# SPARQL Syntax Expressions

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**SPARQL Syntax Expressions** (alternatively, **SPARQL S-Expressions**) is a [parse tree](/source/Parse_tree) (a.k.a. concrete syntax) for representing [SPARQL](/source/SPARQL) [Algebra](/source/Algebra) expressions.

## Application

They have been used to apply the [BERT](/source/BERT_(language_model)) language model to create SPARQL queries from [natural language](/source/Natural_language) questions.[1]

## External links

- [SPARQL Algebra in the W3C SPARQL Query Specification](http://www.w3.org/TR/sparql11-query/#sparqlDefinition)
- [SPARQL Syntax Expressions in the ARQ query engine](https://jena.apache.org/documentation/query/algebra.html)
- [SPARQL Validator](http://sparql.org/query-validator.html) that can also print the Algebra expressions
- [SPARQL Syntax Expressions translations of the DAWG test suite](http://blog.dydra.com/2011/09/08/dawg-tests) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150607214010/http://blog.dydra.com/2011/09/08/dawg-tests) 2015-06-07 at the Wayback Machine

## References

1. Gu, Yu; Kase, Sue; Vanni, Michelle; Sadler, Brian; Liang, Percy; Yan, Xifeng; Su, Yu (2021). ["Beyond I.I.D.: Three Levels of Generalization for Question Answering on Knowledge Bases"](https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q102154713). *Proceedings of the Web Conference 2021*. pp. 3477–3488. [arXiv:2011.07743](https://arxiv.org/abs/2011.07743). [doi:10.1145/3442381.3449992](https://doi.org/10.1145/3442381.3449992). ISBN 9781450383127. [S2CID 226965153](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:226965153)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [SPARQL Syntax Expressions](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL_Syntax_Expressions) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPARQL_Syntax_Expressions?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.