# SPATS1

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**Spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1** (**SPATS1**) is a protein which in humans is encoded by the **SPATS1** gene. It is also known by the aliases **Dishevelled-DEP domain interacting protein** (**DDIP**), **Spermatogenesis Associated 8** (**SPATA8**), and **serin-rich spermatogenic protein 1** (**SRSP1**).[1] A general idea of its chemical structure, subcellular localization, expression, and conservation is known. Research suggests SPATS1 may play a role in the canonical [Wnt Signaling pathway](/source/Wnt_signaling_pathway) and in the first [spermatogenic wave](/source/Spermatogenesis).

## Gene

The human SPATS1 gene contains 1150 nucleotides, coding for 300 amino acids. It's located on the positive strand of chromosome 6 in the 21p1 region.[1] As of now there are no known [single nucleotide polymorphisms](/source/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism) (SNPs) that prove to be clinically significant.[2]

## Protein

### Structure

The protein in its longest form has 8 exons. There is another possible [isoform](/source/Protein_isoform), but experimental confirmation is lacking – possibly due to it being produced at low levels because of an immature stop codon.[3] Bioinformatic analysis suggests that the protein does not have transmembrane structure and is composed of both alpha helixes and beta sheets. There have been conflicting numbers for SPATS1 [isoelectric points](/source/Isoelectric_point). Several sources have said 6.68, while two others suggested that it is higher, 7.04 and 7.47.[4][5][6]

### Subcellular location

Studies have suggested that most of the expression is found in the cytoplasm of the cell, but there is also evidence of expression in the nucleus.[7] Expression in the nucleus may be supported by the fact that the rat homolog of the SPATS1 gene was experimentally found to have a probable bipartite [nuclear localization signal](/source/Nuclear_localization_sequence).[8] In addition, bioinformatic tools have identified a bipartite nuclear localization signal with high probability in the human protein at amino acids 174 - 191.[9]

### Post-translational modifications

Bioinformatic analysis suggests that it undergoes several post-translational modifications. The more plausible ones propose a [GPI – modification site](/source/Glycosylphosphatidylinositol) at amino acid 280, [N-glycosylation](/source/N-linked_glycosylation) sites at amino acids 49 and 229, and a [phosphorylation](/source/Phosphorylation) site at amino acid 113. There are 85 predicted sites of phosphorylation, 23 having an 80% or higher likelihood.[10] Only the one located at amino acid 113 has been experimentally confirmed.[1] There is also a high probability of a SASRP1 motif that spans amino acids 51 - 288.[11]

### Protein interactions

Possible interacting proteins are listed in the table below. Note that these proteins have not been experimentally confirmed to interact with SPATS1. Instead, their interaction potential was determined by looking

at concurrence patterns and textmining.[12]

Abbreviation Protein Name Function Score ZNF683 zinc finger protein 683 may be involved in transcriptional regulation 0.633 TMC5 transmembrane channel like 5 probable ion channel 0.624 GTSF1L gametocyte specific factor 1 like unknown 0.567 TMEM225 transmembrane protein 225 most likely inhibits phosphate 1 (PP1) in sperm via binding to catalytic sub-unit PPP1CC 0.566 SPATA3 spermatogenesis associated 3 unknown 0.537 FAM71F1 family with sequence similarity 71 member F1 unknown 0.535 C9orf139 chromosome 9 open reading frame 139 unknown 0.477 SPACA4 sperm acrosome associated 4 sperm surface membrane protein that may be involved in sperm - egg plasma membrane adhesion and fusion during fertilization 0.472 SCML4 sex comb on midleg-like protein 4 PcG proteins that act by forming multi-protein complexes, which are required to maintain the transcriptionally repressive state of homeotic genes throughout development 0.457

## Expression

### Regulation

The expression of this protein has been found to greatly decline in adulthood, compared to expression levels measured in fetuses.[7] Studies have shown some fluctuation during the gestation period, but overall remaining relatively high. There has also been evidence of high expression levels up until day 28 postpartum.[13]

### Location

Expression of this protein has been found in [peritubular myoid cells](/source/Peritubular_myoid_cells), [gonocytes](/source/Gonocyte), pachytene spermatocytes, [spermatogonia](/source/Spermatogonium), [myoid cells](/source/Skeletal_muscle), and [Sertoli cells](/source/Sertoli_cell).[7] Mouse brains have shown expression in various areas of the brain including the pituitary gland, the prefrontal cortex, the frontal lobe, the cerebellum, and the parietal lobe.[14] Highest expression levels have been found in the testes, the next highest levels being found in the trachea. A protein abundance histogram, which compares the abundance of a desired protein to other proteins, shows that SPATS1 is on the lower level of expression.[1]

## Function

The specific function of SPATS1 is still being studied. Research has indicated that it may play a role in initiation of the first [spermatogenic](/source/Spermatogenesis) wave as well as the first male [meiotic division](/source/Meiosis).[7] Another study suggests that it acts as a negative regulator in the canonical [Wnt signaling pathway](/source/Wnt_signaling_pathway).[8] Several microaary studies have studied the effects of knocking out different proteins and enzymes and the resulting effects on SPATS1 expression. Epigentic factors, specifically histone methylation, have also been looked at. The effects of knockout on phenotypes have also been done in several studies.[1]

## Conservation

SPATS1 protein is conserved in species as early as [Oxytricha trifallax](/source/Oxytricha_trifallax). No orthologues have been found for this protein in archaea or bacteria. Nor have [orthologs](/source/Orthologs) been found in birds.[15] There is a high level of conservation among mammals and other close orthologs in the coding region. There is conservation among distant orthologs in non-coding regions, including the promoter, 5' UTR, and 3' UTR. These conservations are kept through either the same nucleotide, or a chemically similar nucleotide.[16] Below is a table of orthologs along with the percent similarity and their date of divergence.[15][17]

Ortholog Sequence Similarity to Homo sapiens Sequence Identity to Homo sapiens Date of Divergence (MYA) Pongo abelii 95.70% 95.00% 15.2 Heterocephalus glaber 58.30% 52.00% 88 Pteropus alecto 71.30% 66.90% 94 Bos taurus 50.70% 47.70% 94 Bos mutus 64.10% 58.80% 94 Balaenoptera acutorostrata scammoni 80.30% 74.00% 94 Loxodonta africana 67.20% 61.00% 102 Sarcophilus harrisii 48.20% 37.50% 160 Ornithorhynchus anatinus 49.20% 39.90% 169 Gavialis gangeticus 45.40% 36.70% 320 Anolis carolinensis 48.30% 34.10% 320 Pelodiscus sinensis 45.90% 33.40% 320 Nanorana parkeri 43.10% 30.30% 353 Strongylocentrotus purpuratus 33.60% 25.60% 627 Nematostella vectensis 28.30% 25.20% 685 Branchiostoma belcheri 36.50% 29.20% 699 Crassostrea gigas 35.00% 27.00% 758 Lottia gigantea 32.70% 26.20% 758 Oxytricha trifallax 31.80% 20.40% 1781

## References

1. ["Homo sapiens spermatogenesis associated serine rich 1 (SPATS1), mRNA - Nucleotide - NCBI"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/NM_145026.3). *www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov*. Retrieved 2017-02-20.

1. ["dbSNP Short Genetic Variations"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?locusId=221409). *NCBI*. Retrieved April 23, 2017.[dead link]

1. ["UniProtKB - Q496A3 (SPAS1_HUMAN)"](https://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q496A3#Q496A3-2). *UniProt*. Retrieved May 2, 2017.

1. ["Protein isoelectric point calculator"](https://web.archive.org/web/20130429005222/http://isoelectric.ovh.org/). Archived from [the original](http://isoelectric.ovh.org/) on April 29, 2013. Retrieved April 25, 2017.

1. ["Compute pI/Mw tool"](https://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/). April 28, 2017.

1. ["Calculate Molecular Weight and Isoelectric Point"](https://web.archive.org/web/20170414144832/http://scansite.mit.edu/calc_mw_pi.html). April 28, 2017. Archived from [the original](http://scansite.mit.edu/calc_mw_pi.html) on April 14, 2017. Retrieved April 25, 2017.

1. Capoano CA, Wettstein R, Kun A, Geisinger A (2010). "Spats 1 (Srsp1) is differentially expressed during testis development of the rat". *Gene Expression Patterns*. **10** (1): 1–8. [doi:10.1016/j.gep.2009.11.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gep.2009.11.006). [PMID 19948251](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19948251)

1. Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Ng SS, Ren F, Wang Y, Duan Y, Chen L, Zhai Y, Guo Q, Chang Z (November 2010). "Dishevelled-DEP domain interacting protein (DDIP) inhibits Wnt signaling by promoting TCF4 degradation and disrupting the TCF4/beta-catenin complex". *Cellular Signalling*. **22** (11): 1753–60. [doi:10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.016](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cellsig.2010.06.016). [PMID 20603214](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20603214)

1. ["Motif Scan"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160514120217/http://myhits.isb-sib.ch/cgi-bin/motif_scan). Archived from [the original](http://myhits.isb-sib.ch/cgi-bin/motif_scan) on 2016-05-14. Retrieved 2017-05-07.

1. ["Expasy: Proteomics Tools"](https://www.expasy.org/proteomics)

1. ["ExPASY: Bioinformatics Resource Tool"](https://www.expasy.org/)

1. ["STRING Protein - Protein Interaction Tool"](http://string-db.org/cgi/network.pl?taskId=lbhJsh6VT7Qm)

1. ["GEO Profiles"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geoprofiles?term=spats1%5BAll%20Fields%5D%20&cmd=DetailsSearch)

1. ["Allen Brain"](https://mouse.brain-map.org/)

1. ["NCBI Protein Blast"](https://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi?PAGE=Proteins)

1. ["Biology Workbench"](http://workbench.sdsc.edu/)

1. ["TimeTree"](https://timetree.org/)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [SPATS1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPATS1) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPATS1?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.