) buildings of the 18th and 19th centuries, has been largely preserved; although a number of buildings were [demolished](/source/Demolished) after the [Bolsheviks](/source/Bolsheviks)' seizure of power, during the [Siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad) and in recent years.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] The oldest of the remaining buildings is a wooden house built for [Peter I](/source/Peter_the_Great) in 1703 on the shore of the [Neva](/source/Neva) near Trinity Square. Since 1991, the [Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments](/source/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments) in Saint Petersburg and [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast) have been listed by [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) as a [World Heritage Site](/source/World_Heritage_Site).

The ensemble of [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress) with the [Peter and Paul Cathedral](/source/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg) takes a dominant position on [Zayachy Island](/source/Zayachy_Island) along the right [bank](/source/Bank_(geography)) of the Neva River. Each noon, a cannon fires a blank shot from the fortress. The [Saint Petersburg Mosque](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Mosque), the largest [mosque in Europe](/source/List_of_mosques_in_Europe) when opened in 1913, is on the right bank nearby. The [Spit of Vasilievsky Island](/source/Spit_of_Vasilievsky_Island), which splits the river into two largest armlets, the [Bolshaya Neva](/source/Bolshaya_Neva) and [Malaya Neva](/source/Malaya_Neva), is connected to the northern bank ([Petrogradsky Island](/source/Petrogradsky_Island)) via the [Exchange Bridge](/source/Exchange_Bridge) and occupied by the [Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns](/source/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns). The southern coast of [Vasilyevsky Island](/source/Vasilyevsky_Island) along the Bolshaya Neva features some of the city's oldest buildings, dating from the 18th century, including the [Kunstkamera](/source/Kunstkamera), [Twelve Collegia](/source/Twelve_Collegia), [Menshikov Palace](/source/Menshikov_Palace_(Saint_Petersburg)), and [Imperial Academy of Arts](/source/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts). It hosts one of two campuses of [Saint Petersburg State University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University).

On the southern, left bank of the Neva, connected to the spit of Vasilyevsky Island via the [Palace Bridge](/source/Palace_Bridge), lie the [Admiralty building](/source/Admiralty%2C_Saint_Petersburg), the vast [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum) complex stretching along the [Palace Embankment](/source/Palace_Embankment), which includes the Baroque [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace), former official residence of [Russian emperors](/source/List_of_Russian_monarchs), as well as the neoclassical [Marble Palace](/source/Marble_Palace). The Winter Palace faces [Palace Square](/source/Palace_Square), the city's main square with the [Alexander Column](/source/Alexander_Column).

Aerial view of [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress)

The [Field of Mars](/source/Field_of_Mars_(Saint_Petersburg))

[Nevsky Prospekt](/source/Nevsky_Prospekt), also on the left bank of the [Neva](/source/Neva), is the city's main avenue. It starts at the Admiralty and runs eastwards next to Palace Square. Nevsky Prospekt crosses the [Moika](/source/Moika) ([Green Bridge](/source/Green_Bridge_(Saint_Petersburg))), [Griboyedov Canal](/source/Griboyedov_Canal) ([Kazansky Bridge](/source/Kazansky_Bridge)), [Sadovaya Street](/source/Sadovaya_Street), the [Fontanka](/source/Fontanka) ([Anichkov Bridge](/source/Anichkov_Bridge)), meets [Liteyny Prospekt](/source/Liteyny_Prospekt) and proceeds to [Uprising Square](/source/Uprising_Square) near the [Moskovsky railway station](/source/Moskovsky_Rail_Terminal_(Saint_Petersburg)), where it meets [Ligovsky Prospekt](/source/Ligovsky_Prospekt) and turns to the [Alexander Nevsky Lavra](/source/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra). [The Passage](/source/Passage_(department_store)), [Catholic Church of St. Catherine](/source/Catholic_Church_of_St._Catherine_(Saint_Petersburg)), [Book House](/source/Singer_House) (former [Singer Manufacturing Company](/source/Singer_Manufacturing_Company) Building in the [Art Nouveau](/source/Art_Nouveau) style), [Grand Hotel Europe](/source/Grand_Hotel_Europe), [Lutheran Church of Saint Peter and Saint Paul](/source/Lutheran_Church_of_Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul), [Great Gostiny Dvor](/source/Great_Gostiny_Dvor), [Russian National Library](/source/Russian_National_Library), [Alexandrine Theatre](/source/Alexandrine_Theatre) behind [Mikeshin](/source/Mikeshin)'s statue of [Catherine the Great](/source/Catherine_the_Great), [Kazan Cathedral](/source/Kazan_Cathedral%2C_St._Petersburg), [Stroganov Palace](/source/Stroganov_Palace), [Anichkov Palace](/source/Anichkov_Palace) and [Beloselsky-Belozersky Palace](/source/Beloselsky-Belozersky_Palace) are all along that avenue.

[Nevsky Prospekt](/source/Nevsky_Prospekt)

[Palace Square](/source/Palace_Square) during Christmas

The [Alexander Nevsky Lavra](/source/Alexander_Nevsky_Lavra), intended to house the relics of [St. Alexander Nevsky](/source/St._Alexander_Nevsky), is an important centre of [Christian education](/source/Religious_studies) in Russia. It also contains the [Tikhvin Cemetery](/source/Tikhvin_Cemetery) with graves of many notable Petersburgers.

On the territory between the Neva and Nevsky Prospekt, the [Church of the Savior on Blood](/source/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood), Mikhailovsky Palace housing the [Russian Museum](/source/Russian_Museum), [Field of Mars](/source/Field_of_Mars_(Saint_Petersburg)), [St. Michael's Castle](/source/St._Michael's_Castle), [Summer Garden](/source/Summer_Garden), [Tauride Palace](/source/Tauride_Palace), [Smolny Institute](/source/Smolny_Institute) and [Smolny Convent](/source/Smolny_Convent) are located.

[Church of the Savior on Blood](/source/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood), seen from [Griboyedov Canal](/source/Griboyedov_Canal)

[Smolny Convent](/source/Smolny_Convent), an example of [Baroque architecture](/source/Baroque_architecture)

Many notable landmarks are to the west and south of the Admiralty Building, including the [Trinity Cathedral](/source/Trinity_Cathedral%2C_Saint_Petersburg), [Mariinsky Palace](/source/Mariinsky_Palace), [Hotel Astoria](/source/Hotel_Astoria_(Saint_Petersburg)), famous [Mariinsky Theatre](/source/Mariinsky_Theatre), [New Holland Island](/source/New_Holland_Island), [Saint Isaac's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral), the largest in the city, and [Senate Square](/source/Senate_Square_(Saint_Petersburg)), with the [Bronze Horseman](/source/Bronze_Horseman), 18th-century [equestrian monument](/source/Equestrian_monument) to [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great), which is considered among the city's most recognisable symbols. Other symbols of Saint Petersburg include the [weather vane](/source/Weather_vane) in the shape of a small ship on top of the Admiralty's golden spire and the golden [angel](/source/Angel) on top of the Peter and Paul Cathedral. The Palace Bridge [drawn](/source/Drawbridge) at night is yet another symbol of the city.

From April to November, 22 bridges across the Neva and main canals are drawn to let ships pass in and out of the Baltic Sea according to a schedule.[119] It was not until 2004 that the first high bridge across the Neva, which does not need to be drawn, [Big Obukhovsky Bridge](/source/Big_Obukhovsky_Bridge), was opened. The most remarkable bridges of our days are Korabelny and Petrovsky [cable-stayed bridges](/source/Cable-stayed_bridge), which form the most spectacular part of the city [toll road](/source/Toll_road), [Western High-Speed Diameter](/source/Western_High-Speed_Diameter). There are hundreds of smaller [bridges in Saint Petersburg](/source/Bridges_in_Saint_Petersburg) spanning numerous canals and [distributaries](/source/Distributaries) of the Neva, some of the most important of which are the [Moyka](/source/Moyka), [Fontanka](/source/Fontanka), [Griboyedov Canal](/source/Griboyedov_Canal), [Obvodny Canal](/source/Obvodny_Canal), [Karpovka](/source/Karpovka), and [Smolenka](/source/Smolenka_(river)). Due to the intricate web of canals, Saint Petersburg is often called *[Venice of the North](/source/Venice_of_the_North)*. The rivers and canals in the city centre are lined with granite embankments. The embankments and bridges are separated from rivers and canals by [granite](/source/Granite) or [cast iron](/source/Cast_iron) [parapets](/source/Parapet).

Aerial view of [Peterhof Palace](/source/Peterhof_Palace)

Southern suburbs of the city feature former imperial residences, including [Petergof](/source/Petergof), with majestic [fountain](/source/Fountain) cascades and parks, [Tsarskoye Selo](/source/Tsarskoye_Selo), with the baroque [Catherine Palace](/source/Catherine_Palace) and the neoclassical [Alexander Palace](/source/Alexander_Palace), and [Pavlovsk](/source/Pavlovsk_Palace), which has a domed palace of [Emperor Paul](/source/Emperor_Paul) and one of Europe's largest [English-style parks](/source/English_landscape_garden). Some other residences nearby and making part of the World Heritage Site, including a castle and park in [Gatchina](/source/Gatchina), actually belong to [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast) rather than Saint Petersburg. Another notable suburb is [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt) with its 19th-century fortifications and naval monuments, occupying the [Kotlin Island](/source/Kotlin_Island) in the Gulf of Finland.

Since around the end of the 20th century, a great deal of active building and [restoration](/source/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property) works have been carried out in a number of the city's districts. The authorities have recently been compelled to transfer the ownership of [state-owned](/source/State-owned) private residences in the city centre to private [lessors](/source/Lessor). Many older buildings have been reconstructed to allow their use as apartments and penthouses.

Some of these structures, such as the [Saint Petersburg Commodity and Stock Exchange](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Commodity_and_Stock_Exchange) have been recognised as [town-planning](/source/Town-planning) errors.[120]

### Parks

The "Temple of Friendship" in [Pavlovsk Park](/source/Pavlovsk_Park)

Saint Petersburg is home to many parks and gardens. Some of the most well-known are in the southern suburbs, including [Pavlovsk](/source/Pavlovsk_Garden), one of Europe's largest [English gardens](/source/English_garden). [Sosnovka](/source/Sosnovka) is the largest park within the city limits, occupying 240 [ha](/source/Hectare) (590 [acres](/source/Acre)). The [Summer Garden](/source/Summer_Garden) is the oldest, dating back to the early 18th century and designed in the regular style. It is on the Neva's southern bank at the head of the Fontanka and is famous for its cast iron railing and marble sculptures.

Among other notable parks are the [Maritime Victory Park](/source/Maritime_Victory_Park) on [Krestovsky Island](/source/Krestovsky_Island) and the Moscow Victory Park in the south, both commemorating the victory over [Nazi Germany](/source/Nazi_Germany) in the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War), as well as the Central Park of Culture and Leisure occupying [Yelagin Island](/source/Yelagin_Island) and the [Tauride Garden](/source/Tauride_Garden) around the [Tauride Palace](/source/Tauride_Palace). The most common trees grown in the parks are the [English oak](/source/English_oak), [Norway maple](/source/Norway_maple), [green ash](/source/Green_ash), [silver birch](/source/Silver_birch), [Siberian Larch](/source/Siberian_Larch), [blue spruce](/source/Blue_spruce), [crack willow](/source/Salix_euxina), [limes](/source/Tilia), and [poplars](/source/Poplars). Important [dendrological collections](/source/Xylotheque) dating back to the 19th century are hosted by the [Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Botanical_Garden) and the Park of the Forestry Academy.

To commemorate 300 years anniversary of Saint Petersburg, a new park was laid out. The park is in the northwestern part of the city. The construction started in 1995. It is planned to connect the park with the pedestrian bridge to the territory of [Lakhta Center](/source/Lakhta_Center)'s recreation areas. In the park 300 trees of valuable sorts, 300 decorative apple trees, and 70 limes. 300 other trees and bushes were planted. These trees were presented to Saint Petersburg by non-commercial and educational organizations of the city, its [sister-cities](/source/Sister_city), the city of [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), heads of other [regions of Russia](/source/Regions_of_Russia), German Savings Bank and other people and organizations.[121]

		- [Cameron](/source/Charles_Cameron_(architect)) gallery in [Catherine Park](/source/Catherine_Park) of [Tsarskoe Selo](/source/Tsarskoye_Selo)

		- Grotto pavilion in Catherine park of Tsarskoe Selo

		- [The Imperial Lyceum](/source/Tsarskoye_Selo_Lyceum) in Tsarskoye Selo

		- Grand [Menshikov Palace](/source/Menshikov_Palace_(Saint_Petersburg))

### Tall structures

Regulations forbid the construction of tall buildings in Saint Petersburg's city centre. Until the early 2010s, three [skyscrapers](/source/Skyscraper) were built: Leader Tower (140 m), Alexander Nevsky (124 m), and Atlantic City (105 m) – all situated far from the historical centre. The 310-metre (1,020 ft) tall [Saint Petersburg TV Tower](/source/Saint_Petersburg_TV_Tower), constructed in 1962, was the tallest structure in the city.

However, a controversial project endorsed by the city authorities was announced, known as the [Okhta Center](/source/Okhta_Center), to build a 396-metre (1,299 ft) [supertall skyscraper](/source/Supertall_skyscraper). In 2008, the [World Monuments Fund](/source/World_Monuments_Fund) included the Saint Petersburg historic skyline on the watch list of the 100 most endangered sites due to the expected construction, which threatened to alter it drastically.[122] The Okhta Center project was cancelled at the end of 2010.

In 2012, the [Lakhta Center](/source/Lakhta_Center) project began in the city's outskirts, to include a 463-metre (1,519 ft) tall office skyscraper and several low-rise mixed-use buildings. The latter project caused much less controversy. Unlike the previous unbuilt project, it was not seen by [UNESCO](/source/UNESCO) as a potential threat to the city's cultural heritage due to its remote location from the historic centre. The skyscraper was completed in 2019, and at 462.5 meters, it is currently the [tallest in Russia and Europe](/source/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Europe).

[Lakhta Center](/source/Lakhta_Center), the tallest building in Europe

## Tourism

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Needs discussion on how the Russian invasion of Ukraine has affected tourism. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2023)

Saint Petersburg UNESCO World Heritage Site Catherine Palace in Tsarskoe Selo Interactive map of Saint Petersburg Official name Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments Criteria Cultural: (i), (ii), (iv), (vi) Reference 540bis Inscription 1990 (14th Session) Extensions 2013 Area 3,934.1 ha (15.190 sq mi)

Saint Petersburg has a significant historical and cultural heritage.[123][124][125][126][127][128][129]

The city's 18th and 19th-century [architectural ensemble](/source/Architectural_ensemble) and its environs are preserved in virtually unchanged form. For various reasons (including large-scale destruction during [World War II](/source/World_War_II) and construction of modern buildings during the [post-war](/source/Post-war) period in the largest historical centres of Europe), Saint Petersburg has become a unique reserve of [European architectural styles of the past three centuries](/source/History_of_architecture). Saint Petersburg's loss of capital city status helped it retain many of its pre-revolutionary buildings, as modern architectural 'prestige projects' tended to be built in Moscow; this largely prevented the rise of mid-to-late-20th-century architecture and helped maintain the architectural appearance of the historic city centre.

The [Amber Room](/source/Amber_Room) in the [Catherine Palace](/source/Catherine_Palace)

Saint Petersburg is inscribed on the [UNESCO World Heritage](/source/UNESCO_World_Heritage) list as an area with 36 historical architectural complexes and around 4000 outstanding individual monuments of architecture, history, and culture. New [tourist programs and sightseeing tours](/source/Tourism_in_Russia) have been developed for those wishing to see Saint Petersburg's cultural heritage.

The city has 221 museums, 2,000 libraries, more than 80 theatres, 100 concert organizations, 45 galleries and exhibition halls, 62 cinemas, and 80 other cultural establishments. Every year, the city hosts around 100 festivals and various competitions of art and culture, including more than 50 international ones.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Grand Peterhof Palace and the Grand Cascade

Despite [the economic instability of the 1990s](/source/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation), not a single major theatre or museum was closed in Saint Petersburg; on the contrary many new ones opened, for example a private museum of puppets (opened in 1999) is the third museum of its kind in Russia, where collections of more than 2000 dolls are presented including 'The multinational Saint Petersburg' and Pushkin's Petersburg. The museum world of Saint Petersburg is incredibly diverse. The city is not only home to the world-famous [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum) and the [Russian Museum](/source/Russian_Museum) with its rich collection of [Russian art](/source/Russian_art), but also the [palaces](/source/Palace) of Saint Petersburg and its suburbs, so-called small-town museums and others like the museum of [Russian writer Dostoyevsky](/source/Fyodor_Dostoevsky); Museum of Musical Instruments, the museum of decorative arts and the museum of professional orientation.

The Bolshoi Zal (Grand Hall) of [Saint Petersburg Philharmonia](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonia)

[Old Saint Petersburg Stock Exchange and Rostral Columns](/source/Old_Saint_Petersburg_Stock_Exchange_and_Rostral_Columns)

The musical life of Saint Petersburg is rich and diverse, with the city now playing host to a number of annual carnivals. Ballet performances occupy a special place in the cultural life of Saint Petersburg. The [Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet](/source/Vaganova_Academy_of_Russian_Ballet) is named as one of the best in the world. Traditions of the Russian classical school have been passed down from generation to generation among outstanding educators. The art of famous and prominent Saint Petersburg dancers like [Rudolf Nureyev](/source/Rudolf_Nureyev), [Natalia Makarova](/source/Natalia_Makarova), [Mikhail Baryshnikov](/source/Mikhail_Baryshnikov) was, and is, admired throughout the world. Contemporary Petersburg ballet is made up not only of traditional Russian classical schools but also ballets by those like [Boris Eifman](/source/Boris_Eifman), who expanded the scope of strict classical [Russian ballet](/source/Russian_ballet) to almost unimaginable limits[*[promotion?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTPROMOTION)*]. Remaining faithful to the classical basis (he was a choreographer at the [Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet](/source/Vaganova_Academy_of_Russian_Ballet)), he combined [classical ballet](/source/Classical_ballet) with the [avant-garde style](/source/Avant-garde), and then, in turn, with acrobatics, rhythmic gymnastics, dramatic expressiveness, [cinema](/source/Cinema_of_Russia), color, light, and finally with spoken word.

## Media and communications

All major Russian newspapers are active in Saint Petersburg. The city has [a developed telecommunications system](/source/Telecommunications_in_Russia). In 2014, [Rostelecom](/source/Rostelecom), the national operator, announced the beginning of a major modernization of the [fixed-line](/source/Fixed-line) network in the city.[130]

## Culture

Main article: [Society and culture in Saint Petersburg](/source/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg)

### Museums

Further information: [List of museums in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg)

The [State Hermitage Museum](/source/State_Hermitage_Museum) ([Hermitage Theatre](/source/Hermitage_Theatre), Old Hermitage, Small Hermitage and [Winter Palace](/source/Winter_Palace), all part of the current museum complex)

Saint Petersburg is home to more than two hundred museums, many of them in historic buildings. The largest is the [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum) that features the interiors of the former imperial residence and a vast collection of art. The [Russian Museum](/source/Russian_Museum) is a large museum devoted to Russian [fine art](/source/Fine_art). The apartments of some famous people, including [Alexander Pushkin](/source/Alexander_Pushkin), [Fyodor Dostoyevsky](/source/Fyodor_Dostoyevsky), [Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov](/source/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov), [Feodor Chaliapin](/source/Feodor_Chaliapin), [Alexander Blok](/source/Alexander_Blok), [Vladimir Nabokov](/source/Vladimir_Nabokov), [Anna Akhmatova](/source/Anna_Akhmatova), [Mikhail Zoshchenko](/source/Mikhail_Zoshchenko), [Joseph Brodsky](/source/Joseph_Brodsky), as well as some palace and park ensembles of the southern suburbs and notable architectural monuments such as [Saint Isaac's Cathedral](/source/Saint_Isaac's_Cathedral), have also been turned into public museums.

The [Kunstkamera](/source/Kunstkamera), with its collection established in 1714 by [Peter the Great](/source/Peter_the_Great) to [collect curiosities](/source/Cabinet_of_curiosities) from all over the world, is sometimes considered the first [museum in Russia](/source/List_of_museums_in_Russia), which has evolved into the present-day Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography. The [Russian Museum of Ethnography](/source/Russian_Museum_of_Ethnography), which has been split from the [Russian Museum](/source/Russian_Museum), is devoted to the [cultures of the people of Russia](/source/Culture_of_Russia), the [former Soviet Union](/source/Former_Soviet_Union), and the [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire).

		- The State [Hermitage Museum](/source/Hermitage_Museum) is the [largest art museum](/source/List_of_largest_art_museums) in the world by [gallery](/source/Art_gallery) space.[131]

		- The State [Russian Museum](/source/Russian_Museum) is the world's largest depository of Russian [fine art](/source/Fine_art).

		- The [Russian Museum of Ethnography](/source/Russian_Museum_of_Ethnography) is one of the largest [ethnographic museums in the world](/source/List_of_ethnographic_museums).[132]

Several museums provide insight into the [Soviet history](/source/Soviet_history) of Saint Petersburg, including the [Museum of the Blockade](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad#Commemoration), which describes the [Siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad) and the [Museum of Political History of Russia](/source/Museum_of_Political_History_of_Russia), which explains many [authoritarian features of the USSR](/source/Authoritarian_socialism).

Other notable museums include the [Central Naval Museum](/source/Central_Naval_Museum), the [Zoological Museum](/source/Zoological_Museum_(Saint_Petersburg)), the [V.V. Dokuchaev Central Museum of Soil](/source/V.V._Dokuchaev_Central_Museum_of_Soil), the [Russian Railway Museum](/source/Russian_Railway_Museum), the [Suvorov Museum](/source/Suvorov_Museum), [Erarta](/source/Erarta) (the largest non-governmental museum of [contemporary art](/source/Contemporary_art) in Russia), the [State Museum of the History of Saint Petersburg](/source/State_Museum_of_the_History_of_Saint_Petersburg) (in the [Peter and Paul Fortress](/source/Peter_and_Paul_Fortress)), and the [Artillery Museum](/source/Military_Historical_Museum_of_Artillery%2C_Engineers_and_Signal_Corps) (which includes not only artillery items, but also a huge collection of other military equipment, uniforms, and decorations). Amongst others, Saint Petersburg also hosts the State [Museum of the History of Religion](/source/Museum_of_the_History_of_Religion), one of the oldest museums in Russia about religion, depicting cultural representations from various parts of the globe.[133]

### Music

The main auditorium of the [Mariinsky Theatre](/source/Mariinsky_Theatre)

Panorama of stalls and boxes at the Main Mariinsky Theatre

Among the city's more than fifty theatres is the [Mariinsky Theatre](/source/Mariinsky_Theatre) (formerly known as the Kirov Theatre), home to the [Mariinsky Ballet](/source/Mariinsky_Ballet) company and opera. Leading ballet dancers, such as [Vaslav Nijinsky](/source/Vaslav_Nijinsky), [Anna Pavlova](/source/Anna_Pavlova), [Rudolf Nureyev](/source/Rudolf_Nureyev), [Mikhail Baryshnikov](/source/Mikhail_Baryshnikov), [Galina Ulanova](/source/Galina_Ulanova) and [Natalia Makarova](/source/Natalia_Makarova), were principal stars of the Mariinsky ballet.

The first music school, the [Saint Petersburg Conservatory](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Conservatory), was founded in 1862 by the Russian pianist and composer [Anton Rubinstein](/source/Anton_Rubinstein). The school alumni have included such notable composers as [Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky](/source/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky), [Sergei Prokofiev](/source/Sergei_Prokofiev), [Artur Kapp](/source/Artur_Kapp), [Rudolf Tobias](/source/Rudolf_Tobias), [Alexander Borodin](/source/Alexander_Borodin), [Mikhail Glinka](/source/Mikhail_Glinka), [Modest Mussorgsky](/source/Modest_Mussorgsky) and [Dmitri Shostakovich](/source/Dmitri_Shostakovich), who taught at the conservatory during the 1960s, bringing it additional fame. The renowned Russian composer [Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov](/source/Nikolai_Rimsky-Korsakov) also taught at the conservatory from 1871 to 1905. Among his students were [Igor Stravinsky](/source/Igor_Stravinsky), [Alexander Glazounov](/source/Alexander_Glazounov), [Anatoly Liadov](/source/Anatoly_Liadov) and others. The former St. Petersburg apartment of Rimsky-Korsakov has been faithfully preserved as [the composer's only museum](/source/Rimsky-Korsakov_Apartment_and_Museum).

[Scarlet Sails](/source/Scarlet_Sails_(tradition)) celebration on the [Neva River](/source/Neva_River)

Shostakovich, who was born and raised in Saint Petersburg, dedicated his [Seventh Symphony](/source/Symphony_No._7_(Shostakovich)) to the city, calling it the "Leningrad Symphony". He wrote the symphony while based in the city during the [siege of Leningrad](/source/Siege_of_Leningrad). It was premiered in [Samara](/source/Samara) in March 1942; a few months later, it received [its first performance in the besieged Leningrad](/source/Leningrad_premi%C3%A8re_of_Shostakovich's_Symphony_No._7) at the Bolshoy Philharmonic Hall under the baton of conductor [Karl Eliasberg](/source/Karl_Eliasberg). It was heard over the [radio](/source/Radio_receiver) and was said to have lifted the spirits of the surviving population.[134] In 1992, the 7th Symphony was performed by the 14 surviving orchestral players of the Leningrad premiere in the same hall as half a century before.[135] The [Leningrad Philharmonic Orchestra](/source/Leningrad_Philharmonic_Orchestra) remained one of the best known symphony [orchestras](/source/Orchestra) in the world under the leadership of conductors [Yevgeny Mravinsky](/source/Yevgeny_Mravinsky) and [Yuri Temirkanov](/source/Yuri_Temirkanov). Mravinsky's term as [artistic director](/source/Music_director) of the Leningrad Philharmonic – a term that is possibly the longest of any [conductor](/source/Conducting) with any orchestra in modern times – led the orchestra from a little-known provincial ensemble to one of the world's most highly regarded orchestras, especially for the performance of [Russian music](/source/Russian_music).

The [St. Petersburg State Academic Capella](/source/St._Petersburg_State_Academic_Capella) was founded and modelled after the [royal courts](/source/Royal_court) of other European capitals.

The [Alexandrinsky Theatre](/source/Alexandrinsky_Theatre)

Saint Petersburg has been home to the newest movements in [popular music](/source/Popular_music) in the country. The early Soviet [jazz bands](/source/Jazz_band) founded here included Leopold Teplitsky's First Concert Jazz Band (1927), [Leonid Utyosov](/source/Leonid_Utyosov) 's Thea-Jazz (1928, under the patronage of composer [Isaak Dunayevsky](/source/Isaak_Dunayevsky)), and Georgy Landsberg's Jazz Cappella (1929). The first jazz [appreciation](/source/Music_appreciation) society in the Soviet Union was founded here in 1958 as J58, and later named [jazz club](/source/Jazz_club) Kvadrat. In 1956, the popular ensemble Druzhba was founded by Aleksandr Bronevitsky and [Edita Piekha](/source/Edita_Piekha) to become the first popular band in the USSR during the 1950s. In the 1960s, student rock-groups Argonavty, Kochevniki, and others pioneered a series of [underground](/source/Underground_music) and unofficial [rock concerts](/source/Rock_concert) and [festivals](/source/Rock_festival). In 1972, [Boris Grebenshchikov](/source/Boris_Grebenshchikov) founded the band [Aquarium](/source/Aquarium_(band)), which later grew to huge popularity.

In the 1970s many bands came out from the "underground" scene and eventually founded the [Leningrad Rock Club](/source/Leningrad_Rock_Club), which provided a stage to bands such as [DDT](/source/DDT_(band)), [Kino](/source/Kino_(band)), [Alisa](/source/Alisa_(Russian_band)), [Zemlyane](/source/Zemlyane), [Zoopark](/source/Zoopark_(band)), [Piknik](/source/Piknik), and [Sekret](/source/Sekret_(band)). The first Russian-style happening show [Pop Mekhanika](/source/Pop-Mechanics), mixing over 300 people and animals on stage, was directed by the multi-talented [Sergey Kuryokhin](/source/Sergey_Kuryokhin) in the 1980s. The [Sergey Kuryokhin International Festival](/source/Kuryokhin_Center#SKIF_and_Electro-Mechanica) (SKIF) is named after him. In 2004, the [Kuryokhin Center](/source/Kuryokhin_Center) was founded, where the SKIF and the Electro-Mechanica and Ethnomechanica festivals take place. SKIF focuses on [experimental pop](/source/Experimental_pop) and [avant-garde music](/source/Avant-garde_music), Electro-Mechanica on [electronic music](/source/Electronic_music), and Ethnomechanica on [world music](/source/World_music).

Today's Saint Petersburg boasts many notable musicians of various genres, from popular Leningrad's [Sergey Shnurov](/source/Sergey_Shnurov), [Tequilajazzz](/source/Tequilajazzz), [Splean](/source/Splean), and [Korol i Shut](/source/Korol_i_Shut), to rock veterans [Yuri Shevchuk](/source/Yuri_Shevchuk), [Vyacheslav Butusov](/source/Vyacheslav_Butusov), and [Mikhail Boyarsky](/source/Mikhail_Boyarsky). In the early 2000s the city saw a wave of popularity of [metalcore](/source/Metalcore), [rapcore](/source/Rapcore), and [emocore](/source/Emocore), and there are bands such as [Amatory](/source/Amatory), [Kirpichi](/source/Kirpichi), Psychea, [Stigmata](/source/Stigmata_(Russian_band)), [Grenouer](/source/Grenouer) and [Animal Jazz](/source/Animal_Jazz).

The [White Nights Festival](/source/White_Nights_Festival) in Saint Petersburg is famous for spectacular [fireworks](/source/Fireworks) and a massive show celebrating the end of the [school year](/source/Academic_term).

The rave band [Little Big](/source/Little_Big) also hails from Saint Petersburg. Their music video for "[Skibidi](/source/Skibidi_(song))" was filmed in the city, starting at Akademicheskiy Pereulok.[136]

### Literature

The [Pushkin House](/source/Pushkin_House)

Saint Petersburg has a longstanding and world-famous tradition in literature. [Dostoyevsky](/source/Dostoyevsky) called it "The most abstract and intentional city in the world", emphasizing its artificiality, but it was also a symbol of modern disorder in a changing Russia. It often appeared to [Russian writers](/source/Russian_writers) as a menacing and inhuman mechanism. The grotesque and often nightmarish image of the city is featured in Pushkin's last poems, the Petersburg stories of [Gogol](/source/Gogol), the novels of [Dostoyevsky](/source/Dostoyevsky), the verse of [Alexander Blok](/source/Alexander_Blok) and [Osip Mandelshtam](/source/Osip_Mandelshtam), and in the symbolist novel *[Petersburg](/source/Petersburg_(novel))* by [Andrey Bely](/source/Andrey_Bely). According to Lotman in his chapter, 'The Symbolism of Saint Petersburg' in *Universe and the Mind*, these writers were inspired by symbolism from within the city itself. The effect of life in Saint Petersburg on the plight of the poor clerk in a society obsessed with hierarchy and status also became an important [theme](/source/Theme_(narrative)) for authors such as [Pushkin](/source/Pushkin), Gogol, and Dostoyevsky. Another important feature of early Saint Petersburg literature is its [mythical](/source/Myth) element, which incorporates [urban legends](/source/Urban_legend) and popular [ghost stories](/source/Ghost_stories), as the stories of Pushkin and Gogol included ghosts returning to Saint Petersburg to haunt other characters as well as other [fantastical](/source/Fantasy) elements, creating a surreal and abstract image of Saint Petersburg.

Twentieth-century writers from Saint Petersburg, such as [Vladimir Nabokov](/source/Vladimir_Nabokov), [Ayn Rand](/source/Ayn_Rand), [Andrei Bely](/source/Andrei_Bely) and [Yevgeny Zamyatin](/source/Yevgeny_Zamyatin), along with his apprentices, the [Serapion Brothers](/source/Serapion_Brothers), created entirely new styles in literature and contributed new insights to the understanding of society through their experience in this city. [Anna Akhmatova](/source/Anna_Akhmatova) became an important leader for [Russian poetry](/source/Russian_poetry). Her poem *[Requiem](/source/Requiem_(Anna_Akhmatova))* adumbrates the perils encountered during the [Stalinist era](/source/Stalinist_era). Another notable 20th-century writer from Saint Petersburg is [Joseph Brodsky](/source/Joseph_Brodsky), recipient of the [1987 Nobel Prize in Literature](/source/1987_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature). While living in the United States, his writings in English reflected on life in Saint Petersburg from the unique perspective of being both an insider and an outsider to the city in essays such as "A Guide to a Renamed City" and the nostalgic "In a Room and a Half".[137]

### Film

[Konstantin Khabensky](/source/Konstantin_Khabensky), known for his roles in *[Night Watch](/source/Night_Watch_(2004_film))*, *[Day Watch](/source/Day_Watch_(film))* and *[Admiral](/source/The_Admiral_(2008_film))*, is a native of Saint Petersburg.

Over 300 international and Russian movies were filmed in Saint Petersburg.[138] Well over a thousand feature films about tsars, revolution, people and stories set in Saint Petersburg have been produced worldwide but not filmed in the city. The first [film studios](/source/Film_studio) were founded in Saint Petersburg in the 20th century, and since the 1920s, [Lenfilm](/source/Lenfilm) has been the largest film studio based in Saint Petersburg. The first foreign feature movie filmed entirely in Saint Petersburg was the 1997 production of Tolstoy's *[Anna Karenina](/source/Anna_Karenina_(1997_film))*, starring [Sophie Marceau](/source/Sophie_Marceau) and [Sean Bean](/source/Sean_Bean) and made by an international team of British, American, French, and Russian filmmakers.

The cult comedy *[The Irony of Fate](/source/The_Irony_of_Fate)*[139] (also Ирония судьбы, или С лёгким паром!) is set in Saint Petersburg and pokes fun at Soviet [city planning](/source/City_planning). The 1985 film *[White Nights](/source/White_Nights_(1985_film))* received considerable Western attention for having captured genuine Leningrad street scenes at a time when filming in the Soviet Union by Western production companies was generally unheard of. Other movies include *[GoldenEye](/source/GoldenEye)* (1995), *[Midnight in Saint Petersburg](/source/Midnight_in_Saint_Petersburg)* (1996), *[Brother](/source/Brother_(1997_film))* (1997), and *[Dhaam Dhoom](/source/Dhaam_Dhoom)* (2008). *[Onegin](/source/Eugene_Onegin#Film)* (1999) is based on the [Pushkin](/source/Pushkin) poem and showcases many [tourist attractions](/source/Tourist_attraction). In addition, the Russian romantic comedy, *[Piter FM](/source/Piter_FM)*, intricately showcases the [cityscape](/source/Cityscape), almost as if it were a main character in the film.

Several international film festivals are held annually, such as the [Festival of Festivals, Saint Petersburg](/source/Festival_of_Festivals%2C_Saint_Petersburg), as well as the [Message to Man](/source/Message_to_Man) International Documentary Film Festival, since its inauguration in 1988 during the White Nights.[140]

### Dramatic theatre

Further information: [List of theatres in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg)

Saint Petersburg has more than a hundred theatres and theatre companies.[141]

## Education

See also: [List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_higher_education_and_academic_institutions_in_Saint_Petersburg) and [Education in Russia](/source/Education_in_Russia)

As of 2006[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit)–2007, there were 1,024 [kindergartens](/source/Kindergarten), 716 [public schools](/source/State_school) and 80 [vocational schools](/source/Vocational_school) in Saint Petersburg.[142] The largest of the public higher education institutions is [Saint Petersburg State University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University), enrolling approximately 32,000 [undergraduate students](/source/Undergraduate_students);[143] and the largest non-governmental [higher education](/source/Higher_education) institutions is the [Institute of International Economic Relations, Economics, and Law](/source/St._Petersburg_Institute_of_International_Trade%2C_Economics_and_Law). Other famous universities are the [Polytechnic University](/source/Peter_the_Great_St._Petersburg_Polytechnic_University), [Herzen University](/source/Herzen_University), [Saint Petersburg State University of Economics and Finance](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Economics_and_Finance), [Saint Petersburg State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University_of_Architecture_and_Civil_Engineering), and [Military Engineering-Technical University](/source/Military_Engineering-Technical_University). However, the public universities are all federal property and do not belong to the city.

The [Twelve Collegia](/source/Twelve_Collegia) of [Saint Petersburg State University](/source/Saint_Petersburg_State_University)

## Sports

Main article: [Sport in Saint Petersburg](/source/Sport_in_Saint_Petersburg)

[Gazprom Arena](/source/Krestovsky_Stadium) on [Krestovsky Island](/source/Krestovsky_Island)

Leningrad hosted part of [the association football tournament during the 1980 Summer Olympics](/source/Football_at_the_1980_Summer_Olympics). The 1994 [Goodwill Games](/source/Goodwill_Games) were also held here.[144]

In boating, the first competition here was the 1703 [rowing](/source/Rowing_(sport)) event initiated by Peter the Great, after the victory over the [Swedish fleet](/source/Swedish_Navy). The Russian Navy has held [yachting](/source/Yachting) events since the foundation of the city. [Yacht clubs](/source/Yacht_club) include[145] the [St. Petersburg River Yacht Club](/source/St._Petersburg_River_Yacht_Club) and the [Neva Yacht Club](/source/Neva_Yacht_Club); the latter is the oldest yacht club in the world. In the winter, when the sea and lake surfaces are frozen and yachts and dinghies cannot be used, local people sail [iceboats](/source/Iceboat).

[Equestrianism](/source/Equestrianism) has been a long tradition, popular among the Tsars and the aristocracy, as well as part of military training. Several historic arenas were built for equestrianism since the 18th century to maintain training all year round, such as the [Zimny Stadion](/source/Zimniy_Stadion_(Petersburg)) and [Konnogvardeisky Manege](/source/Konnogvardeisky_Manege).

[Chess](/source/Chess) tradition was highlighted by [the 1914 international tournament](/source/St._Petersburg_1914_chess_tournament), partially funded by Russian Tsar [Nicholas II](/source/Nicholas_II), in which the title "[Grandmaster](/source/Grandmaster_(chess))" was first formally conferred by the Tsar to five players: [Lasker](/source/Emanuel_Lasker), [Capablanca](/source/Capablanca), [Alekhine](/source/Alekhine), [Tarrasch](/source/Siegbert_Tarrasch) and [Marshall](/source/Frank_Marshall_(chess_player)).

The city's main football team is [FC Zenit Saint Petersburg](/source/FC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg), who have been champions of the [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Top_League) and [Russian](/source/Russian_Premier_League) league ten times, most notably claiming the RPL title in six consecutive seasons from [2018–19](/source/2018%E2%80%9319_Russian_Premier_League) to [2024–25](/source/2024%E2%80%9325_Russian_Premier_League), along with winning the [Soviet](/source/Soviet_Cup)/[Russian Cup](/source/Russian_Cup_(football)) six times. The club also won the [2007–08 UEFA Cup](/source/2007%E2%80%9308_UEFA_Cup) and the [2008 UEFA Super Cup](/source/2008_UEFA_Super_Cup), spearheaded by successful player and local hero [Andrey Arshavin](/source/Andrey_Arshavin).

[Kirov Stadium](/source/Kirov_Stadium) formerly existed as Zenit's home from 1950 to 1993 and again in 1995, being one of the largest stadiums in the world at the time. In 1951, a crowd of 110,000 set the single-game attendance record for [Soviet football](/source/Football_in_the_Soviet_Union). The stadium was knocked down in 2006, with Zenit temporarily moving to the [Petrovsky Stadium](/source/Petrovsky_Stadium) before the [Krestovsky Stadium](/source/Krestovsky_Stadium) was built on the same site as the Kirov Stadium. The Krestovsky Stadium opened in 2017, hosting four matches at the [2017 FIFA Confederations Cup](/source/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup), including [the final](/source/2017_FIFA_Confederations_Cup_final). The stadium then hosted seven matches at the [2018 FIFA World Cup](/source/2018_FIFA_World_Cup), including a semi-final and the third-placed playoff. It also hosted seven matches at [UEFA Euro 2020](/source/UEFA_Euro_2020), including a quarter-final. The stadium was going to host the [2022 UEFA Champions League final](/source/2022_UEFA_Champions_League_final), however UEFA removed Saint Petersburg as host in February 2022, citing the [2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine).[146]

Hockey teams in the city include [SKA Saint Petersburg](/source/SKA_Saint_Petersburg) in the [KHL](/source/KHL), [SKA-VMF](/source/SKA-VMF) and [Dinamo Saint Petersburg](/source/HC_Dinamo_Saint_Petersburg) in the [All-Russian Hockey League](/source/All-Russian_Hockey_League), and junior clubs [SKA-1946](/source/SKA-1946) and [SKA Academy](/source/SKA_Varyagi) in the [Youth Hockey League](/source/Youth_Hockey_League). In addition, the [Shanghai Dragons](/source/Shanghai_Dragons) hockey club is temporarily located in the city as of the [2025–26 KHL season](/source/2025%E2%80%9326_KHL_season). SKA Saint Petersburg is one of the most popular in the KHL, consistently being at or near the top of the league in attendance. Along with their popularity, they are one of the best teams in the KHL right now, as they have won the [Gagarin Cup](/source/Gagarin_Cup) twice.[147] Well-known players on the team include [Pavel Datsyuk](/source/Pavel_Datsyuk), [Ilya Kovalchuk](/source/Ilya_Kovalchuk), [Nikita Gusev](/source/Nikita_Gusev), [Sergei Shirokov](/source/Sergei_Shirokov) and [Viktor Tikhonov](/source/Viktor_Tikhonov_(ice_hockey_b._1988)). During the NHL lockout, stars Ilya Kovalchuk, [Sergei Bobrovsky](/source/Sergei_Bobrovsky), and [Vladimir Tarasenko](/source/Vladimir_Tarasenko) also played for the team. They play their home games at [SKA Arena](/source/SKA_Arena).

The city's long-time basketball team is [BC Spartak Saint Petersburg](/source/BC_Spartak_Saint_Petersburg), which launched the career of [Andrei Kirilenko](/source/Andrei_Kirilenko). BC Spartak Saint Petersburg won two championships in the [USSR Premier League](/source/USSR_Premier_Basketball_League) (1975 and 1992), two [USSR Cups](/source/USSR_Basketball_Cup) (1978 and 1987), and a [Russian Cup](/source/Russian_Basketball_Cup) title (2011). They also won the [Saporta Cup](/source/Saporta_Cup) twice (1973 and 1975). Legends of the club include [Alexander Belov](/source/Alexander_Belov) and [Vladimir Kondrashin](/source/Vladimir_Kondrashin). [BC Zenit Saint Petersburg](/source/BC_Zenit_Saint_Petersburg) also plays in the city, being formed in 2014.

## Transportation

A section of the [Western High-Speed Diameter](/source/Western_High-Speed_Diameter)

Saint Petersburg is a major [transport hub](/source/Transport_hub). The first Russian railway was built here in 1837, and since then, the city's transport infrastructure has kept pace with the city's growth. Petersburg has an extensive system of local roads and railway services, maintains a large public transport system that includes the [Saint Petersburg tram](/source/Saint_Petersburg_tram) and the [Saint Petersburg Metro](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Metro), and is home to several riverine services that convey passengers around the city efficiently and in relative comfort.

The city is connected to the rest of Russia and the wider world by several [federal highways](/source/Russian_federal_highways) and national and international rail routes. [Pulkovo Airport](/source/Pulkovo_Airport) serves most of the air passengers departing from or arriving in the city.

### Public transport

Tram "Bogatyr" on route №100

[Narvskaya](/source/Narvskaya) station of the [Saint Petersburg Metro](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Metro), opened in 1955

[Trolleybus](/source/Trolleybus) on [Nevsky Prospekt](/source/Nevsky_Prospekt)

Saint Petersburg has an extensive city-funded network of public transport including [buses](/source/Buses_in_Saint_Petersburg), [trams](/source/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg), and [trolleybuses](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Trolleybuses_in_St._Petersburg&action=edit&redlink=1) [[ru](https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%81)].

In the 1980s, the city had the largest tram network globally.[148][149] However, like in many Russian cities, trams were dismantled after the [dissolution of the Soviet Union](/source/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union).[150]

Buses carry up to 3 million passengers daily, with over 250 urban and suburban bus routes.

[Saint Petersburg Metro](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Metro) was opened in 1955; it now has 6 lines with 75 stations, connecting all five railway terminals,[151] and carrying 2.3 million passengers daily. Many stations are elaborately decorated with materials such as marble and bronze. There are plans for extending several lines and building one new depot.[152] Plans call for 16 new stations to open between 2025 and 2035, including 10 that will open between 2025 and 2030.[153] The [Admiralteysko-Okhtinskaya line](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Admiralteysko-Okhtinskaya_line&action=edit&redlink=1) [[Wikidata](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q4057897#sitelinks-wikipedia)] is projected to open after the 2030s.[154]

Saint Petersburg Metro map

### Roads

[Traffic jams](/source/Traffic_jams) are common in the city due to daily [commuter](/source/Commuter) traffic volumes, intercity traffic, and excessive winter snow. The construction of [freeways](/source/Freeways) such as the [Saint Petersburg Ring Road](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Ring_Road), completed in 2011, and the [Western High-Speed Diameter](/source/Western_High-Speed_Diameter), completed in 2017, helped reduce traffic in the city. The [Moscow–Saint Petersburg motorway](/source/Moscow%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_motorway) (M11 Neva), is a [federal highway](/source/Russian_federal_highways), and connects Saint Petersburg to Moscow by a freeway.

Saint Petersburg is an important [transport corridor](/source/Transport_corridor) linking [Scandinavia](/source/Scandinavia) to Russia and [Eastern Europe](/source/Eastern_Europe). The city is a node of the [international European routes](/source/International_E-road_network) [E18](/source/European_route_E18) towards [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), [E20](/source/European_route_E20) towards [Tallinn](/source/Tallinn), [E95](/source/European_route_E95) towards [Pskov](/source/Pskov), [Kyiv](/source/Kyiv) and [Odesa](/source/Odesa) and [E105](/source/European_route_E105) towards [Petrozavodsk](/source/Petrozavodsk), [Murmansk](/source/Murmansk) and [Kirkenes](/source/Kirkenes) (north) and towards Moscow and [Kharkiv](/source/Kharkiv) (south).

### Waterways

[Meteor hydrofoil](/source/Meteor_(hydrofoil)) docking in Saint Petersburg upon arrival from [Peterhof Palace](/source/Peterhof_Palace) (2008)

The city is also served by passenger and cargo seaports[*[more detail needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Explanationism)*] in the [Neva Bay](/source/Neva_Bay) of the [Gulf of Finland](/source/Gulf_of_Finland), Baltic Sea, the river port higher up the [Neva](/source/Neva) and tens of smaller passenger stations on both banks of the Neva river. It is a terminus of both the [Volga–Baltic](/source/Volga%E2%80%93Baltic_Waterway) and [White Sea–Baltic](/source/White_Sea%E2%80%93Baltic_Canal) waterways.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The first high bridge that does not need to be drawn, the 2,824-metre-long (9,265 ft) [Big Obukhovsky Bridge](/source/Big_Obukhovsky_Bridge) opened in 2004. [Meteor hydrofoils](/source/Meteor_(hydrofoil)) link the city centre to the coastal towns of [Kronstadt](/source/Kronstadt) and [Shlisselburg](/source/Shlisselburg) from May through October.[155] In the warmer months, many smaller boats and [water taxis](/source/Water_taxi) navigate the city's canals.

The shipping company [St. Peter Line](/source/St._Peter_Line) operates [ferries](/source/Ferries) that sail from [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki) and [Stockholm](/source/Stockholm) to Saint Petersburg.[156]

### Rail

See also: [Rail transport in Russia](/source/Rail_transport_in_Russia)

The [Sapsan](/source/Sapsan) high-speed train runs between Saint Petersburg and Moscow.

The city is the final destination for a web of intercity and suburban railways, served by five different railway terminals ([Baltiysky](/source/Baltiysky_railway_station), [Finlyandsky](/source/Finland_Station), [Ladozhsky](/source/Ladozhsky_railway_station), [Moskovsky](/source/Moskovsky_railway_station_(Saint_Petersburg)) and [Vitebsky](/source/Vitebsky_railway_station)),[h][157] as well as dozens of non-terminal [train stations](/source/Train_station) within the federal subject. Saint Petersburg has international railway connections to [Helsinki](/source/Helsinki), Finland; [Berlin](/source/Berlin), Germany; and many [former republics of the USSR](/source/Post-Soviet_states). The [Riihimäki–Saint Petersburg railway](/source/Riihim%C3%A4ki%E2%80%93Saint_Petersburg_railway), which goes most of the way to Helsinki, built in 1870 and 443 kilometres (275 mi) long, had until 2022 trains running five times a day, in a journey lasting about three and a half hours with [Allegro](/source/Allegro_(train))'s [VR Class Sm6](/source/VR_Class_Sm6) train.

The [Saint Petersburg–Moscow railway](/source/Saint_Petersburg%E2%80%93Moscow_railway) opened in 1851, and is 651 kilometres (405 mi) long; the commute to Moscow now requires from three and a half to nine hours.[158]

In 2009, [Russian Railways](/source/Russian_Railways) launched [a high-speed service](/source/High-speed_rail_in_Russia) for the Moscow–Saint Petersburg route. The new train, known as [Sapsan](/source/Sapsan), is a derivative of the popular [Siemens Velaro](/source/Siemens_Velaro) train; various versions of this already operate in some European countries. It set records for the fastest train in Russia on 2 May 2009, travelling at 281 kilometres per hour (175 mph)[159] and on 7 May 2009, travelling at 290 kilometres per hour (180 mph).

From 12 December 2010 until March 2022, [Karelian Trains](/source/Karelian_Trains), a joint venture between Russian Railways and [VR (Finnish Railways)](/source/VR_Group), has been running [Alstom Pendolino](/source/Alstom_Pendolino) operated high-speed services between Saint Petersburg's [Finlyandsky](/source/Finland_Station) and Helsinki's [Central](/source/Helsinki_Central_Station) railway stations. These services are branded as "[Allegro](/source/Allegro_(train))" trains. "Allegro" is known for suffering from some big technical problems from time to time, which sometimes result in significant delays and even cancellation of tourists' trips.[160] The service has been suspended indefinitely in the context of the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine) and is not expected to resume.

Intercity and suburban rail terminals of St. Petersburg Vitebsky Station Moskovsky Station Baltiysky Station Finlyandsky Station Ladozhsky Station

### Air

Pulkovo International Airport

Saint Petersburg is served by [Pulkovo International Airport](/source/Pulkovo_International_Airport).[161]

Pulkovo airport was opened to passengers as a small [aerodrome](/source/Aerodrome) in 1931. As of 2013[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint_Petersburg&action=edit), the Pulkovo airport, which handles over 12 million passengers annually, is the 3rd busiest in Russia after Moscow's [Sheremetyevo](/source/Sheremetyevo_International_Airport) and [Domodedovo](/source/Moscow_Domodedovo_Airport). As a result, the steadily increasing passenger traffic has triggered a massive modernization of the entire airport infrastructure. A newly built [Terminal](/source/Airport_terminal) 1 of the Pulkovo airport was put into operation on 4 December 2013 and integrated international flights of the former terminal Pulkovo-2. The renovated terminal Pulkovo-1 has been opened for domestic flights as an extension of Terminal 1 in 2015.[162] One of the oldest [air carriers](/source/Air_carrier) of the Russian Federation ([Rossiya Airlines](/source/Rossiya_Airlines)) is registered in Saint Petersburg and is the largest and the base carrier of Pulkovo Airport.[163]

There is a regular [rapid-bus](/source/Bus_rapid_transit) connection (buses 39, 39E, K39) between Pulkovo airport and the [Moskovskaya metro station](/source/Moskovskaya_(Saint_Petersburg_Metro)) as well as a 24/7 [taxi](/source/Taxi) service.

## Notable people

Main article: [List of people from Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg)

## International relations

See also: [List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia](/source/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Russia)

List of [sister cities](/source/Sister_cities) to Saint Petersburg as it appears on the official [portal](/source/Web_portal) of the [City Government](/source/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg), listing both sister cities and partnership ties:[164]

**Non [CIS](/source/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States)/[Baltic states](/source/Baltic_states) sister cities of Saint Petersburg (from official government list)**

- [Adana](/source/Adana), Turkey (since 1997)[164]

- [Antwerp](/source/Antwerp), Belgium (since 1958)[164]

- [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok), Thailand (since 1997)[164]

- [Barcelona](/source/Barcelona), Spain (since 1984)[164][165]

- [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem), Palestine (since 2003)[166]

- [Bordeaux](/source/Bordeaux), France (since 1991)[164][167][168]

- [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town), South Africa (since 2001)[164]

- [Cebu](/source/Cebu), Philippines (since 2010)[164][169]

- [Colombo](/source/Colombo), Sri Lanka (since 1997)[164]

- [Chengdu](/source/Chengdu), China (since 1998)[164]

- [Daegu](/source/Daegu), South Korea (since 1997)[164][170]

- [Dresden](/source/Dresden), Germany (since 1961)[164][171]

- [Edinburgh](/source/Edinburgh), United Kingdom (since 1995)[164]

- [Gothenburg](/source/Gothenburg), Sweden (since 1962)[164]

- [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg), Germany (since 1957)[164]

- [Havana](/source/Havana), Cuba (since 2000)[164]

- [Ho Chi Minh City](/source/Ho_Chi_Minh_City), Vietnam (since 1977)[164]

- [Isfahan](/source/Isfahan), Iran (since 1999)[164]

- [Istanbul](/source/Istanbul), Turkey (since 1990)[164][172][173]

- [Kota Kinabalu](/source/Kota_Kinabalu), Malaysia (since 2017)[164]

- [Le Havre](/source/Le_Havre), France (since 1965)[164][174]

- Los Angeles, United States (since 1990)[164][175]

- [Lyon](/source/Lyon), France (since 1993)[164][176]

- [Manchester](/source/Manchester), United Kingdom (since 1956)[177]

- [Mariupol](/source/Mariupol), Ukraine (since 2022)[164]

- [Mikkeli](/source/Mikkeli), Finland (since 1996)[164]

- [Montevideo](/source/Montevideo), Uruguay (since 1998)[164]

- [Mumbai](/source/Mumbai), India (since 1963)[164][178]

- [Nice](/source/Nice), France (since 1997)[164][179]

- [Osaka](/source/Osaka), Japan (since 1961)[164][180]

- [Piraeus](/source/Piraeus), Greece (since 1965)[164][181]

- [Plovdiv](/source/Plovdiv), Bulgaria (since 2001)[164][182]

- [Quebec City](/source/Quebec_City), Canada (since 2002)[164]

- [Rio de Janeiro](/source/Rio_de_Janeiro), Brazil (since 1986)[164]

- [Rotterdam](/source/Rotterdam), Netherlands (since 1966)[164]

- [Santa Cruz de Tenerife](/source/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife), Spain[183]

- [Santiago de Cuba](/source/Santiago_de_Cuba), Cuba[164]

- Shanghai, China (since 1959)[164]

- [Stockholm](/source/Stockholm), Sweden (since 1992)[164]

- [Thessaloniki](/source/Thessaloniki), Greece (since 2002)[164][184]

- [Zagreb](/source/Zagreb), Croatia (since 1968)[164][185]

**Sister cities in the Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states**

- [Almaty](/source/Almaty), Kazakhstan (since 1996)[164]

- [Baku](/source/Baku), Azerbaijan (since 1998)[164]

- [Daugavpils](/source/Daugavpils), Latvia (since 2002)[186]

- [Dushanbe](/source/Dushanbe), Tajikistan (since 1999)[164]

- [Sevastopol](/source/Sevastopol) (since 2000)[164]

- [Vilnius](/source/Vilnius), Lithuania (since 2002)[164][187]

- [Yerevan](/source/Yerevan), Armenia (since 1997)[164][188][189]

**Sister cities of Saint Petersburg (not included on official government list)**

- [Astana](/source/Astana), Kazakhstan (since 2008)[190]

- [Aqaba](/source/Aqaba), Jordan (since 2004)[190]

- [Bethlehem](/source/Bethlehem), Palestine[191]

- [Busan](/source/Busan), South Korea (since 2008)[192]

- [Cebu City](/source/Cebu_City), Philippines (since 2009)[193]

- [Debrecen](/source/Debrecen), Hungary (since 2002)[194]

- [Florence](/source/Florence), Italy (since 2001)[195]

- [Galveston](/source/Galveston), Texas, United States[196]

- [Guadalajara](/source/Guadalajara), Mexico (since 2008)[197]

- [Haifa](/source/Haifa), Israel (since 2008)[198]

- [Haiphong](/source/Haiphong), Vietnam (since 2006)[190]

- [Khartoum](/source/Khartoum), Sudan (since 2002)[190]

- [Lansing](/source/Lansing), Michigan, United States (since 1992)[199]

- [Le Havre](/source/Le_Havre), France[200][201]

- [Lviv](/source/Lviv), Ukraine (since 2006)[202]

- [Mar del Plata](/source/Mar_del_Plata), Argentina (since 2009)[190]

- [Maribor](/source/Maribor), Slovenia (since 2001)[203]

- [State of Maryland](/source/State_of_Maryland), United States[204]

- [Nampho](/source/Nampho), North Korea (since 2002)[205]

- [Osh](/source/Osh), Kyrgyzstan (since 2004)[206]

- [Oslo](/source/Oslo), Norway (since 2002)[207]

- [Porto Alegre](/source/Porto_Alegre), Brazil (since 2002)[208]

- [Turin](/source/Turin), Italy (since 2012)[209][210]

- [Westport](/source/Westport%2C_Connecticut), Connecticut, United States[211]

### Former twin towns

Italian cities [Milan](/source/Milan) and [Venice](/source/Venice) were formerly twin cities of Saint Petersburg, but suspended this link due to St. Petersburg's ban on "[gay propaganda](/source/Gay_propaganda)".[212] Milan suspended the relationship with Saint Petersburg on 23 November 2012[213] and Venice did so on 28 January 2013.[214]

Shortly after the beginning of the [Russian invasion of Ukraine](/source/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine), [Gdańsk](/source/Gda%C5%84sk), [Warsaw](/source/Warsaw), [Aarhus](/source/Aarhus), [Melbourne](/source/Melbourne), [Kotka](/source/Kotka), [Turku](/source/Turku), [Riga](/source/Riga) and [Tallinn](/source/Tallinn) terminated or suspended the cooperation, affiliation or sister city relationship with Saint Petersburg.[215][216][217][218][219][220][221][222][223][224] On 17 March 2022, [Košice](/source/Ko%C5%A1ice) joined the list of cities terminating the partnership. The cooperation began in 1995.[225]

### Twinning with occupied Mariupol

Some Russian cities are twinned with ones in [occupied Ukraine](/source/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine), in particular, Saint Petersburg is twinned with [Mariupol](/source/Mariupol).[226] An art symbol of the twinning was unveiled on [Palace Square](/source/Palace_Square) in Saint Petersburg, [defaced](/source/Vandalism) and removed.[227]

## See also

- [Geography portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Geography)
- [Russia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Russia)
- [Europe portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Europe)

- [Fences in Saint Petersburg](/source/Fences_in_Saint_Petersburg)

- [Hotels in Saint Petersburg](/source/Hotels_in_Saint_Petersburg)

- [List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Saint_Petersburg)

- [List of museums in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg)

- [List of notable people from Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg)

- [List of Saint Petersburg Metro stations](/source/List_of_Saint_Petersburg_Metro_stations)

- [List of Saint Petersburg sister cities](/source/List_of_sister_cities_to_Saint_Petersburg)

- [List of theatres in Saint Petersburg](/source/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg)

- [Outline of Saint Petersburg](/source/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg)

- [Timeline of Saint Petersburg](/source/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg)

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Including parts of [Leningrad Oblast](/source/Leningrad_Oblast)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Russian_8-0)** Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the [Constitution of Russia](/source/Constitution_of_Russia).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** [/ˈpiːtərzbɜːrɡ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Saint_Petersburg.wav) [*PEE-tərz-burg*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key);[7] [Russian](/source/Russian_language): Санкт-Петербург, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Russian): *Sankt-Peterburg*, pronounced [\[ˈsankt pʲɪtʲɪrˈburk\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian) [ⓘ](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ru-Sankt_Peterburg_Leningrad_Petrograd_Piter.ogg), often abbreviated locally as **SPb** (СПб)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Petrograd (1914–1924), Leningrad (1924–1991), see the [§Toponymy](#Toponymy) section for details

1. **[^](#cite_ref-orth_28-0)** In the [pre-1918 Russian orthography](/source/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#The_post-revolution_reform), these names were spelled Санктпетербург**ъ** and Петроград**ъ** with a [hard sign](/source/Hard_sign).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-36)** *See* [history of architecture § Renaissance](/source/History_of_architecture#Renaissance), [architecture of Russia](/source/Architecture_of_Russia), [Western culture](/source/Western_culture), [culture of Europe](/source/Culture_of_Europe), [culture of Russia](/source/Culture_of_Russia)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-80)** The level of flooding is measured near [Saint Petersburg Mining Institute](/source/Saint_Petersburg_Mining_Institute), which is normally 11 centimetres (4.3 in) above sea level.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-164)** Until 2001, the [Varshavsky Rail Terminal](/source/Varshavsky_Rail_Terminal) served as a major station; it now is a railway museum.

## References

### Citations

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Dates_1-0)** Official website of St. Petersburg. [St. Petersburg in Figures](http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20090219033509/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/figures) 19 February 2009 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-governor_2-0)** ["Putin appointed an official from the "LPR" as the head of Chukotka"](https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/15/putin-naznachil-chinovnika-iz-lnr-glavoi-chukotki-news). *Novaya Gazeta Europe* (in Russian). 15 March 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230315211509/https://novayagazeta.eu/articles/2023/03/15/putin-naznachil-chinovnika-iz-lnr-glavoi-chukotki-news) from the original on 15 March 2023. Retrieved 15 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Численность населения регионов и городских агломераций | Институт экономики города"](https://web.archive.org/web/20230329200433/https://www.urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/perepis_aglomeracii.pdf) (PDF). *www.urbaneconomics.ru*. Archived from [the original](https://www.urbaneconomics.ru/sites/default/files/perepis_aglomeracii.pdf) (PDF) on 29 March 2023. Retrieved 18 March 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-2021Census_5-2) ["Оценка численности постоянного населения по субъектам Российской Федерации"](https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx). [Federal State Statistics Service](/source/Federal_State_Statistics_Service). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220901194902/https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/tab-5_VPN-2020.xlsx) from the original on 1 September 2022. Retrieved 1 September 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** ["Валовой региональный продукт - Врп с 1998-2024 года"](https://rosstat.gov.ru/statistics/accounts#). *rosstat.gov.ru*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации](http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085) (in Russian). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200622151333/http://pravo.gov.ru/proxy/ips/?docbody=&prevDoc=102483854&backlink=1&&nd=102148085) from the original on 22 June 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** ["Petersburg"](https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/petersburg). *[Collins English Dictionary](/source/Collins_English_Dictionary)*. [HarperCollins](/source/HarperCollins). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180304154712/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/petersburg) from the original on 4 March 2018. Retrieved 16 March 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Shevchenko, Elizaveta (11 October 2021). ["The Five Names of St. Petersburg"](https://news.itmo.ru/en/features/experience_saint_petersburg/news/12166). *news.itmo.ru* (in Russian). Retrieved 28 October 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Sobchak, Anatoly. [*Город четырех революций – Дух преобразования...*](https://web.archive.org/web/20170208034039/http://sobchak.org/rus/books/izlen/2.html) (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://sobchak.org/rus/books/izlen/2.html) on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["18th Century in the Russian history"](https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century). *Rusmania*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220319083640/https://rusmania.com/history-of-russia/18th-century) from the original on 19 March 2022. Retrieved 3 December 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-McColl_15-0)** McColl, R.W., ed. (2005). [*Encyclopedia of world geography*](https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA633). Vol. 1. New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 633–634. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8160-5786-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5786-3). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073349/https://books.google.com/books?id=DJgnebGbAB8C&pg=PA633) from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-:12_16-0)** [Hanson, Victor Davis](/source/Victor_Davis_Hanson) (2020). *The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won* (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 308. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-5416-7410-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5416-7410-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-referendum_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-referendum_17-1) Nelsson, Richard (1 September 2021). ["Leningrad becomes St Petersburg – archive, 1991"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2021/sep/01/leningrad-becomes-st-petersburg-1991). *The Guardian*. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0261-3077](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230713072758/https://www.theguardian.com/world/from-the-archive-blog/2021/sep/01/leningrad-becomes-st-petersburg-1991) from the original on 13 July 2023. Retrieved 14 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** V. Morozov. *[The Discourses of Saint Petersburg and the Shaping of a Wider Europe](https://books.google.com/books/?id=gY_yGwAACAAJ)*, [Copenhagen Peace Research Institute](/source/Copenhagen_Peace_Research_Institute), 2002. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [1397-0895](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1397-0895)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** ["Saint Petersburg Tourism – A Look At The Growth of Tourism in Russia's Northern Capital"](https://www.st-petersburg-essentialguide.com/st-petersburg-tourism.html). St Petersburg Essential Guide. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200811064015/https://www.st-petersburg-essentialguide.com/st-petersburg-tourism.html) from the original on 11 August 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Fes, Nick (4 February 2019). ["Saint Petersburg: Number Of Tourists Increased As Well As The Black Market"](https://www.tourism-review.com/number-of-tourists-in-saint-petersburg-went-up-news10930). TourismReview. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200929213322/https://www.tourism-review.com/number-of-tourists-in-saint-petersburg-went-up-news10930) from the original on 29 September 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-21)** *wikimapia.org* [https://wikimapia.org/123288/Swedish-fortress-Nyenskans](https://wikimapia.org/123288/Swedish-fortress-Nyenskans). Retrieved 31 May 2026. {{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: Missing or empty |title= ([help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title))

1. **[^](#cite_ref-22)** Погосян, Елена (2001). ["Часть III. Конец петровской эпохи : Глава 2. Имперский календарь в правление Петра II и Анны Иоанновны : \[§ 1.\] Имперский календарь при Петре II: московская и петербургская версии"](https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20150727183122/http://www.ualberta.ca/%257Epogosjan/peter/paragraf1_2_3.html). Петр I — архитектор российской истории (in Russian). Искусство-СПБ. p. 333. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [5-210-01556-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-210-01556-4). [Google Books](/source/Google_Books) [RpUfAQAAMAAJ](https://www.google.com/books/edition/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%98_%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81/RpUfAQAAMAAJ?gbpv=1&bsq=%2229%20%D0%B8%D1%8E%D0%BD%D1%8F%22%20%22%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%20%D0%95%D0%98%D0%92%22). Archived from [the original](https://www.ualberta.ca/~pogosjan/peter/paragraf1_2_3.html) on 27 July 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Leningrad, Petersburg and the Great Name Debate"](https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/13/world/leningrad-petersburg-and-the-great-name-debate.html). *The New York Times*. 13 June 1991. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180123091001/http://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/13/world/leningrad-petersburg-and-the-great-name-debate.html) from the original on 23 January 2018. Retrieved 29 January 2018.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-24)** Masters, Tom; Richmond, Simon (2015). [*Lonely Planet St Petersburg*](https://books.google.com/books?id=HeJzBgAAQBAJ&q=saint+petersburg+named+after+dutch&pg=PT395). [Lonely Planet](/source/Lonely_Planet). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-7436-0503-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7436-0503-5). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073409/https://books.google.com/books?id=HeJzBgAAQBAJ&q=saint+petersburg+named+after+dutch&pg=PT395) from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020 – via Google Books.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Pospelov_25-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Pospelov_25-1) Поспелов, Е. М. (1993). *Имена городов: вчера и сегодня (1917—1992): Топонимический словарь* [*City names: yesterday and today (1917–1992): Toponymic dictionary*]. Москва: Русские словари. p. 128.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** Bonavia, Michael (1990). *London Before I Forget*. The Self-Publishing Association Ltd. p. 72. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-8542-1082-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-8542-1082-3).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nester_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nester_27-1) Nesterov, V. *Знаешь ли ты свой город* ("Do you know your city?"). Leningrad, 1958, p. 58.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-29)** [Виноградов, В. В.](/source/Viktor_Vinogradov), ed. (2000). *Словарь языка Пушкина. Том третий. О – Р*. Москва: Азбуковник. p. 351.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-vokrugsveta.ru_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-vokrugsveta.ru_30-1) ["Петроград – Энциклопедия "Вокруг света""](https://web.archive.org/web/20210301190326/https://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4). *Vokrugsveta.ru*. Archived from [the original](http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/?title=%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4) on 1 March 2021. Retrieved 23 April 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["31 August 1914 St.Petersburg renamed to Petrograd"](https://web.archive.org/web/20110825131522/http://radiokarnaval.ru/news/show/3042?radio=bd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86) (in Russian). Archived from [the original](http://radiokarnaval.ru/news/show/3042?radio=bd09712698pcpirbfrg1bjne86) on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 14 January 2011.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Orttung_32-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Orttung_32-1) Orttung, Robert W. (1995). ["Chronology of Major Events"](https://books.google.com/books?id=UjbaxYyS2MYC&q=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg). *From Leningrad to Saint Petersburg*. London and New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 273–277. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-3121-2080-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3121-2080-1). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073310/https://books.google.com/books?id=UjbaxYyS2MYC&q=From+Leningrad+to+Saint+Petersburg) from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 15 October 2020.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-33)** ["Some non-official names of Saint Petersburg"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210616171405/https://www.ruslinguaschool.com/post/saint-petersburg). *ruslinguaschool.com*. 22 December 2020. Archived from [the original](https://www.ruslinguaschool.com/post/saint-petersburg) on 16 June 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Russia won't close Tsar Peter's 'window to Europe', Kremlin says"](https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-does-not-plan-close-window-europe-kremlin-says-2022-06-02). *[Reuters](/source/Reuters)*. 2 June 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220707140918/https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/russia-does-not-plan-close-window-europe-kremlin-says-2022-06-02) from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022. Peter, who ruled from 1682 to 1725, oversaw Russia's transformation into a major European power and founded the city of Saint Petersburg, dubbed Russia's "window to Europe".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-35)** Glancey, Jonathan (24 May 2003). ["Window on the west"](https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/may/24/architecture.artsfeatures). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220707140916/https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2003/may/24/architecture.artsfeatures) from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 7 July 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["St. Petersburg"](https://web.archive.org/web/20190415205546/http://www.ecstudyabroad.net/stpetersburg). European Council. Archived from [the original](http://www.ecstudyabroad.net/stpetersburg) on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** ["Reise nach St. Petersburg – 6 Tage | Gruppen- und maßgeschneiderte Touren | Pauschalreisen nach Russland"](https://www.russlanderleben.de/de/display_tour/discover_the_beauty_of_the_russian_venice.html). *Russlanderleben.de*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190415205546/https://www.russlanderleben.de/de/display_tour/discover_the_beauty_of_the_russian_venice.html) from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 15 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** ["Winter in St. Petersburg"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210505161650/https://www.autentic-distribution.com/68/pid/255/Winter-in-St-Petersburg.htm). *Autentic-distribution.com*. Archived from [the original](https://www.autentic-distribution.com/68/pid/255/Winter-in-St-Petersburg.htm) on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 18 April 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** Doka, Konstantin Afanasʹevich (1997). *Saint Petersburg : the city of the white nights*. Doka, Natalʹi︠a︡ Aleksandrovna., Vesnin, Sergeĭ., Williams, Paul. St. Petersburg: P-2 Art Publishers. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [5-8909-1031-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-8909-1031-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [644640534](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644640534).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** ["The City of White Nights – Saint Petersburg"](https://designcollector.net/likes/the-city-of-white-nights-saint-petersburg). *Designcollector*. 31 July 2018. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190718174859/https://designcollector.net/likes/the-city-of-white-nights-saint-petersburg) from the original on 18 July 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-42)** Olivia, Griese (January 2005). ""Palmyra des Nordens": St. Petersburg – eine nordosteuropäische Metropole?". *Jahrbücher für Geschichte Osteuropas*. **53** (3). [Franz Steiner Verlag](/source/Franz_Steiner_Verlag): 349–362. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41051447](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41051447).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** ["Inkerinmaa"](https://inkerilaiset.finlit.fi/inkerinmaan-historia/inkerinmaa). *Inkeriläiset*. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-44)** ["Inkerikot ja vatjalaiset"](https://inkerilaiset.finlit.fi/inkerinmaan-historia/inkerikot-ja-vatjalaiset) [Izhorians and Votians]. *Inkeriläiset*. Suomalaisen kirjallisuuden seura. Retrieved 8 April 2024.

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1. **[^](#cite_ref-Turin_twinnings_217-0)** Pessotto, Lorenzo. ["International Affairs – Twinnings and Agreements"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130618182559/http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml). International Affairs Service in cooperation with Servizio Telematico Pubblico. City of Torino. Archived from [the original](http://www.comune.torino.it/relint/inglese/gemellaggieaccordi/index.shtml) on 18 June 2013. Retrieved 6 August 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-218)** ["La Stampa – Torino-San Pietroburgo, c'è l'intesa sull'asse strategico"](http://www.lastampa.it/2012/11/15/cronaca/torino-san-pietroburgo-c-e-l-intesa-sull-asse-strategico-GrXers6Srhhzx5r57bdq3N/pagina.html). Lastampa.it. 22 June 2012. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20121116081818/http://www.lastampa.it/2012/11/15/cronaca/torino-san-pietroburgo-c-e-l-intesa-sull-asse-strategico-GrXers6Srhhzx5r57bdq3N/pagina.html) from the original on 16 November 2012. Retrieved 16 November 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-219)** ["Town of Westport, Connecticut : Sister Cities Committee"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160123172425/http://www.westportct.gov/index.aspx?page=190). *Westportct.gov*. Archived from [the original](http://www.westportct.gov/index.aspx?page=190) on 23 January 2016. Retrieved 19 February 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-220)** ["Milan severs twin city ties with St Petersburg over 'homosexual propaganda' ban"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9712066/Milan-severs-twin-city-ties-with-St-Petersburg-over-homosexual-propaganda-ban.html). *The Telegraph*. 29 November 2012. [Archived](https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/russia/9712066/Milan-severs-twin-city-ties-with-St-Petersburg-over-homosexual-propaganda-ban.html) from the original on 10 January 2022. Retrieved 30 November 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-221)** Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti (23 November 2012). ["Associazione radicale Certi Diritti | Gemellaggio tra Milano e San Pietroburgo: Consiglio comunale approva mozione che ne chiede la sospensione"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130130111632/http://www.certidiritti.it/notizie/comunicati-stampa/item/1631-gemellaggio-tra-milano-e-san-pietroburgo-consiglio-comunale-approva-mozione-che-ne-chiede-la-sospensione). Certidiritti.it. Archived from [the original](http://www.certidiritti.it/notizie/comunicati-stampa/item/1631-gemellaggio-tra-milano-e-san-pietroburgo-consiglio-comunale-approva-mozione-che-ne-chiede-la-sospensione) on 30 January 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-222)** Associazione Radicale Certi Diritti. ["Associazione radicale Certi Diritti | Venezia approva mozione per la sospensione degli effetti del gemellaggio con San Pietroburgo"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131008100455/http://www.certidiritti.it/notizie/comunicati-stampa/item/1650-venezia-approva-mozione-per-la-sospensione-degli-effetti-del-gemellaggio-con-san-pietroburgo). Certidiritti.it. Archived from [the original](http://www.certidiritti.it/notizie/comunicati-stampa/item/1650-venezia-approva-mozione-per-la-sospensione-degli-effetti-del-gemellaggio-con-san-pietroburgo) on 8 October 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-223)** ["Trójmiasto zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami"](https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Koniec-wspolpracy-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html). 3 March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220303190853/https://www.trojmiasto.pl/wiadomosci/Koniec-wspolpracy-Trojmiasta-z-Rosja-n164797.html) from the original on 3 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-224)** ["Gdańsk zrywa współpracę z rosyjskimi miastami. Na sali był konsul Ukrainy"](https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a) (in Polish). 3 March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220314170323/https://wiadomosci.wp.pl/trojmiasto/gdansk-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-na-sali-byl-konsul-ukrainy-6743312033806944a) from the original on 14 March 2022. Retrieved 4 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-225)** ["Rada Warszawy: najważniejszym zadaniem jest stworzyć uchodźcom drugi dom"](https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996) (in Polish). 3 March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220511060219/https://tvn24.pl/tvnwarszawa/najnowsze/warszawa-rada-warszawy-potepia-atak-rosji-na-ukraine-i-zrywa-wspolprace-z-rosyjskimi-miastami-5621996) from the original on 11 May 2022. Retrieved 6 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-226)** ["Aarhus dropper russisk venskabsby"](https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/aarhus-dropper-russisk-venskabsby). *TV2 ØSTJYLLAND* (in Danish). March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220310230358/https://www.tv2ostjylland.dk/aarhus/aarhus-dropper-russisk-venskabsby) from the original on 10 March 2022. Retrieved 10 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-227)** ["Melbourne cuts ties with sister city following Russia's invasion of Ukraine"](https://www.3aw.com.au/melbourne-cuts-ties-with-sister-city-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine). *3AW 693*. March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220322103155/https://www.3aw.com.au/melbourne-cuts-ties-with-sister-city-following-russias-invasion-of-ukraine) from the original on 22 March 2022. Retrieved 17 March 2022.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-228)** ["Melbourne council cuts ties with Russian sister city over Ukraine war"](https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-council-cuts-ties-with-russian-sister-city-over-ukraine-war-20230530-p5dcm2.html). *The Age*. 30 May 2023. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230530104031/https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/melbourne-council-cuts-ties-with-russian-sister-city-over-ukraine-war-20230530-p5dcm2.html) from the original on 30 May 2023. Retrieved 30 May 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-229)** ["Kotka keskeyttää yhteistyön venäläisten kumppanien kanssa"](https://www.kotka.fi/2022/02/kotka-keskeyttaa-yhteistyon-venalaisten-kumppanien-kanssa). *Kotkan kaupunki* (in Finnish). 28 February 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230219/https://www.kotka.fi/2022/02/kotka-keskeyttaa-yhteistyon-venalaisten-kumppanien-kanssa) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-230)** Ipendoli (28 February 2022). ["Turku keskeyttää ystävyyskaupunkitoiminnan Pietarin kanssa"](https://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2022-02-28_turku-keskeyttaa-ystavyyskaupunkitoiminnan-pietarin-kanssa). *Turku.fi* (in Finnish). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230404135634/https://www.turku.fi/uutinen/2022-02-28_turku-keskeyttaa-ystavyyskaupunkitoiminnan-pietarin-kanssa) from the original on 4 April 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-231)** ["Rīgas dome pārtrauc sadarbību ar sadraudzības pilsētām Baltkrievijā un Krievijā"](https://www.riga.lv/lv/jaunums/rigas-dome-partrauc-sadarbibu-ar-sadraudzibas-pilsetam-baltkrievija-un-krievija). *Rīgas dome* (in Latvian). 2 March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230337/https://www.riga.lv/lv/jaunums/rigas-dome-partrauc-sadarbibu-ar-sadraudzibas-pilsetam-baltkrievija-un-krievija) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-232)** ["City of Tallinn supports Ukraine and ends cooperation with Moscow and St Petersburg"](https://www.tallinn.ee/en/news/city-tallinn-supports-ukraine-and-ends-cooperation-moscow-and-st-petersburg). *Tallinn City Council*. 8 March 2022. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230810230905/https://www.tallinn.ee/en/news/city-tallinn-supports-ukraine-and-ends-cooperation-moscow-and-st-petersburg) from the original on 10 August 2023. Retrieved 9 August 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-233)** ["Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky – TASR.sk"](https://www.tasr.sk/tasr-clanok/TASR:2022031700000104). *www.tasr.sk*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230125093248/https://www.tasr.sk/tasr-clanok/TASR:2022031700000104) from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-234)** Tenisheva, Anastasia (8 July 2022). ["Russian Towns Get Ukrainian 'Twins' in PR Drive, Political Deflection Tactic"](https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/08/russian-towns-get-ukrainian-twins-in-pr-drive-political-deflection-tactic-a78195). *The Moscow Times*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230731185241/https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/07/08/russian-towns-get-ukrainian-twins-in-pr-drive-political-deflection-tactic-a78195) from the original on 31 July 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-235)** [""Murderers, you bombed it": a schoolgirl was detained in St. Petersburg for writing on an installation about Mariupol"](https://www.txtreport.com/news/2022-12-19-%22murderers--you-bombed-it%22--a-schoolgirl-was-detained-in-st--petersburg-for-writing-on-an-installation-about-mariupol.HyB1fER_i.html). *www.txtreport.com*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230407060204/https://www.txtreport.com/news/2022-12-19-%22murderers--you-bombed-it%22--a-schoolgirl-was-detained-in-st--petersburg-for-writing-on-an-installation-about-mariupol.HyB1fER_i.html) from the original on 7 April 2023. Retrieved 1 September 2023.

### Sources

See also: [Bibliography of the history of Saint Petersburg](/source/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg#Bibliography)

- Amery, Colin, Brian Curran & Yuri Molodkovets. *St. Petersburg*. London: [Frances Lincoln](/source/Frances_Lincoln), 2006. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7112-2492-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7112-2492-7).

- Bater, James H. *St. Petersburg: Industrialization and Change*. Montreal: McGuill-Queen's University Press, 1976. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7735-0266-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0266-1).

- Berelowitch, Wladimir & Olga Medvedkova. *Histoire de Saint-Pétersbourg*. Paris: Fayard, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [2-2135-9601-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-2135-9601-8).

- Brumfield, William Craft. *The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture*. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1991. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-5200-6929-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5200-6929-3).

- Buckler, Julie. *Mapping St. Petersburg: Imperial Text and Cityshape*. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005 [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-6911-1349-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6911-1349-1).

- Clark, Katerina, *Petersburg, Crucible of Revolution*. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1995.

- Cross, Anthony (ed.). *St. Petersburg, 1703–1825*. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-4039-1570-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-1570-9).

- "San Pietroburgo, la capitale del nord" by [Giuseppe D'Amato](/source/Giuseppe_D'Amato) in *Viaggio nell'Hansa baltica.* L'Unione europea e l'allargamento ad Est. Greco&Greco editori, Milano, 2004. pp. 27–46. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [8-8798-0355-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/8-8798-0355-7). ([Travel to the Baltic Hansa](http://www.europarussia.com/books/viaggio_nellhansa_baltica/travel-to-the-baltic-hansa) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110516034324/http://www.europarussia.com/books/viaggio_nellhansa_baltica/travel-to-the-baltic-hansa) 16 May 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). The European Union and its enlargement to the East) Book in Italian.

- George, Arthur L. & Elena George. *St. Petersburg: Russia's Window to the Future, The First Three Centuries*. Lanham: Taylor Trade Publishing, 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-5897-9017-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5897-9017-0).

- Glantz, David M. *The Battle for Leningrad, 1941–1944*. Lawrence: [University Press of Kansas](/source/University_Press_of_Kansas), 2002. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7006-1208-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7006-1208-4).

- Hellberg-Hirn, Elena. *Imperial Imprints: Post-Soviet St. Petersburg*. Helsinki: SKS [Finnish literature](/source/Finnish_literature) Society, 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9-5174-6491-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9-5174-6491-6).

- Hughes, Lindsey (2004). *Peter the Great: a Biography*. Yale University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-3001-0300-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3001-0300-7).

- [Duncan Fallowell](/source/Duncan_Fallowell), *One Hot Summer in St Petersburg* (London, Jonathan Cape,1995)

- *Knopf Guide: Sat. Petersburg*. New York: Knopf, 1995. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-6797-6202-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-6797-6202-7).

- *Eyewitness Guide: St. Petersburg*. London: DK Eyewitness Travel. 2022. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-2414-1835-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2414-1835-2). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [1233315986](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1233315986).

- Lincoln, W. Bruce. *Sunlight at Midnight: St. Petersburg and the Rise of Modern Russia*. New York: [Basic Books](/source/Basic_Books), 2000. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-4650-8323-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-4650-8323-4).

- Orttung, Robert W. *From Leningrad to St. Petersburg: Democratization in a Russian City*. New York: St. Martin's, 1995. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-3121-7561-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-3121-7561-2).

- Richardson, Daniel; Humphreys, Robert (2004) [1998]. [*St. Petersburg: The Rough Guide*](https://books.google.com/books?id=mozWAAAAMAAJ) (5th ed.). New York, London & Delhi: Rough Guides. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-8582-8298-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8582-8298-5). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073805/https://books.google.com/books?id=mozWAAAAMAAJ) from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 10 March 2010.

- Ruble, Blair A. *Leningrad: Shaping a Soviet City*. Berkeley: [University of California Press](/source/University_of_California_Press), 1990. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-8777-2347-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8777-2347-8).

- Shvidkovsky, Dmitry O. & Alexander Orloff. *St. Petersburg: Architecture of the Tsars*. New York: Abbeville Press, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7892-0217-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4).

- Volkov, Solomon. *St. Petersburg: A Cultural History*. New York: Free Press, 1995. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-0287-4052-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-0287-4052-1).

- St. Petersburg:Architecture of the Tsars. 360 pages. Abbeville Press, 1996. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7892-0217-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7892-0217-4)

- Saint Petersburg: Museums, Palaces, and Historic Collections: A Guide to the Lesser Known Treasures of St. Petersburg. 2003. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-5937-3000-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5937-3000-4).

- Ivanov, S.V. (2007). *Unknown Socialist Realism: The Leningrad School*. Saint Petersburg: NP-Print Edition. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-9017-2421-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-9017-2421-7)..

- Nezhikhovsky, R.A. (1981). *Река Нева и Невская губа* [*The Neva River and Neva Bay*]. Leningrad: Gidrometeoizdat.

- Vorhees, Mara (2008). [*St. Petersburg*](https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC) (5th ed.). [Footscray](/source/Footscray%2C_Victoria), Victoria, Australia: [Lonely Planet](/source/Lonely_Planet). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-7405-9827-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7405-9827-9). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230902073806/https://books.google.com/books?id=MYVCQYIJafsC) from the original on 2 September 2023. Retrieved 11 March 2010.

## External links

**Saint Petersburg**  at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects)

- [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3) from Commons
- [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) from Wikiquote
- [Travel information](https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) from Wikivoyage
- [Data](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q656) from Wikidata

Listen to this article (3 minutes)

[This audio file](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:En-Saint_Petersburg_(intro).ogg) was created from a revision of this article dated 11 August 2011 (2011-08-11), and does not reflect subsequent edits.

([Audio help](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help) · [More spoken articles](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles))

- [City Tourist Portal](http://visit-petersburg.ru/?lang=en); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140901073356/http://visit-petersburg.ru/?lang=en) 1 September 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- [Public transport arrival tracking service](https://volget.ru/) (in Russian)

- [St. Petersburg – 2018 FIFA World Cup Host City](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=haQJed3b7-Y) on [YouTube](/source/YouTube_video_(identifier)) by [FIFA](/source/FIFA)

- [St Petersburg](https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00jts6k) on [*In Our Time*](/source/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)) at the [BBC](/source/BBC)

- [St-Petersburg, Virtual Tour 360° Aerial Panorama](http://www.airpano.com/360Degree-VirtualTour.php?3D=Saint-Petersburg-Virtual-Tour&set_language=2)

- Atchinson, Bob (2010). ["Saint Petersburg, 1900: a photographic travelogue of the capital of Imperial Russia"](http://www.alexanderpalace.org/petersburg1900). Retrieved 9 February 2011.[*[self-published source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources)*] 50 photographs of St. Petersburg from "[Travelogues](/source/Travel_literature)" of [Burton Holmes](/source/Burton_Holmes) (Vol. 8, 1914) and other sources

- [Официальный портал администрации Санкт-Петербурга](https://web.archive.org/web/20061231222926/http://eng.gov.spb.ru/) [The Official Portal of the Saint Petersburg City Authority] (in Russian). The Saint Petersburg City Authority: 191060, St. Petersburg, [Smolny](/source/Smolny_Institute) [Администрация Санкт-Петербурга 191060, СПб., Смольный]. 2001–2011. Archived from [the original](http://eng.gov.spb.ru/) on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 9 February 2011.

- ["Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg"](http://www.encspb.ru/en). St. Petersburg: The Likhachov Foundation. 2004. Retrieved 9 February 2011. 3500 entries, 9200 personalities, 3500 addresses, 2000 pictures and 40 geographical maps, 3800 bibliographical references from the original "Encyclopaedia of Saint Petersburg" (SPb., [Rosspen](/source/Rosspen), 2004)

- [Kropotkin, Peter Alexeivitch](/source/Peter_Kropotkin); Bealby, John Thomas (1911). ["St Petersburg"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/St_Petersburg). In [Chisholm, Hugh](/source/Hugh_Chisholm) (ed.). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 24 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 38–40.

- [Байков В.Д. Ленинградские хроники: от послевоенных 50-х до "лихих 90-х". М. Карамзин, 2017. – 486 с., илл. – in English: Leningrad Chronicles: from the postwar fifties to the "wild nineties"](http://search.library.yale.edu/catalog/13263164) [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-5-0007-1516-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-5-0007-1516-1)

- [Old Maps of Saint Petersburg](http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/peterburg/peterburg.html); [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210116221919/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/russia/peterburg/peterburg.html) 16 January 2021 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), [Historic Cities](http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20220325051637/http://historic-cities.huji.ac.il/historic_cities.html) 25 March 2022 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) site

Articles related to Saint Petersburg v t e Saint Petersburg Districts Federal City Leningrad Oblast General topics Architecture Climate Floods Demographics Economy Flag History Timeline Peter the Great Siege of Leningrad Landmarks People Geography Baltic Sea Gulf of Finland Central Saint Petersburg Kamenny Islands Lakhtinsky Razliv Moyka Neva New Holland Island Petrogradsky Island Pulkovo Heights Vasilyevsky Island Winter Canal Society and culture Literature Museums Hermitage Peterhof Palace Winter Palace Music Mariinsky Theatre Orchestra Parks Religion Church of the Savior on Blood Kazan Cathedral Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral Saint Isaac's Cathedral Sports Theaters Hermitage Theatre Tourism World Heritage Site Government Legislative Assembly Politics City Administration Heads of Government Emergency services Police Crime Education Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary) Transportation Airport Bridges Buses Metro Trams Saint Petersburg Category Outline v t e Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg Admiralteysky District Municipal okrugs: Admiralteysky Izmaylovskoye Kolomna Semyonovsky Sennoy Yekateringofsky . Frunzensky District Municipal okrugs: 72 75 Balkansky Georgiyevsky Kupchino Volkovskoye Kalininsky District Municipal okrugs: 21 Akademicheskoye Finlyandsky Grazhdanka Piskaryovka Prometey Severny Kirovsky District Municipal okrugs: Avtovo Dachnoye Knyazhevo Krasnenkaya Rechka Morskiye Vorota Narvsky Ulyanka Kolpinsky District Municipal cities: Kolpino Municipal settlements: Metallostroy Petro-Slavyanka Pontonny Sapyorny Ust-Izhora Krasnogvardeysky District Municipal okrugs: Bolshaya Okhta Malaya Okhta Polyustrovo Porokhovye Rzhevka Krasnoselsky District Municipal towns: Krasnoye Selo Municipal okrugs: Gorelovo Konstantinovskoye Sosnovaya Polyana Uritsk Yugo-Zapad Yuzhno-Primorsky Kronshtadtsky District Municipal towns: Kronshtadt Kurortny District Municipal towns: Sestroretsk Zelenogorsk Municipal settlements: Beloostrov Komarovo Molodyozhnoye Pesochny Repino Serovo Smolyachkovo Solnechnoye Ushkovo Moskovsky District Municipal okrugs: Gagarinskoye Moskovskaya zastava Novoizmaylovskoye Pulkovsky meridian Zvyozdnoye Nevsky District Municipal okrugs: 54 Ivanovsky Narodny Nevskaya zastava Nevsky Obukhovsky Okkervil Pravoberezhny Rybatskoye Petrodvortsovy District Municipal towns: Petergof Lomonosov Municipal settlements: Strelna Petrogradsky District Municipal okrugs: Aptekarsky Ostrov Chkalovskoye Kronverkskoye Petrovsky Posadsky Vvedensky Primorsky District Municipal settlements: Lisy Nos Municipal okrugs: 65 Chyornaya rechka Kolomyagi Komendantsky Aerodrom Lakhta-Olgino Ozero Dolgoye Yuntolovo Pushkinsky District Municipal towns: Pavlovsk Pushkin Municipal settlements: Alexandrovskaya Shushary Tyarlevo Tsentralny District Municipal okrugs: 78 Dvortsovy Ligovka-Yamskaya Liteyny Smolninskoye Vladimirsky Vasileostrovsky District Municipal okrugs: 7 Gavan Morskoy Ostrov Dekabristov Vasilyevsky Vyborgsky District Municipal settlements: Levashovo Pargolovo Municipal okrugs: 15 Sergiyevskoye Sampsoniyevskoye Shuvalovo-Ozerki Sosnovskoye Svetlanovskoye v t e Subdivisions of Russia Federal subjects Oblasts (48) Amur Arkhangelsk Astrakhan Belgorod Bryansk Chelyabinsk Irkutsk Ivanovo Kaliningrad Kaluga Kemerovo Kherson1 Kirov Kostroma Kurgan Kursk Leningrad Lipetsk Magadan Moscow Murmansk Nizhny Novgorod Novgorod Novosibirsk Omsk Orenburg Oryol Penza Pskov Rostov Ryazan Sakhalin Samara Saratov Smolensk Sverdlovsk Tambov Tomsk Tula Tver Tyumen Ulyanovsk Vladimir Volgograd Vologda Voronezh Yaroslavl Zaporozhye1 Republics (24) Adygea Altai Bashkortostan Buryatia Chechnya Chuvashia Crimea1 Dagestan Donetsk1 Ingushetia Kabardino-Balkaria Kalmykia Karachay-Cherkessia Luhansk1 Karelia Khakassia Komi Mari El Mordovia North Ossetia–Alania Sakha Tatarstan Tuva Udmurtia Krais (9) Altai Kamchatka Khabarovsk Krasnodar Krasnoyarsk Perm Primorsky Stavropol Zabaykalsky Autonomous okrugs (4) Chukotka Khanty-Mansi2 Nenets3 Yamalo-Nenets2 Federal cities (3) Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol1 Autonomous oblast (1) Jewish 1Considered by most of the international community to be part of Ukraine. 2Administratively subordinated to Tyumen Oblast. 3Administratively subordinated to Arkhangelsk Oblast. Non-constitutional official divisions by various institutions Federal districts (by President) Economic regions (by Ministry of Economic Development) Military districts (by Ministry of Defence) Judicial districts v t e Capitals of Europe Capitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics. Sovereign states Amsterdam, Netherlands1 Andorra la Vella, Andorra Ankara, Turkey2 Astana, Kazakhstan2 Athens, Greece Baku, Azerbaijan2 Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratislava, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium3 Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chișinău, Moldova Copenhagen, Denmark Dublin, Ireland Helsinki, Finland Kyiv, Ukraine Lisbon, Portugal Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Minsk, Belarus Monaco4 Moscow, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus2 Oslo, Norway Paris, France Podgorica, Montenegro Prague, Czech Republic Reykjavík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, North Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia2 Tirana, Albania Vaduz, Liechtenstein Valletta, Malta Vatican City4 Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland Yerevan, Armenia2 Zagreb, Croatia States with limited recognition North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2 Pristina, Kosovo Sokhumi, Abkhazia2 Tiraspol, Transnistria Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2 Dependencies United Kingdom Constituent countries London, England Edinburgh, Scotland Cardiff, Wales Belfast, Northern Ireland Crown Dependencies and Overseas Territories Douglas, Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar, Gibraltar St Helier, Jersey Saint Peter Port, Guernsey Other Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway) Tórshavn, Faroe Islands (Denmark) Federal states Austria Bregenz, Vorarlberg Eisenstadt, Burgenland Graz, Styria Innsbruck, Tyrol Klagenfurt, Carinthia Linz, Upper Austria Salzburg, Salzburg Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria Vienna, Vienna Belgium Communities Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community Eupen, German-speaking Community Regions Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders Namur, Wallonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska Brčko, Brčko District Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Berlin, Berlin Bremen, Bremen Dresden, Saxony Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Erfurt, Thuringia Hamburg, Hamburg Hanover, Lower Saxony Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate Munich, Bavaria Potsdam, Brandenburg Saarbrücken, Saarland Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Wiesbaden, Hesse Russia Republics Cheboksary, Chuvashia Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia Elista, Kalmykia Grozny, Chechnya Izhevsk, Udmurtia Kazan, Tatarstan Magas, Ingushetia Makhachkala, Dagestan Maykop, Adygea Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria Petrozavodsk, Karelia Saransk, Mordovia Simferopol, Crimea (disputed) Syktyvkar, Komi Ufa, Bashkortostan Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia–Alania Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Autonomous okrugs Naryan-Mar, Nenets Krais Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai Perm, Perm Krai Stavropol, Stavropol Krai Oblasts Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast Kirov, Kirov Oblast Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto) Kursk, Kursk Oblast Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast Oryol, Oryol Oblast Penza, Penza Oblast Pskov, Pskov Oblast Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast Samara, Samara Oblast Saratov, Saratov Oblast Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast Tambov, Tambov Oblast Tula, Tula Oblast Tver, Tver Oblast Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast Vologda, Vologda Oblast Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast Yaroslavl, Yaroslavl Oblast Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol (disputed) Switzerland Aarau, Aargau Altdorf, Uri Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden Basel, Basel-Stadt Bellinzona, Ticino Chur, Grisons Delémont, Jura Frauenfeld, Thurgau Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg Geneva, Canton of Geneva Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Lausanne, Vaud Liestal, Basel-Landschaft Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel Sarnen, Obwalden Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz Sion, Valais Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn Stans, Nidwalden St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen Glarus, Canton of Glarus Zug, Canton of Zug Zurich, Canton of Zürich Autonomous entities Italy Autonomous regions Cagliari, Sardinia Palermo, Sicily Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Aosta, Aosta Valley Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia Portugal Autonomous regions Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores Funchal, Madeira Spain Barcelona, Catalonia Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands Logroño, La Rioja Madrid, Community of Madrid Mérida, Extremadura Murcia, Region of Murcia Oviedo, Asturias Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Pamplona, Navarre Santander, Cantabria Santiago de Compostela, Galicia Seville, Andalusia Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto) Valencia, Valencian Community Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto) Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto) Zaragoza, Aragon Other Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France) Batumi, Adjara (Georgia) Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova) Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece) Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland) Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia) Pristina, Kosovo and Metohija (Serbia) Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine) 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union 4 A city-state History v t e Historical capitals of Russian states and their predecessors Rurik's state, Ancient Rus' Ladoga (862–864) Novgorod (864–882) Kiev (882–1169/1240) Grand Duchy of Vladimir (Period of Appanages) Suzdal (1125–1157) Vladimir-on-Klyazma (1157/1169–1328) Moscow (merger) Duchy of Moscow (a part of Vladimir-Suzdal) Moscow (1263–1478/1547) Reunited Rus', Tsardom of Russia Moscow (1478/1547–1712) Oprichnina* (1564/1565–1572/1584) Time of Troubles* (1611–1612) St. Petersburg (1712–1721) Russian Empire St. Petersburg (1721–1728; 1730–1917) Moscow (de facto 1728–1730) Russian Republic, White movement Petrograd (1917-1918) Samara* (1918) Ufa* (1918) Omsk* (1918) Soviet Union (included Russia) Moscow (1922–1991) Kuybyshev* (1941–1943) Moscow (1922–1991) Soviet Russia, Russian Federation Petrograd (1917–1918) Moscow (1918–present) v t e Hero Cities of the Soviet Union Russian SFSR Moscow (capital) Leningrad Murmansk Novorossiysk Smolensk Stalingrad Tula Ukrainian SSR Kyiv (capital) Kerch Odesa Sevastopol Byelorussian SSR Minsk (capital) Brest Fortress (in Brest) Infrastructure v t e Pedestrian zones of Saint Petersburg by creation year Pedestrian zones 1996 Malaya Konushennaya Street 1998 Malaya Sadovaya Street 1999 Planernaya Street (Avenue to Liquidators Chernobyl Accidents) 2000 near Avtovo Vasya Alekseev Street Litseiskiy pereulok 2001 Gospitalniy pereulok 6-7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island Finskiy pereulok Bulvar Novatorov On ninth of January Prospekt Tankistov Street Volodarskogo Street Quarter 5 (Rzhevka) Quarter 11 Svoboda Square Rubakina Street Alexandrovskaya Street near Zvyozdnaya near Lomonosovskaya, Matushenko Street Nizhnaya Doroga near Staraya Derevnya Akademitheskiy Prodpekt Arts Square 2002 near Shuvalovo Quarter 18 – 18А Burenin Street Blagodatnaya Street (first stage) Kommunarov Street near Gorkovskaya, Alexander Park Sadovaya Street, Tsarskoye Selo Turku Street Quarter 24 Konushenniy Pereulok Kuznechniy Pereulok Palace Square 2003 Andreevskie Dvoriki: 27, 6 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island 32, 7 Liniya of Vasilievsky Island near Udelnaya Rizhskaya Street Quarter 5 (South-West) Blagodatnaya Street (second stage) Shlisselburgskiy Prospekt near Petrogradskaya, Bezimyanniy Pereulok Klenovaya Alleya Millionnaya Street Griboyedov Canal Quay Bolshaya Konushennaya Street Solyanoy Pereulok 2004 Efimova street near Ozerki Blagodatnaya Street (third stage) Belgradskaya Street (apple orchards) 2009 Blagoeva street Memorials Alexander Column Bronze Horseman Hero-City Obelisk Column of Glory Cruiser Aurora Peter I near St. Michael's Castle Church of the Savior on Blood Alexander Pushkin in Arts Square Nikolai Gogol in Konushennaya Street Chesme Column Kagul Obelisk Monument to Nicholas I Mother Motherland Moscow Triumphal Gate Narva Triumphal Gate Vasily Korchmin Liquidators Chernobyl Accidens Genio loci Barometer clock Saint Petersburgs policeman Sphere fountain Photographer Reproduct v t e Baltic Fleet of Russian Navy Commander of fleet Admiral Aleksandr Nosatov Divisions Leningrad Naval Base Baltiysk Naval base Separate Guards brigade of marines of the Baltic fleet 127 separate sea engineering battalion Strazh Balticy (newspaper) Navy bases in Kaliningrad Oblast Fleet command: Kaliningrad Marine base: Baltiysk Air bases: Chernyakhovsk Kaliningrad Chkalovsk Donskoye Khrabrovo Navy base in Saint Petersburg and Oblast Saint Petersburg Kronstadt Vysotsk Former naval bases Finland: Hanko Porkkala Suomenlinna Estonia: Paldiski Latvia: Liepāja Baltic Fleet page at the official Ministry of Defence website v t e Saint Petersburg Navy structures Military educational institutions N. G. Kuznetsov Naval Academy Military research institutes and design offices Malakhit Marine Engineering Bureau The military ship-building and ship-repair enterprises Admiralty Shipyard Almaz Shipbuilding Company Baltic Shipyard Rubin Design Bureau Severnaya Verf Severnoe Design Bureau Part of Leningrad Naval base Saint Petersburg Kronstadt Petergof Priozersk Vysotsk

Authority control databases International VIAF 2 3 4 5 GND FAST WorldCat National United States France BnF data Japan Czech Republic 2 Spain Israel Catalonia Geographic MusicBrainz area Other IdRef 2 3 4 5 NARA 2 Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Saint Petersburg](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Petersburg?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.