# SM UB-4

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Type UB I submarine of the German Imperial Navy

For other ships with the same name, see [German submarine U-4](/source/German_submarine_U-4).

UB-4 sometime in 1915 History German Empire Name UB-4 Ordered 15 November 1914[1] Builder Germaniawerft, Kiel[2] Yard number 242[1] Laid down 3 November 1914[1] Launched March 1915[3] Commissioned 23 March 1915[1] Fate Sunk, 15 August 1915[4] General characteristics [5] Class & type Type UB I submarine Displacement 127 t (125 long tons) surfaced 142 t (140 long tons) submerged Length 28.10 m (92 ft 2 in) (o/a) Beam 3.15 m (10 ft 4 in) Draught 3.03 m (9 ft 11 in) Propulsion 1 × propeller shaft 1 × Daimler 4-cylinder diesel engine, 59 bhp (44 kW) 1 × Siemens-Schuckert electric motor, 119 shp (89 kW) Speed 6.47 knots (11.98 km/h; 7.45 mph) surfaced 5.51 knots (10.20 km/h; 6.34 mph) submerged Range 1,650 nmi (3,060 km; 1,900 mi) at 5 knots (9.3 km/h; 5.8 mph) surfaced 45 nmi (83 km; 52 mi) at 4 knots (7.4 km/h; 4.6 mph) Test depth 50 metres (160 ft) Complement 14 Armament 2 × 45 cm (17.7 in) bow torpedo tubes 2 × torpedoes 1 × 8 mm (0.31 in) machine gun Notes 33-second diving time Service record Part of Flanders Flotilla 12 April – 15 August 1915 Commanders Oblt. Karl Gross[1][Note 1] 23 March – 15 August 1915 Operations 14 patrols[1] Victories 4 merchant ships sunk (10,942 GRT)[1]

**Seiner Majestät[6] *UB-4*** was a German [Type UB I](/source/Type_UB_I_submarine) [submarine](/source/Submarine) ([U-boat](/source/U-boat)) in the [German Imperial Navy](/source/German_Imperial_Navy) ([German](/source/German_language): *Kaiserliche Marine*) during World War I. She was sunk by a British [Q-ship](/source/Q-ship) disguised as a [fishing smack](/source/Smack_(ship)) in August 1915.

*UB-4* was ordered in October 1914 and was [laid down](/source/Keel_laying) at the [Germaniawerft](/source/Germaniawerft) shipyard in [Kiel](/source/Kiel) in November. *UB-4* was a little more than 28 metres (92 ft) in length and [displaced](/source/Displacement_(ship)) between 127 and 142 tonnes (125 and 140 long tons), depending on whether surfaced or submerged. She carried two [torpedoes](/source/Torpedo) for her two bow [torpedo tubes](/source/Torpedo_tube) and was also armed with a deck-mounted [machine gun](/source/Machine_gun). *UB-4* was broken into sections and shipped by rail to [Antwerp](/source/Antwerp) for reassembly. She was [launched](/source/Launch_(ship)) and [commissioned](/source/Ship_commissioning) as SM *UB-4* in March 1915.[Note 2]

*UB-4* conducted the first sortie of the [Flanders Flotilla](/source/Flanders_Flotilla) in April, during which she sank the Belgian Relief ship [*Harpalyce*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Harpalyce&action=edit&redlink=1), the first ship credited to the flotilla. She sank three more ships from mid-April to mid-August. On 15 August, *UB-4* surfaced near the British Q-ship [*Inverlyon*](/source/HM_Armed_Smack_Inverlyon) and was sunk by gunfire from the sailing vessel. None of *UB-4*'s 14 crewmen survived the attack.

## Design and construction

After the [German Army](/source/German_Army_(German_Empire))'s rapid advance along the North Sea coast in the earliest stages of World War I, the [German Imperial Navy](/source/German_Imperial_Navy) found itself without suitable submarines that could be operated in the narrow and shallow environment off [Flanders](/source/Flanders).[7][8] Project 34, a design effort begun in mid-August 1914,[8] produced the [Type UB I](/source/Type_UB_I_submarine) design: a small submarine that could be shipped by rail to a port of operations and quickly assembled. Constrained by railroad size limitations, the UB I design called for a boat about 28 metres (92 ft) long and displacing about 125 tonnes (123 long tons) with two [torpedo tubes](/source/Torpedo_tube).[7][Note 3] *UB-4* was part of the initial allotment of eight submarines—numbered [*UB-1*](/source/SM_U-10_(Austria-Hungary)) to [*UB-8*](/source/SM_UB-8)—ordered on 15 October from [Germaniawerft](/source/Germaniawerft) of [Kiel](/source/Kiel), just shy of two months after planning for the class began.[7][9]

*UB-4* was [laid down](/source/Keel_laying) by Germaniawerft in Kiel on 3 November.[1] As built, *UB-4* was 28.10 metres (92 ft 2 in) long, 3.15 metres (10 ft 4 in) [abeam](/source/Beam_(nautical)), and had a [draft](/source/Draft_(ship)) of 3.03 metres (10 ft). She had a single 59-brake-horsepower (44 kW) [Daimler](/source/Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft) 4-cylinder [diesel engine](/source/Diesel_engine) for surface travel, and a single 119-shaft-horsepower (89 kW) [Siemens-Schuckert](/source/Siemens-Schuckert) [electric motor](/source/Electric_motor) for underwater travel, both attached to a single [propeller shaft](/source/Propeller_shaft_(ship)). Her top speeds were 6.47 knots (11.98 km/h; 7.45 mph), surfaced, and 5.51 knots (10.20 km/h; 6.34 mph), submerged.[2] At more moderate speeds, she could sail up to 1,650 [nautical miles](/source/Nautical_mile) (3,060 km; 1,900 mi) on the surface before refueling, and up to 45 nautical miles (83 km; 52 mi) submerged before recharging her batteries. Like all boats of the class, *UB-4* was rated to a diving depth of 50 metres (160 ft), and could completely submerge in 33 seconds.

*UB-4* was armed with two 45-centimeter (17.7 in) [torpedoes](/source/Torpedo) in two bow [torpedo tubes](/source/Torpedo_tube). She was also outfitted for a single 8-millimeter (0.31 in) [machine gun](/source/Machine_gun) on deck. *UB-4*'s standard complement consisted of one officer and thirteen enlisted men.[10]

After work on *UB-4* was complete at the Germaniwerft yard, *UB-4* was readied for rail shipment. The process of shipping a UB I boat involved breaking the submarine down into what was essentially a [knock down kit](/source/Complete_knock_down). Each boat was broken into approximately fifteen pieces and loaded onto eight railway [flatcars](/source/Flatcar).[10] In early 1915, the sections of *UB-4* were shipped to [Antwerp](/source/Antwerp) for assembly in what was typically a two- to three-week process. After *UB-4* was assembled and [launched](/source/Launch_(ship)) sometime in March,[3] she was loaded on a barge and taken through canals to [Bruges](/source/Bruges) where she underwent trials.[10]

## Service career

The submarine was [commissioned](/source/Ship_commissioning) into the German Imperial Navy as SM *UB-4* on 23 March under the command of [Oberleutnant zur See](/source/Oberleutnant_zur_See) Karl Gross,[1][Note 1] a 29-year-old first-time U-boat commander.[11][Note 4] *UB-4* soon joined the other UB I boats then comprising the [Flanders Flotilla](/source/Flanders_U-boat_flotilla) ([German](/source/German_language): *U-boote des Marinekorps U-Flotille Flandern*), which had been organized on 29 March.[10] When *UB-4* joined the flotilla, Germany was in the midst of its first submarine offensive, begun in February. During this campaign, enemy vessels in the German-defined war zone ([German](/source/German_language): *Kriegsgebiet*), which encompassed all waters around the United Kingdom (including the [English Channel](/source/English_Channel)), were to be sunk. Vessels of neutral countries were not to be attacked unless they definitively could be identified as enemy vessels operating under a [false flag](/source/False_flag).[12]

*UB-4* kicked off operations for the new flotilla when she departed on her first patrol on 9 April. The following day, she sank the first ship credited to the Flanders Flotilla. The 5,940 GRT British-flagged [*Harpalyce*](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SS_Harpalyce&action=edit&redlink=1), which had been [chartered](/source/Charter_(ship)) by the [American Commission for Relief in Belgium](/source/American_Commission_for_Relief_in_Belgium), was headed for [Norfolk, Virginia](/source/Norfolk%2C_Virginia), United States, in [ballast](/source/Ballast_(ship)) after delivering relief supplies to [Rotterdam](/source/Rotterdam).[13] *UB-4* came upon the steamer between [Harwich](/source/Harwich) and the [Hook of Holland](/source/Hook_of_Holland) and pulled to within about 100 yards (91 m).[14][15] Despite the fact that the ship had a pass of [safe-conduct](/source/Safe-conduct) from Germany, was marked with the words "Belgian Relief" on her side, and was flying a [white flag](/source/White_flag) with the same wording, Gross torpedoed the vessel without warning.[14] *Harpalyce* sank in about five minutes, which allowed no time to launch any of the [lifeboats](/source/Lifeboat_(ship)). The Dutch steamers *Elisabeth* and *Constance*, and the American steamer *Ruby* picked up survivors. [Herbert Hoover](/source/Herbert_Hoover), head of the relief committee, reported that his organization's charter of the ship ended after delivery of the cargo in Rotterdam, but expressed disbelief that the ship could have been the victim of a torpedo attack, given the "distinct assurance" that ships engaged in the relief effort "would not be molested".[15] *Harpalyce*'s [master](/source/Captain_(nautical)) and 14 others from the 44-man crew died in the attack.[14] *Harpalyce* was the largest ship sunk by *UB-4* during her career.[16]

*UB-4*'s followed up the sinking of *Harpalyce* by sinking the Greek ship *Ellispontos*, a steamer of 2,989 [gross register tons](/source/Gross_register_tonnage) (GRT). *Ellispontos* was en route to [Montevideo](/source/Montevideo) from [Amsterdam](/source/Amsterdam) when sunk by Gross and *UB-4* on 17 April.[17] Although German U-boats sank over 100,000 tons of shipping in each of May and June,[18][19] *UB-4* did not contribute to those totals.[16] She did add one ship to the 98,000-ton tally for July when she sank the Belgian ship *Princesse Marie Jose* and her load of coal on 29 July.[19][20] The 1,954 GRT steamer had sailed from [Dunston](/source/Dunston%2C_Tyne_and_Wear) and was headed to [Bordeaux](/source/Bordeaux) when sunk 1.5 nautical miles (2.8 km; 1.7 mi) from the Shipwash Lightship off [Harwich](/source/Harwich).[20]

### Sinking

Action of 15 August 1915 Part of U-boat Campaign of World War I Date August 15, 1915 Location Off the coast of Great Yarmouth, England 52°42′N 2°18′E / 52.700°N 2.300°E / 52.700; 2.300 Result British victory Belligerents Imperial German Navy Royal Navy Commanders and leaders Karl Gross † Ernest Martin Jehan Strength UB-4, 14 crewmembers Inverlyon, unknown number of crew Casualties and losses 14 KIA, UB-4 sunk none

v t e North Sea 1914–1918 U-Boat Campaign 1st Heligoland Bight 22 September 1914 Texel 1st Yarmouth Scarborough/Hartlepool/Whitby Cuxhaven 1st Dogger Bank Noordhinder Bank Lowca/Parton 2nd Dogger Bank 29 February 1916 2nd Yarmouth Jutland night action 19 August 1916 1st Dover Strait 16 March 1917 2nd Dover Strait 4 May 1917 Lerwick 2nd Heligoland Bight 11–12 December 1917 14/15 February 1918 Zeebrugge 1st Ostend 2nd Ostend Mine Barrage Tondern 24 October 1918

On 14 August, the 59 GRT British [fishing smack](/source/Smack_(ship)) *Bona Fide* was stopped by a U-boat, boarded, and sunk with explosives 35 nautical miles (65 km; 40 mi) [east-northeast](/source/East-northeast) of [Lowestoft](/source/Lowestoft).[21] According to the website Uboat.net, this attack was likely by *UB-4*, because she was operating in the area on her fourteenth patrol.[22] Regardless of the identity of *Bona Fide*'s attacker, *UB-4* did approach a group of smacks in the vicinity the next day, but unbeknownst to *UB-4*'s commander, Gross, one of the fishing vessels was actually a British decoy ship.[14][Note 5]

The decoy or [Q-ship](/source/Q-ship) was His Majesty's Armed Smack [*Inverlyon*](/source/HM_Armed_Smack_Inverlyon), a smack that had been outfitted with a concealed [3-pounder](/source/QF_3_pounder_Hotchkiss) (47 mm) gun. Around 20:20, *UB-4* drew within 30 yards (27 m) of *Inverlyon* and Gross, on the [conning tower](/source/Conning_tower) of *UB-4*, shouted out commands to *Inverlyon*'s crew in German. After waiting until the right moment, Ernest Jehan, a [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) gunner in command of *Inverlyon*, ordered the [White Ensign](/source/White_Ensign) raised and gave the command to open fire. A burst of three rounds from the 3-pounder scored hits on the conning tower, the second destroying part of the bridge and sending Gross into the water. *UB-4*, with no one at the helm, drifted behind *Inverlyon*, and when clear, the 3-pounder fired another six shots into the hull of *UB-4* at [point blank](/source/Point_blank) range. All the while small arms fire from *Inverlyon*'s crew peppered the submarine. The U-boat began going down by the bow, becoming nearly vertical before disappearing below the surface. A member of *Inverlyon*'s crew attempted the rescue of one crewman from *UB-4*, but was unable to reach him before he went under, meeting the same fate as the other thirteen crewmen.[14]

As *UB-4* went down, her hulk fouled the *Inverlyon*'s nets—which had been deployed to keep up the appearance of a real fishing boat—essentially anchoring *Inverlyon* in place. The Q-ship's crew, not having a [wireless set](/source/Radio) on board, sent word of the encounter with another smack, and followed up by releasing [messenger pigeons](/source/Messenger_pigeon) the following morning, requesting instructions on what to do with *UB-4*. The thought of salvaging the snagged U-boat was rejected, so the nets were cut, freeing *UB-4* to sink to the bottom.[14] *UB-4*'s wreck lies at position [52°43′N 2°18′E / 52.717°N 2.300°E / 52.717; 2.300](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=SM_UB-4&params=52_43_N_2_18_E_).[4] Jehan was awarded the [Distinguished Service Cross](/source/Distinguished_Service_Cross_(United_Kingdom)) for the sinking of *UB-4*, and the crewmen of *Inverlyon* split the submarine bounty paid by the [Admiralty](/source/British_Admiralty).[14][Note 6]

## Summary of raiding history

Ships sunk or damaged by SM UB-4[16] Date Name Nationality Tonnage[Note 7] Fate 10 April 1915 Harpalyce United Kingdom 5,940 Sunk 17 April 1915 Ellispontos Greece 2,989 Sunk 29 July 1915 Princesse Marie Jose Belgium 1,954 Sunk 14 August 1915 Bona Fide United Kingdom 59 Sunk Total: 10,942

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Grossnote_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Grossnote_6-1) Karl Gross' name is also spelled as *Karl Groß* in some sources.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** "SM" stands for "Seiner Majestät" (English: His Majesty's) and combined with the *U* for *Unterseeboot* would be translated as *His Majesty's Submarine*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** A further refinement of the design—replacing the torpedo tubes with [mine](/source/Mine_(naval)) chutes but changing little else—evolved into the [Type UC I](/source/German_Type_UC_I_submarine) coastal [minelaying](/source/Minelayer) submarine. See: Miller, p. 458.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** Gross was in the Navy's April 1905 cadet class with 36 other future U-boat captains, including [Hermann von Fischel](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hermann_von_Fischel&action=edit&redlink=1), [Carl-Siegfried Ritter von Georg](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carl-Siegfried_Ritter_von_Georg&action=edit&redlink=1), [Kurt Hartwig](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kurt_Hartwig&action=edit&redlink=1), and [Hans von Mellenthin](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hans_von_Mellenthin&action=edit&redlink=1). See: Helgason, Guðmundur. ["WWI Officer Crews: Crew 4/05"](https://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/crews.html?crew=4%2F05). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-27)** Perkins reports the date of the encounter as Sunday, 16 August 1915, but 16 August 1915 was actually a Monday. Messimer (p. 129), Gibson and Prendergast (pp. 50–51), and Uboat.net (Helgason, Guðmundur. ["WWI U-boats: UB 4"](https://www.uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UB+4). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 19 February 2009.) all report the date of the encounter as 15 August 1915.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-28)** There is no mention of the amount of the bounty for sinking *UB-4*, but the Admiralty bounties were typically £5 per crewman on the submarine, or £70 in the case of *UB-4*. See: Messimer, pp. 158, 170, 222, for examples of the £5 per capita bounty.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-tonnage_29-0)** Tonnages are in [gross register tons](/source/Gross_register_tons)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-UB-4_1-8) Helgason, Guðmundur. ["WWI U-boats: UB 4"](https://www.uboat.net/wwi/boats/index.html?boat=UB+4). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 19 February 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Tarrant-172_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Tarrant-172_2-1) Tarrant, p. 172.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Miramar_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Miramar_3-1) ["*UB-4* (6104975)"](https://www.miramarshipindex.nz/ship/6104975). [Miramar Ship Index](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Miramar). Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Mess-129_4-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Mess-129_4-1) Messimer, p. 129

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Gröner, pp. 22-23.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** German: "His Majesty's"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Miller-46_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Miller-46_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Miller-46_9-2) Miller, pp. 46–47.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Karau-48_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Karau-48_10-1) Karau, p. 48.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Williamson_12-0)** Williamson, p. 12.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Karau-49_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Karau-49_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Karau-49_13-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Karau-49_13-3) Karau, p. 49.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Gross_14-0)** Helgason, Guðmundur. ["WWI U-boat commanders: Karl Groß"](https://uboat.net/wwi/men/commanders/99.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tarrant-14_16-0)** Tarrant, p. 14.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-harpa_17-0)** Helgason, Guðmundur. ["Ships hit during WWI: Harpalyce"](https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/2725.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-gunner_18-6) Perkins, Hugh (September 2008). ["The gunner and the U-boat"](http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa4442/is_200809/ai_n28081405?tag=content;col1). *Sea Classics*. [Canoga Park, California](/source/Canoga_Park%2C_California): Challenge Publications. [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [60621086](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60621086). Retrieved 5 March 2009. [*[dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NYT-harpa_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NYT-harpa_19-1) ["Relief flag flying as Harpalyce sunk"](https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1915/04/12/100148803.pdf) (PDF). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. 12 April 1915. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-UB4-ships_20-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-UB4-ships_20-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-UB4-ships_20-2) Helgason, Guðmundur. ["Ships hit by UB 4"](https://uboat.net/wwi/boats/successes/ub4.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ellis_21-0)** Helgason, Guðmundur. ["Ships hit during WWI: Ellispontos"](https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/1907.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Tarrant-18_22-0)** Tarrant, p. 18.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Tarrant-21_23-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Tarrant-21_23-1) Tarrant, p. 21.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-princess_24-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-princess_24-1) Helgason, Guðmundur. ["Ships hit during WWI: Princesse Marie Jose"](https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/427.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FVWWI_25-0)** ["British fishing vessels lost at sea due to enemy action: 1914, 1915, 1916 in date order"](http://www.naval-history.net/WW1LossesBrFV1914-16.htm). *World War 1 at Sea*. Naval-History.net. 9 January 2009. Retrieved 5 March 2009. The information on the website is extracted from *British Vessels Lost at Sea: 1914–1918*. [His Majesty's Stationery Office](/source/His_Majesty's_Stationery_Office). 1919.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bona_26-0)** Helgason, Guðmundur. ["Ships hit during WWI: Bona Fide"](https://uboat.net/wwi/ships_hit/853.html). *German and Austrian U-boats of World War I - Kaiserliche Marine - Uboat.net*. Retrieved 5 March 2009.

## Bibliography

- Bendert, Harald (2000). *Die UB-Boote der Kaiserlichen Marine, 1914-1918. Einsätze, Erfolge, Schicksal* (in German). [Hamburg](/source/Hamburg): [Verlag E.S. Mittler & Sohn GmbH](/source/Verlag_E.S._Mittler_%26_Sohn_GmbH). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [3-8132-0713-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0713-7).

- Gröner, Erich; Jung, Dieter; Maass, Martin (1991). *U-boats and Mine Warfare Vessels*. German Warships 1815–1945. Vol. 2. Translated by Thomas, Keith; Magowan, Rachel. London: Conway Maritime Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-85177-593-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-593-4).

- Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, eds. (1985). *Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921*. [Annapolis, Maryland](/source/Annapolis%2C_Maryland): [Naval Institute Press](/source/Naval_Institute_Press). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87021-907-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-907-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [12119866](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/12119866).

- Gibson, R. H.; Maurice Prendergast (2003) [1931]. *The German Submarine War, 1914–1918*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781591143147](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781591143147). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [52924732](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52924732).

- Karau, Mark D. (2003). *Wielding the Dagger: the MarineKorps Flandern and the German War Effort, 1914–1918*. [Westport, Connecticut](/source/Westport%2C_Connecticut): [Praeger](/source/Praeger_Publishing). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-313-32475-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-32475-8). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [51204317](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51204317).

- Messimer, Dwight R. (2002). *Verschollen: World War I U-boat losses*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-55750-475-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-475-3). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [231973419](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/231973419).

- Miller, David (2002). *The Illustrated Directory of Submarines of the World*. [St. Paul, Minnesota](/source/St._Paul%2C_Minnesota): MBI Pub. Co. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7603-1345-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-1345-9). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [50208951](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50208951).

- Tarrant, V. E. (1989). *The U-Boat Offensive: 1914–1945*. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-87021-764-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87021-764-7). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [20338385](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/20338385).

- [Williamson, Gordon](/source/Gordon_Williamson_(writer)) (2002). *U-boats of the Kaiser's Navy*. [Oxford](/source/Oxford): Osprey. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84176-362-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84176-362-0). [OCLC](/source/OCLC_(identifier)) [48627495](https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48627495).

Type UB I submarines Imperial German Navy UB-1 UB-2 UB-3 UB-4 UB-5 UB-6 UB-7 UB-8 UB-9 UB-10 UB-11 UB-12 UB-13 UB-14 UB-15 UB-16 UB-17 Austro-Hungarian Navy U-10 class U-10 (ex-UB-1) U-11 (ex-UB-15) U-15 U-16 U-17 Bulgarian Navy Podvodnik No. 18 (ex-UB-8) Preceded by: None (Germany) / U-5 class (Austria-Hungary) Followed by: Type UB II (Germany) / SM U-14 (Austria-Hungary) List of German U-boats List of Austro-Hungarian U-boats

v t e Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in August 1915 Shipwrecks 4 Aug: HMS C33 5 Aug: Nereide 8 Aug: Barbaros Hayreddin, HMS India, HMS Ramsey, SM U-12 9 Aug: HMS Lynx, SMS Meteor 13 Aug: HMT Royal Edward, SM U-3 15 Aug: Isfahan, Ladoga, SM UB-4 18 Aug: HMS E13 19 Aug: Arabic, SM U-27, SMS S31, Sivuch 25 Aug: Halep 29 Aug: HMS C29 Other incidents 5 Aug: Halep 29 Aug: Gangut, Sevastopol 1914 1915 1916 July 1915 September 1915

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