# SPARS code

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The **SPARS code** is a three-position alphabetic classification system developed in the early 1980s by the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) for commercial [compact disc](/source/Compact_disc) releases to denote aspects of the [sound recording and reproduction](/source/Sound_recording_and_reproduction) process, distinguishing between the use of [analog equipment](/source/Analog_recording) and [digital equipment](/source/Digital_recording). The code's three positions refer to recording, [mixing](/source/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)), and [mastering](/source/Mastering_(audio)) respectively. The first two positions may be coded either "A" for analog or "D" for digital; the third position (mastering) is always "D" on digital CDs. The scheme was not originally intended to be limited to use on digital packaged media: it was also available for use in conjunction with analog releases such as vinyl or cassette (where the final character would always be "A"), but this was seldom done in practice.

The system was first implemented in 1984. Due to increasing complexity of recording and mixing processes developed over the code's first decade of use, SPARS decided to withdraw endorsement of the code in 1991 because they felt the code was overly simplistic and did not accurately reflect the complexity of typical recording and mixing processes in use at the time. However, many record labels continued to use the code and SPARS decided to re-endorse the SPARS code in 1995.

## Codes

The three letters of the code have the following meanings:

- First letter – the type of [audio recorder](/source/Sound_recording_and_reproduction) used during initial recording (analog or digital)
- Second letter – the type of audio recorder used during [mixing](/source/Audio_mixing_(recorded_music)) (analog or digital)
- Third letter – the type of [mastering](/source/Audio_mastering) used (digital for CD releases, analog for cassette and vinyl)

Eight possible variants of the code exist:

- **AAA** – A fully analogue recording, from the original session to mastering. Since at least the mastering recorder must be digital to make a compact disc, this code is not applicable to CDs.[1]
- **ADA** – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- **DAA** – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- **DDA** – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, analog mastering.
- **AAD** – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- **ADD** – Analog tape recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- **DAD** – Digital recorder used for initial recording, analog tape recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.
- **DDD** – Digital recorder used for initial recording, digital recorder used for mixing/editing, digital mastering.

As digital tape recorders only became widely available in the late 1970s, almost all recordings prior to this date that appear on CD will be AAD or ADD, having been digitally remastered. This means that the original analog master tape has been converted (transcribed) to digital. It does not always imply that there has been any additional editing or mixing, although this may have taken place.

In practice, DAD was very rare, as many companies (especially the well-known classical music labels) used digital tape recorders (which were not prohibitively more expensive than analog tape recorders) during the editing or mixing stage.

The [jewel box](/source/Optical_disc_packaging#Jewel_case) booklet and/or inlay of early compact discs included the SPARS code, typically DDD, ADD, or AAD. The [typeface](/source/Typeface) [Combi Symbols CD](https://myfonts.com/fonts/fontsite/combi-numerals-symbols/combi-symbols-cd-102399/) includes the two common ways that the code was written on recordings.

## History

[Chris Stone](/source/Chris_Stone_(entrepreneur)) and other members of the Society of Professional Audio Recording Services (SPARS) proposed the code with a set of guidelines for CD manufacturers to mark their product with an indication of exactly which parts of the recording process were analog and which were digital.[2]

The SPARS code was first introduced on commercial CD releases by [PolyGram](/source/PolyGram) in 1984.[3]

SPARS withdrew endorsement of the code in 1991 due to confusion over analog and digital conversions and interfaces; many felt the SPARS code oversimplified and meaningless.[2] However, many labels continued to use it, and in 1995, the organization re-endorsed the code.[2]

## Limitations

### Lack of detail

The main limitation of the code is that it only covers the type of recorder used, not taking into account other equipment used in the production of the recording. For example, during the mixing stage (the middle letter in the code) many DDD recordings may have actually been converted from digital to analog, mixed on an analog mixing console, but converted back to digital and digitally recorded, thus earning it a D in the relevant part of the code. In addition to this, many recordings have effects or parts of different recordings added on to them, creating more confusion for the code.

### Representation of quality

Regardless of the quality of the recording, many DDD [classical music](/source/Classical_music) compact discs typically sold for considerably more than their ADD counterparts of the same work, due to a perceived premium attached to the fledgling digital recording technology. For instance, [Herbert von Karajan](/source/Herbert_von_Karajan)'s and [Berliner Philharmoniker](/source/Berliner_Philharmoniker)'s rendition of Beethoven's [Symphony No. 3](/source/Symphony_No._3_(Beethoven)), an analogue recording from 1977 that won the [Grand Prix du Disque](/source/Grand_Prix_du_Disque), sold for considerably less than their 1984 digital recording of the same piece, though the newer recording was not particularly critically acclaimed.

## Examples

These albums with common SPARS codes (AAD, ADD, DDD) are arranged by year of release on CD, where known:

Year Album Artist SPARS Code Notes 1984 Body and Soul Joe Jackson DDD 1984 Zoolook Jean-Michel Jarre DDD Mislabeled as an analog recording on 21st-century remasters 1984 Grace Under Pressure Rush AAD 1984 Love at First Sting Scorpions DDD 1984 The Unforgettable Fire U2 ADD 1985 Songs from the Big Chair Tears for Fears AAD 1985 Brothers In Arms Dire Straits DDD[4] 1985 Little Creatures Talking Heads AAD 1986 Invisible Touch Genesis ADD 1986 Control Janet Jackson AAD 1986 Notorious Duran Duran DDD 1986 Somewhere In Time Iron Maiden ADD 1986 Turbo Judas Priest DDD 1986 The Thin Red Line Glass Tiger ADD 1986 Rage For Order Queensrÿche AAD 1986 True Stories Talking Heads DDD Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1986 Sire Records CD release, which has no SPARS code. 1986 Master Of Puppets Metallica AAD 1987 Whitesnake Whitesnake DDD Misidentified as an analog recording on the US Geffen Records CD release, which has no SPARS code. 1987 Bad Michael Jackson DDD 1987 Music for the Masses Depeche Mode DDD Misidentified as an analog recording on the 1987 Sire Records CD release despite retaining the DDD SPARS code. 1987 ...Nothing Like the Sun Sting DDD 1988 Love Hysteria Peter Murphy DDD 1988 Lead Me On Amy Grant DDD 1988 Small World Huey Lewis And The News AAD 1988 Flag Yello ADD 1989 When Dream and Day Unite Dream Theater ADD 1989 The Miracle Queen DDD 1989 The Seeds of Love Tears for Fears DDD 1989 Rei Momo David Byrne ADD 1989 Enjoy Yourself Kylie Minogue AAD 1990 Wanted: Dead Or Alive Kool G Rap & DJ Polo DDD 1990 Down to Earth Monie Love DDD 1990 The Layla Sessions Derek and the Dominos ADD 20th anniversary digital remix. (Previously AAD) 1991 The Soul Cages Sting DDD 1991 Waking Up The Neighbours Bryan Adams DDD 1991 Loveless My Bloody Valentine AAD 1991 Out Of Time R.E.M. AAD 1991 Real Life Simple Minds DDD 1991 On Every Street Dire Straits DDD 1991 Bandwagonesque Teenage Fanclub AAD 1991 Use Your Illusion I and Use Your Illusion II Guns N' Roses AAD 1992 Angel Dust Faith No More AAD 1993 Ten Summoner's Tales Sting DDD 1993 In Utero Nirvana AAD 1994 Superunknown Soundgarden AAD 1994 Weezer Weezer AAD 1994 Live Through This Hole AAD 1995 A Thousand Memories Rhett Akins DDD 1995 Astro-Creep: 2000 White Zombie AAD 1996 Heavy Machinery Jens Johansson, Anders Johansson, Allan Holdsworth DDD Present on Japanese & Swedish pressings.

### Pre-1984 digital recordings

Many older recordings previously issued on vinyl were reissued on CD, beginning with the format's commercial introduction in late 1982 (see [Digital recording](/source/Digital_recording) for a timeline). Reissue CDs often only have the original LP's copyright dates on them, so it's not obvious when the CDs were actually made. If they bear a SPARS code, though, the manufacture date was no earlier than 1984. Most of these older recordings were analog, so it's not unusual to see AAD and ADD codes, but occasional examples of digital-recording codes appear on later CD editions, such as these:

- [Ry Cooder](/source/Ry_Cooder) – *[Bop till You Drop](/source/Bop_till_You_Drop)* (1979; first CD release 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first digitally-recorded album in the world.
- [Paul Davis](/source/Paul_Davis_(singer)) – *[Cool Night](/source/Cool_Night)* (1981; first CD release Feb. 1983; date of CD release with SPARS code 1983) – DDD; first album which was digitally recorded and mixed at Monarch Sound In Atlanta Georgia.
- [ABBA](/source/ABBA) – *[The Visitors](/source/The_Visitors_(ABBA_album))* (1981; first CD release Oct. 1982; date of CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD; first commercial album pressed on [Compact Disc](/source/Compact_Disc), itself the first publicly available format for digital audio.
- [Peter Gabriel](/source/Peter_Gabriel) – *[Peter Gabriel](/source/Peter_Gabriel_(1982_album))* (1982; first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code 1988) – DDD (incorrectly printed as "AAD" on first release with SPARS code)
- [Donald Fagen](/source/Donald_Fagen) – *[The Nightfly](/source/The_Nightfly)* (1982; date of first CD release 1983; date of first CD release with SPARS code unknown) – DDD

### Unusual codes

**Different codes for different tracks**

- [David Bowie](/source/David_Bowie) – The [Rykodisc](/source/Rykodisc) reissues of *[Diamond Dogs](/source/Diamond_Dogs)* (1974), *[David Live](/source/David_Live)* (1974), *[Station to Station](/source/Station_to_Station)* (1976), *[Low](/source/Low_(David_Bowie_album))* (1977), *["Heroes"](/source/%22Heroes%22_(album))* (1977), and *[Lodger](/source/Lodger_(album))* (1979) feature AAD codes for the main albums and ADD codes for the bonus tracks. The accompanying compilation *[Changesbowie](/source/Changesbowie)* (1990) likewise uses both AAD and ADD codes, with the latter applying to the songs "[Blue Jean](/source/Blue_Jean_(song))" and "[Fame '90](/source/Fame_(David_Bowie_song)#"Fame_'90")".
- [Celine Dion](/source/Celine_Dion) – *[Unison](/source/Unison_(Celine_Dion_album))* (1990) – AAD, DDD (four tracks)
- Celine Dion – *[Celine Dion](/source/Celine_Dion_(album))* (1992) – DAD, AAD (four tracks)
- [Michael Jackson](/source/Michael_Jackson) – *[Dangerous](/source/Dangerous_(Michael_Jackson_album))* (1991) – DAD/AAD (Two of the tracks, "[Heal the World](/source/Heal_the_World)" and "Keep the Faith", were recorded digitally while the rest were recorded on analog)[5]
- [Pet Shop Boys](/source/Pet_Shop_Boys) – *[Please](/source/Please_(Pet_Shop_Boys_album))* (1986) – ADD/DDD (sans the very first CD release, which only features an ADD code; "ADD/DDD" editions mark six tracks "DDD")

**Different codes for the same tracks**

- [Kate Bush](/source/Kate_Bush) – *[Hounds of Love](/source/Hounds_of_Love)* (1985) – ADD on European CDs and on the disc label of the 1985 US CD, AAD on the back cover of the 1985 US CD.
- [Phil Collins](/source/Phil_Collins) – *[No Jacket Required](/source/No_Jacket_Required)* (1985) – ADD on the back cover, AAD on the rear booklet.
- [The Cure](/source/The_Cure) – *[Pornography](/source/Pornography_(album))* (1982) – ADD on European CDs and the back cover of US CDs, AAD on the disc label of US CDs.
- [King Crimson](/source/King_Crimson) – *[Three of a Perfect Pair](/source/Three_of_a_Perfect_Pair)* (1984) – ADD on the 1984 US CD, AAD on the 1988 Japanese CD.
- [Pet Shop Boys](/source/Pet_Shop_Boys) – *[Please](/source/Please_(Pet_Shop_Boys_album))* (1986) – ADD on the very first CD release, "ADD/DDD" on reissues.
- [The Police](/source/The_Police) – *[Every Breath You Take: The Singles](/source/Every_Breath_You_Take:_The_Singles)* (1986) – AAD on the European CD release, ADD on the US CD release.
- [Queen](/source/Queen_(band)) – *[A Kind of Magic](/source/A_Kind_of_Magic)* (1986) – DDD in most regions, ADD on the US CD release.
- [Sting](/source/Sting_(musician)) – *[The Dream of the Blue Turtles](/source/The_Dream_of_the_Blue_Turtles)* (1985) – AAD on early European CDs, ADD on later CDs, DDD on the [Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab](/source/Mobile_Fidelity_Sound_Lab) CD.

**A/DDD**

- [Mötley Crüe](/source/M%C3%B6tley_Cr%C3%BCe) – *[Decade of Decadence 81-91](/source/Decade_of_Decadence_81-91)* (1991) – The A/D for the first letter was probably written to reflect that the compilation had both songs that were recorded with analog tape and songs that were recorded digitally.

**DD**

- [DMP](/source/DMP_Digital_Music_Products) albums were recorded "Direct to Digital" (a digital equivalent of [Direct-to-disc recording](/source/Direct-to-disc_recording)) with no mixing step. Notable among them are the albums of digital recording pioneers [Flim & the BB's](/source/Flim_%26_the_BB's).

**AAA**

- [Aerosmith](/source/Aerosmith) – *[Get a Grip](/source/Get_a_Grip)* (1993) – AAA (printed on CD releases despite CDs requiring a digital master)
- [David Bowie](/source/David_Bowie) – [Rykodisc](/source/Rykodisc)'s vinyl and cassette editions of his back catalogue – AAA and/or ADA
- [The Thermals](/source/The_Thermals) – *[Personal Life](/source/Personal_Life_(album))* (2010) – AAA (printed on vinyl issue)

**ADA**

- HB – The End of New Beginnings (Music Cassette) – Hell Breaks (2013) – ADA

**AADSD**

- [Atlantic Records](/source/Atlantic_Records)' Atlantic 75 Audiophile Series (2023-2024) features this code for the [Direct Stream Digital](/source/Direct_Stream_Digital) layer on [Super Audio CD](/source/Super_Audio_CD) releases (the [Compact Disc Digital Audio](/source/Compact_Disc_Digital_Audio) layer, meanwhile, uses the standard AAD code).

**DAD**

- [Simple Minds](/source/Simple_Minds) – *[Street Fighting Years](/source/Street_Fighting_Years)* (1989) – DAD
- [Erasure](/source/Erasure_(duo)) – *[The Innocents](/source/The_Innocents_(Erasure_album))* (1988) – DAD
- [Gin Blossoms](/source/Gin_Blossoms) – *[New Miserable Experience](/source/New_Miserable_Experience)* (1992, original issue) – DAD
- [They Might Be Giants](/source/They_Might_Be_Giants) – *[Flood](/source/Flood_(They_Might_Be_Giants_album))* (1990) – DAD
- [Ministry](/source/Ministry_(band)) – *[Psalm 69](/source/Psalm_69:_The_Way_to_Succeed_and_the_Way_to_Suck_Eggs)* (1992) – DAD
- [Destiny in Space](/source/Destiny_in_Space)/[Blue Planet](/source/Blue_Planet_(1990_film))/[The Dream Is Alive](/source/The_Dream_Is_Alive) – *Original Motion Picture Soundtracks* (Released together on one CD, 1994) – DAD
- [ABC](/source/ABC_(band)) – *[How to Be a...Zillionaire!](/source/How_to_Be_a...Zillionaire!)* (1985) – DAD
- [Pixies](/source/Pixies_(band)) – *[Bossanova](/source/Bossanova_(Pixies_album))* (1990) – DAD
- [D-A-D](/source/D.A.D._(band)) – *[Riskin' It All](/source/Riskin'_It_All)* (1991) – DAD
- [Joe Sample](/source/Joe_Sample) – *Sample This* (1997) – DAD

**DDDD**

- [Wendy Carlos](/source/Wendy_Carlos) – *[Switched-On Bach 2000](/source/Switched-On_Bach#Release)* (1992) – DDDD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital; this may not be a SPARS-endorsed code.)
- [Haswell & Hecker](/source/Haswell_%26_Hecker) – *[Blackest Ever Black](/source/Blackest_Ever_Black)* (Electroacoustic UPIC Recordings) (2007) – DDDD

**DDAD**

- [Front 242](/source/Front_242) – *[06:21:03:11 Up Evil](/source/06:21:03:11_Up_Evil)* and *[05:22:09:12 Off](/source/05:22:09:12_Off)* (both 1993) – DDAD (The additional "D" was added to indicate the instruments the music was made on were digital. Ie, the music on the records were made on digital instruments and recorded digitally, but mixed using analog equipment)

**DDA/DDD**

- [Kenny Roberts](/source/Kenny_Roberts_(musician)) – *You're My Kind of People* and *It Only Makes Me Cry (Forgetting You)* (1988; early 2000s CD releases) – DDA/DDD (Digital Recording And Mixing, but initially released only on analog formats.)

## See also

- [Comparison of analog and digital recording](/source/Comparison_of_analog_and_digital_recording)
- [Digital recording](/source/Digital_recording)
- [Sound recording and reproduction](/source/Sound_recording_and_reproduction)
- [High Definition Compatible Digital](/source/High_Definition_Compatible_Digital)

## References

1. McComb, Gordon & Cook, John (1987), [*Compact Disc Player Maintenance and Repair*](https://books.google.com/books?id=vy_Ngl1vAVYC&q=spars%20code%20AAA&pg=PA55), McGraw-Hill, p. 55, ISBN 0-8306-2790-1

1. Caldwell, Pete (1999). ["SPARS History: 1979–"](https://web.archive.org/web/20120908201401/http://spars.com/about/history/#h1981). Archived from [the original](http://spars.com/about/history/#h1981) on 2012-09-08. Retrieved 2012-09-24.

1. "Audio/Video Currents". *High Fidelity*. October 1984.

1. Milner, Greg (2009). ["Chapter 7: The Story of the Band That Clipped Itself to Death (and Other Dispatches from the Loudness War)"](https://books.google.com/books?id=U-1HpoR0y2oC&q=Which+SSL+mixer+was+used+on+dire+straits+brothers+at+arms&pg=PT357). *Perfecting Sound Forever: An Aural History of Recorded Music*. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. ISBN 978-0865479388.

1. ["Michael Jackson - Dangerous (Numbered 180g Vinyl 2LP)"](https://mofi.com/shop/music/vinyl/michael-jackson-dangerous-numbered-180g-33rpm-vinyl-2lp/). *[Mobile Fidelity Sound Lab](/source/Mobile_Fidelity_Sound_Lab)*. June 2025. Retrieved June 28, 2025.

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [SPARS code](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARS_code) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARS_code?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.