# Sagallo

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{{Short description|Village in Tadjourah Region, Djibouti}}
{{Infobox settlement
| official_name      = Sagallo
| native_name        = Сагалло<br>ساغلو
| settlement_type    = [Village](/source/List_of_cities_in_Djibouti)
| image_skyline      = Sagallo russian colony.png
| imagesize          = 300
| image_caption      = Engraving showing Sagallo under Nikolai Ashinov's control
| image_flag         = 
| image_seal         = 
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Djibouti
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Djibouti
| pushpin_relief = yes
| subdivision_type   = [Country](/source/Countries_of_the_world)
| subdivision_type1  = [Prefecture](/source/Regions_of_Djibouti)
| subdivision_name   = 25px [Djibouti](/source/Djibouti)
| subdivision_name1  = [Tadjourah Region](/source/Tadjourah_Region)
| subdivision_type2  = [Sub-prefecture](/source/Sub-prefectures_of_Djibouti)
| subdivision_name2  = [Lac Assal](/source/Lac_'Assal_(district))
| government_type    = 
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| population_as_of   = 2024 census
| population_footnotes = <ref>[https://www.citypopulation.de/en/djibouti/cities/ Citypopulation.de] Population of Cities & Rural Localities in Djibouti</ref> 
| population_total   = 977
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| timezone           = [EAT](/source/East_Africa_Time)
| utc_offset         = +03:00
| coordinates        = {{coord|11|40|19|N|42|44|01|E|display=inline}}
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 21
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}}

'''Sagallo'''  ({{langx|ru|Сагалло}}; {{langx|ar|ساغلو}}; {{langx|fr|Sagallou}}; {{langx|so|Sagaalo}}) is a village situated on the [Gulf of Tadjoura](/source/Gulf_of_Tadjoura), in the country of [Djibouti](/source/Djibouti), famous for having been occupied by a Russian expedition in 1889.

==Name==
Whether a coincidence or not, "Sagallo" (or "Sakaro") is one of the lunar months in the [Somali calendar](/source/Somali_calendar).<ref>{{cite book | title = A General Survey of the Somaliland Protectorate 1944-1950 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=aAhBAQAAIAAJ | author = John Anthony Hunt | date = 1951 | page = 10 | isbn = }}</ref>

The etymology of the name is unknown.

==History==
The [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) had loose control over the area from the sixteenth to the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web | title = Djibouti country profile | url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-13231761 | work = BBC }}</ref> In reality, however, the [Afar](/source/Afar_people) [Sultan](/source/Sultan)s of [Tadjoura](/source/Tadjoura) were in control.<ref name="Apcoatf">''A Political Chronology of Africa'', (Taylor & Francis: 2001), p. 132 {{ISBN|1857431162}}.</ref> It was during this time, that Sagallo was visited by the Englishman [William Cornwallis Harris](/source/William_Cornwallis_Harris) on his way to [Ankobar](/source/Ankobar), in the year 1841. His assistant surgeon, who wrote the report on the expedition, mentioned that water in the village was abundant in wells.<ref>{{cite book | date = 1843 | title = The Journal of the Royal Geographic Society of London |volume= 12 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=GVA9AAAAYAAJ | location = United Kingdom	| pages = 221–222 | isbn = }}</ref>

{{Quote box
| width = 25em
| align = left
| title_bg = #B0C4DE
| title = Timeline of Sagallo <br><small>Historical affiliations</small>
| fontsize = 80%
| quote = {{Noflag|[Tadjoura](/source/Tadjoura)}} (to 1873)<br>{{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire) ([Khedivate of Egypt](/source/Khedivate_of_Egypt)) 1873-1884<br/>
{{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [France](/source/France) ([French Somaliland](/source/French_Somaliland)) 1884–1889 <br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [Russian Empire](/source/Russian_Empire) (expedition) 1889 <br/>{{flagicon image|Flag of France.svg}} [France](/source/France) ([French Somaliland](/source/French_Somaliland) and [FTAI](/source/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas)) 1889-1977<br/>
{{flag|Djibouti}}, 1977–present
}}

By the early 1870s, [Egypt](/source/Khedivate_of_Egypt) had been gaining power in the region and, in 1873, the Egyptians occupied Sagallo and other sites on the Gulf of Tadjoura, but their hold didn't last long.<ref>{{cite book | date = 2002 | title = Modernity and Culture from the Mediterranean to the Indian Ocean, 1890--1920 | author = Leila Tarazi Fawaz	| page = 65 | isbn = }}</ref> In 1884, the Sultan of Tadjoura, Mohammed Loitah, ceded Sagallo to French explorer [Paul Soleillet](/source/Paul_Soleillet), forcing the Egyptians to retire.<ref name="awdalpress.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |title=FRENCH SOMALI COAST 1708 – 1946 FRENCH SOMALI COAST &#124; Awdalpress.com |access-date=19 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130609002748/http://www.awdalpress.com/index/archives/16528 |archive-date=9 June 2013}} FRENCH SOMALI COAST Timeline</ref>

[[File:Achinoff full.jpg|thumb|right|An article from ''[Le Progrès Illustré](/source/Le_Progr%C3%A8s)'' on Achinov's expedition]]{{Campaignbox Russo-French Wars}}
In 1883, [Nikolai Ivanovich Ashinov](/source/Nikolay_Ivanovich_Ashinov), a Russian adventurer and [burgess](/source/Burgess_(title)) of [Penza](/source/Penza)<ref>Also spelled Ashinov, Achimov, Atchinoff or Atchimoff</ref><ref>{{in lang|fr}} [http://collections.bm-lyon.fr/PER0016108 Le cosaque Achinoff] in Le Progrès Illustré (French daily newspaper), March 1, 1891</ref> (b. 1856<ref>Ernest A. Wallis Budge, ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=pVcOAAAAQAAJ&dq=Achinoff&pg=PA525 A history of Ethiopia, Nubia and Abyssinia]'', Taylor & Francis,1928.</ref>) had visited [Abyssinia](/source/Ethiopian_Empire) (the Ethiopian Empire) in order to establish clerical and political ties between the two countries. After his return to Russia, Achinov voiced his plans for an 1888 expedition to the Gulf of Tadjoura to establish a settlement, while claiming to be a free [Cossack](/source/Cossacks). Achinov assured the participants that Mohammed Loitah had permanently leased him land in the region.<ref name=EB_Achinov>{{cite web|url=http://a-pesni.org/istor/a-achinov.htm?q=a-pesni/istor/a-achinov.htm|title=Neva, 2001, №8, p. 217-220|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> It was purely on his own initiative, and without the involvement of the Russian government, that on 10 December 1888, Achinov along with 165 [Terek Cossacks](/source/Terek_Cossacks) boarded the ''Kornilov'', a ship heading from [Odessa](/source/Odessa) to [Alexandria](/source/Alexandria). The expedition then boarded the ''Lazarev'' which brought them to [Port Said](/source/Port_Said). There, Achinov rented the Austrian ship ''Amfitrida'', which entered the [Gulf of Tadjoura](/source/Gulf_of_Tadjoura) on 6 January 1889. The expedition was greeted by a group of Ethiopian [priest](/source/priest)s.<ref name=EB_Achinov>{{cite web|url=http://a-pesni.org/istor/a-achinov.htm?q=a-pesni/istor/a-achinov.htm|title=Neva, 2001, №8, p. 217-220|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> The French foreign office demanded an explanation of Achinov's actions and the Russian ambassador in Paris distanced the Russian Empire from him. On January 14, the abandoned Egyptian fort of Sagallo was chosen as the new base of the expedition. Achinov named the fort "New Moscow" ({{langx|ru|Новая Москва|label=none|Novaya Moskva}}). A tent was erected to serve as the church of [St. Nicholas](/source/Saint_Nicholas) and a flag of the expedition was raised.<ref name=EB_Achinov>{{cite web|url=http://a-pesni.org/istor/a-achinov.htm?q=a-pesni/istor/a-achinov.htm|title=Neva, 2001, №8, p. 217-220|accessdate=15 July 2014}}</ref> 
Later, several French colonists escaped to [Obock](/source/Obock), informing their comrades of the settlement's whereabouts. On 5 February, the Cossacks noticed a French cruiser and three French gunboats. An ultimatum was issued, but Achinov did not surrender. The artillery barrage that followed left six Russian colonists dead and 22 wounded. Achinov and his men subsequently fled Sagallo, returning the settlement to French control.<ref name=EB_Achinovk7>{{cite web|url=http://militera.lib.ru/bio/lunochkin_av_ashinov/07.html|title=Lunochkiv|language=ru|accessdate=16 July 2014}}</ref>

In 1977, after three referendums,  the [French Territory of the Afars and the Issas](/source/French_Territory_of_the_Afars_and_the_Issas) finally became independent from [France](/source/France) as the newly formed country of Djibouti.<ref name="Kseoah">Kevin Shillington, ''Encyclopedia of African history'', (CRC Press: 2005), p.360.</ref><ref>Nohlen, D, Krennerich, M & Thibaut, B (1999) ''Elections in Africa: A data handbook'', p. 322 {{ISBN|0-19-829645-2}}</ref> By this point, the water had become scarce, and the community of Sagallo used generators to run water pumps, even though it often fell short of raising enough cash to purchase diesel to power the generators. In the early 21st century, however, a [UNICEF](/source/UNICEF)-backed project installed [solar panel](/source/solar_panel)s on a hill to power a submersible pump that now delivers the water whenever needed.<ref>{{cite web | title = Sagallou: innovating for children | url = https://medium.com/@unicef.dji/sagallou-innovating-for-children-17c7bf545393 | date = 15 May 2017 }}</ref>

==Climate==
{{Weather box
|location =  Sagallo
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|Jan high C = 29.2
|Feb high C = 29.4
|Mar high C = 31.4
|Apr high C = 33.5
|May high C = 36.5
|Jun high C = 40.1
|Jul high C = 41.8
|Aug high C = 40.8
|Sep high C = 38.0
|Oct high C = 34.2
|Nov high C = 31.5
|Dec high C = 29.9
|Jan low C = 20.2
|Feb low C = 23.2
|Mar low C = 24.6
|Apr low C = 26.2
|May low C = 28.8
|Jun low C = 31.7
|Jul low C = 31.0
|Aug low C = 30.5
|Sep low C = 30.8
|Oct low C = 26.5
|Nov low C = 24.1
|Dec low C = 21.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 10
|Feb precipitation mm = 8
|Mar precipitation mm = 12
|Apr precipitation mm = 13
|May precipitation mm = 7
|Jun precipitation mm = 1
|Jul precipitation mm = 6
|Aug precipitation mm = 20
|Sep precipitation mm = 9
|Oct precipitation mm = 11
|Nov precipitation mm = 22
|Dec precipitation mm = 15
|source 1 = ''Climate-Data.org''<ref name="Climate-Data.org">{{cite web|title=Climate: Sagallo – Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=https://en.climate-data.org/location/930119/|work=Climate-Data.org|accessdate=29 November 2017}}</ref>
}}

==See also==
* [Afro-Russians](/source/Afro-Russians)
* [Russian colonialism](/source/Territorial_evolution_of_Russia)
* [Scramble for Africa](/source/Scramble_for_Africa)

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite EB1911|wstitle=Sagallo |volume=23 |page=1001}}
* Harding, Les. ''Dead Countries of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries''. The Scarecrow Press, 1998. 
* Jean Robert Constantin (comte de), ''L'archimandrite Païsi et l'ataman Achinoff: une expédition religieuse en Abyssinie''. Librairie de la Nouvelle Revue, 1891. 
* [http://www.schudak.de/timelines/frenchsomalicoast1708-1946.html ''French Somali Coast 1708–1946'', schudak.de (without date).]

{{coord|11|40|13|N|42|44|00|E|region:DJ_type:city_source:kolossus-dewiki|display=title}}

Category:History of Djibouti
Category:European colonisation of Africa
Category:Former colonies in Africa
Category:Former Russian colonies
Category:Russian Empire
Category:1889 in Africa
Category:Gulf of Aden
Category:Tadjourah Region
Category:French Somaliland
Category:France–Russia relations
Category:Djibouti–Russia relations

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Sagallo](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallo) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sagallo?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.