# SMS Zenta > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/SMS_Zenta > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/SMS_Zenta.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Zenta > Source revision: 1337345303 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Protected cruiser of the Austro-Hungarian Navy}} {{Use shortened footnotes|date=November 2022}} {{good article}} {{Infobox ship |section1={{Infobox ship/image |image=SMS Zenta NH 87365.jpg |image_caption=''Zenta'' in Pola in 1901 after returning from China }} |section2={{Infobox ship/career |hide_header= |country=[Austria-Hungary](/source/Austria-Hungary) |flag={{shipboxflag|Austria-Hungary|naval}} |name=''Zenta'' |namesake=[Battle of Zenta](/source/Battle_of_Zenta) |ordered= |builder=[Pola Navy Yard](/source/Pola_Navy_Yard) |laid_down=8 August 1896 |launched=18 August 1897 |sponsor=[Archduchess Maria Josepha](/source/Princess_Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1867%E2%80%931944)) |completed= |commissioned=25 May 1899 |decommissioned= |in_service= |out_of_service= |fate=Sunk during the [Battle of Antivari](/source/Battle_of_Antivari), 16 August 1914 |notes= }} |section3={{Infobox ship/characteristics |hide_header= |header_caption= |class= {{sclass|Zenta|cruiser|0}} [protected cruiser](/source/protected_cruiser) |displacement= *Normal: {{cvt|2313|LT|t|lk=on|order=flip}} *[Full load](/source/Full_load): {{cvt|2503|LT|t|order=flip}} |length={{convert|96.88|m|abbr=on|ftin}} |beam={{convert|11.73|m|abbr=on|ftin}} |draft={{convert|4.24|m|abbr=on|ftin}} |propulsion= *2 × [triple-expansion steam engine](/source/triple-expansion_steam_engine)s *2 × [screw propeller](/source/screw_propeller)s |power= *8 × [Yarrow boiler](/source/Yarrow_boiler)s *{{cvt|7200|ihp|lk=on}} |speed={{convert|21|kn|lk=in}} |range={{cvt|3200|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn}} |complement=308 |sail_plan=[Brigantine](/source/Brigantine)-rigged |armament= *8 × single [Škoda](/source/%C5%A0koda_Works) {{convert|12|cm|abbr=on}} guns *4 × single Škoda [{{cvt|47|mm|in}}](/source/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss) guns *2 × single [Hotchkiss](/source/Hotchkiss_gun) 47 mm guns *2 × single {{convert|8|mm|abbr=on}} machine guns *2 × {{convert|45|cm|abbr=on|1}} [torpedo tube](/source/torpedo_tube)s |armor= *[Deck](/source/Deck_(ship)): {{cvt|25|-|50|mm|0}} *[Conning tower](/source/Conning_tower): 50 mm *[Casemate](/source/Casemate)s: {{cvt|35|mm}} |notes= }} }} '''SMS ''Zenta''''' was the [lead ship](/source/lead_ship) of the {{sclass|Zenta|cruiser|4}} of [protected cruiser](/source/protected_cruiser)s built for the [Austro-Hungarian Navy](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Navy) in the late 1890s. The class included two other vessels, {{SMS|Aspern||2}} and {{SMS|Szigetvár||2}}. The ''Zenta''s were intended to serve as fleet scouts and to guard the [battleship](/source/battleship)s against attacks by [torpedo boat](/source/torpedo_boat)s. She carried a [main battery](/source/main_battery) of eight {{cvt|12|cm}} guns manufactured by [Škoda](/source/%C5%A0koda_Works); ''Zenta'' and her sisters were the first major warships of the Austro-Hungarian fleet to be armed entirely with domestically produced guns. Unlike earlier Austro-Hungarian cruisers, the ''Zenta'' class discarded heavy [belt armor](/source/belt_armor) in favor of a higher top speed. After entering service in 1899, ''Zenta'' was sent to East Asia to represent Austria-Hungary in the region. She was involved in the [Boxer Rebellion](/source/Boxer_Rebellion) in [Qing China](/source/Qing_China) in 1900, sending landing parties ashore as part of the [Eight-Nation Alliance](/source/Eight-Nation_Alliance) to guard the [Legation Quarter](/source/Beijing_Legation_Quarter) and to fight in the [Battle of the Taku Forts](/source/Battle_of_the_Taku_Forts_(1900)). ''Zenta'' returned home in 1901 and was sent on another long-distance cruise in 1902–1903 to visit various ports in Africa and South America. The ship served in home waters beginning in 1904, spending her time with training exercises. In 1913, during the [First Balkan War](/source/First_Balkan_War), she participated in the [blockade of Montenegro](/source/blockade_of_Montenegro) by an international fleet. At the start of [World War I](/source/World_War_I) in July 1914, ''Zenta'' was sent to the southern end of the [Adriatic Sea](/source/Adriatic_Sea) to attack targets in Montenegro. She was cruising off that country's coast to enforce another blockade on 16 August when she and the [destroyer](/source/destroyer) {{SMS|Ulan||2}} encountered the main French battle fleet. In the ensuing [Battle of Antivari](/source/Battle_of_Antivari), ''Zenta'' was sunk by the French battleships, with heavy loss of life as the French failed to pick up survivors. Some 139 men, including her commander [Paul Pachner](/source/Paul_Pachner), swam to shore, where they were captured by Montenegrin forces and imprisoned until 1916 when the [Austro-Hungarian Army](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Army) overran the country. ==Design== {{main|Zenta-class cruiser|l1=''Zenta''-class cruiser}} thumb|left|upright=1.3|Line-drawing of the ''Zenta'' class In January 1895, the senior officers of the [Austro-Hungarian Navy](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Navy) decided to build two types of modern cruisers: large [armored cruiser](/source/armored_cruiser)s of around {{cvt|5800|LT|t|lk=on|order=flip}} and smaller vessels of around {{cvt|1700|LT|t|order=flip}}. The latter were intended to screen the [battleship](/source/battleship)s of the main fleet, scouting for enemy vessels and protecting them from [torpedo boat](/source/torpedo_boat) attacks. The chief constructor, [Josef Kuchinka](/source/Josef_Kuchinka_(naval_architect)), prepared the initial design based on specifications that had been issued by the naval command, though by the time his design was finally approved in mid-1897, it had grown in size to around {{cvt|2300|LT|t|order=flip}}. Final approval came after work on the first unit, ''Zenta'', had already begun.{{sfn|Sieche|pp=104–105}} ''Zenta'' was {{cvt|96|m}} [long at the waterline](/source/long_at_the_waterline) and {{cvt|96.88|m|ftin}} [long overall](/source/length_overall); she had a [beam](/source/beam_(nautical)) of {{cvt|11.73|m|ftin}} and a [draft](/source/draft_(hull)) of {{cvt|4.24|m|ftin}}. The ship [displaced](/source/displacement_(ship)) {{cvt|2313|LT|t|order=flip}} normally and {{cvt|2503|LT|t|order=flip}} at [full load](/source/full_load).{{sfn|Freivogel|pp=123–124}} The crew of the ''Zenta''s numbered 308 officers and enlisted men. Their propulsion system consisted of a pair of [triple-expansion steam engine](/source/triple-expansion_steam_engine)s, each driving a [screw propeller](/source/screw_propeller) using steam provided by eight coal-fired [Yarrow boiler](/source/Yarrow_boiler)s.{{sfn|Sieche & Bilzer|p=278}}{{sfn|Sieche|p=105}} Their engines were rated to produce {{convert|7200|ihp|lk=on}} for a top speed of {{convert|21|kn|lk=in}}, although ''Zenta'' reached a speed of {{convert|21.87|kn}} from {{cvt|8584|ihp}} during her [sea trial](/source/sea_trial)s on 30 March 1899. The ships carried enough coal to give them a range of {{convert|3800|nmi|lk=in}} at {{convert|12|kn}}. To increase their range, the cruisers were fitted with a [brigantine](/source/brigantine)-sailing rig of {{convert|585.8|sqm|sp=us}} on their two [masts](/source/mast_(sailing)).{{sfn|Freivogel|p=115}} The ''Zenta''s' [main battery](/source/main_battery) consisted of eight 40-[caliber](/source/caliber_(artillery)) {{convert|12|cm|adj=on|sp=us}} [quick-firing gun](/source/quick-firing_gun)s manufactured by [Škoda](/source/%C5%A0koda_Works). One gun was mounted on the upper deck forward, six in [casemate](/source/casemate)s in the [hull](/source/hull_(watercraft)), and the remaining gun was placed on the upper deck aft. They also carried eight 44-caliber [{{convert|47|mm|adj=on|sp=us}}](/source/QF_3-pounder_Hotchkiss) Škoda guns and two 33-caliber 47 mm [Hotchkiss gun](/source/Hotchkiss_gun)s for defense against torpedo boats. These guns were all mounted individually, with four in the [superstructure](/source/superstructure) and the rest in casemates in the hull. The ships also carried a pair of {{convert|8|mm|abbr=on}} [Salvator-Dormus M1893](/source/Salvator-Dormus_M1893) machine guns. Their armament was rounded out with a pair of {{cvt|45|cm|1}} [torpedo tube](/source/torpedo_tube)s that were carried in the hull above the [waterline](/source/waterline).{{sfn|Sieche & Bilzer|p=278}}{{sfn|Freivogel|p=115}}{{sfn|Bilzer|pp=23–24}} The three ''Zenta''-class cruisers were the first major Austro-Hungarian warships to carry an armament entirely manufactured by Škoda.{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=130}} Their armor [deck](/source/deck_(ship)) consisted of two layers of {{cvt|12.5|mm}} steel over the bow and stern. [Amidships](/source/Amidships), where it protected the propulsion machinery spaces, it doubled in thickness to a pair of {{cvt|25|mm}} layers. The casemates for the primary guns had {{cvt|35|mm}} thick sides and the [conning tower](/source/conning_tower) received two layers of 25 mm plate on the sides.{{sfn|Sieche & Bilzer|p=278}}{{sfn|Bilzer|pp=23–24}} Each of the 120 mm guns was protected by a {{convert|45|mm|adj=on|sp=us}} [gun shield](/source/gun_shield), although they were not large enough to provide good cover for the gun crews.{{sfn|Freivogel|p=115}} ==Service history== thumb|''Zenta'' at anchor ===Construction and deployment to China, 1896–1901=== ''Zenta'', ordered under the contract name ''[Ersatz](/source/Ersatz)'' (replacement) {{SMS|Greif|1866|2}}, was [laid down](/source/Keel_laying) at the [Pola Navy Yard](/source/Pola_Navy_Yard) on 8 August 1896 and was [launched](/source/Ceremonial_ship_launching) on 18 August 1897, the birthday of [Kaiser Franz Joseph I](/source/Kaiser_Franz_Joseph_I). The ship was christened by his sister-in-law, [Archduchess Maria Josepha](/source/Princess_Maria_Josepha_of_Saxony_(1867%E2%80%931944)). [Fitting-out](/source/Fitting-out) work was delayed by shortages of the 12 cm guns, since four of the guns that were slated to be installed aboard the ship were instead diverted to Spain on 11 July, which was in need of additional weapons as it was in the midst of fighting the [Cuban War of Independence](/source/Cuban_War_of_Independence). Additional guns were ordered on 27 April 1898 and were delivered on 22 April 1899. Named for the [Battle of Zenta](/source/Battle_of_Zenta), the ship was completed on 25 May,{{sfn|Sieche & Bilzer|p=278}}{{sfn|Sieche|pp=109–110}} at a cost of 4.2 million [krone](/source/Austro-Hungarian_krone),{{sfn|Freivogel|p=113}} [commissioned](/source/Ship_commissioning) three days later, and was ordered to deploy to East Asia to serve as the station ship in [Chinese](/source/Qing_China) waters. She left Pola on 10 November 1899 and relieved the homeward-bound station ship, the protected cruiser {{SMS|Kaiserin Elisabeth||2}}, in [Colombo](/source/Colombo), [British Ceylon](/source/British_Ceylon) between 22 and 28 December.{{sfn|Bilzer|p=23}}{{sfn|Freivogel|p=117}}{{sfn|Sieche|p=110}} The ship arrived in [Singapore](/source/Singapore) on 3 January 1900 and then continued on to [Hong Kong](/source/British_Hong_Kong). ''Zenta'' embarked on a tour of ports in China in February, including those along the [Yangtze River](/source/Yangtze_River), before returning to [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai) on 7 May. From there, she crossed to [Japan](/source/Empire_of_Japan), where the ship was on 30 May when the worsening [Boxer Rebellion](/source/Boxer_Rebellion) prompted the European diplomats in the country to request forces to guard the [Legation Quarter](/source/Beijing_Legation_Quarter). ''Zenta'' joined the international fleet that assembled as part of the [Eight-Nation Alliance](/source/Eight-Nation_Alliance) off the [Taku Forts](/source/Taku_Forts) on 2 June; she operated there for the next twenty days. On 3 June, a landing party led by the ship's [captain](/source/captain_(nautical)), {{lang|de|[Fregattenkapitän](/source/Fregattenkapit%C3%A4n)}} Eduard von Montalmar, that consisted of one officer, two [officer cadet](/source/officer_cadet)s, and thirty enlisted men went ashore to relieve the Legations; they helped to guard the embassies there during the [siege of the Legations](/source/Siege_of_the_International_Legations) for the next two months. Another party, consisting of an officer, three cadets, and seventy-three men joined the force that [stormed the Taku Forts](/source/Battle_of_the_Taku_Forts_(1900)) on 17 June. Montalmar and three sailors were killed during the war with another four sailors later dying of their wounds.{{sfn|Freivogel|p=117}}{{sfn|Sieche|p=110}}{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=140}} ''Zenta'' moved to [Chefoo](/source/Chefoo) from 23 to 25 June and then returned to Taku from 26 June to 5 August. The armored cruiser {{SMS|Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia||2}} arrived in Taku two days later and her commander took control of Austro-Hungarian naval forces in the region. On 24 November, the ship returned to Japan, where she was briefly [drydock](/source/drydock)ed for maintenance in December. In early January 1901, ''Zenta'' then sailed south to [Bangkok](/source/Bangkok), [Siam](/source/Siam), arriving there on 17 January. The ship arrived in Hong Kong on 15 February to begin a tour of Chinese ports that lasted through May. She next visited [Chemulpo](/source/Chemulpo) in [Korea](/source/Korean_Empire) later that month, followed by a brief stop in Japan. The ship returned to Chinese waters for the next two months before she received orders to return home. ''Zenta'' left China on 25 July and reached Pola on 1 October and was thereafter placed in [reserve](/source/reserve_fleet).{{sfn|Sieche|pp=110–111}} ===African cruise, 1902–1903=== thumb|left|''Zenta'' at anchor ''Zenta'' spent most of 1902 in reserve, but she was reactivated late in the year for a training cruise to Africa and South America. She left Pola on 15 October and reached [Mombasa](/source/Mombasa), [British Kenya](/source/British_Kenya), on 22 November. From there, the ship cruised to [Zanzibar](/source/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar) and by 6 December had arrived in [Diego Suarez](/source/Diego-Suarez), [French Madagascar](/source/French_Madagascar). Later that month, ''Zenta'' visited [Tamatave](/source/Tamatave), Madagascar, and [Saint-Louis](/source/Saint-Louis%2C_R%C3%A9union) on the island of [Réunion](/source/R%C3%A9union). On 2 January 1903, she got underway for [Delagoa Bay](/source/Delagoa_Bay) and [Lourenço Marques](/source/Louren%C3%A7o_Marques) in [Portuguese Mozambique](/source/Portuguese_Mozambique). ''Zenta'' then proceeded to [Durban](/source/Durban), [East London](/source/East_London%2C_Eastern_Cape), [Port Elizabeth](/source/Port_Elizabeth), and [Cape Town](/source/Cape_Town) in the British [Cape Colony](/source/Cape_Colony) and [Colony of Natal](/source/Colony_of_Natal) through early March. She then passed to the Atlantic coast of southern Africa, stopping in [German Southwest Africa](/source/German_Southwest_Africa) and then visited [Luanda](/source/Luanda) in [Portuguese Angola](/source/Portuguese_Angola). At the end of March, the ship stopped in [Banana](/source/Banana%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) and [Boma](/source/Boma%2C_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) in the [Congo Free State](/source/Congo_Free_State), entering the [Congo River](/source/Congo_River) and steaming to [Matadi](/source/Matadi), Congo on 1 April.{{sfn|Sieche|p=111}} From Congo, ''Zenta'' dropped anchor in [Saint Helena](/source/Saint_Helena) on the way to South America before arriving at [Santos](/source/Santos%2C_S%C3%A3o_Paulo), Brazil, on 8 May. Later that month visited [Montevideo](/source/Montevideo), Uruguay, staying there until 6 June when she crossed the [Río de la Plata](/source/R%C3%ADo_de_la_Plata) to [Buenos Aires](/source/Buenos_Aires), Argentina. The next day, she entered the [Paraná River](/source/Paran%C3%A1_River) and traveled to [Rosario](/source/Rosario%2C_Santa_Fe), Argentina, for two days before returning to Buenos Aires. ''Zenta'' then returned to Brazilian waters before returning to western Africa, arriving in [Freetown](/source/Freetown), [Sierra Leone](/source/Sierra_Leone_Colony_and_Protectorate), on 22 July. The ship then continued north, stopping in [Dakar](/source/Dakar), [French Senegal](/source/French_Senegal) a week later and then [Tenerife](/source/Tenerife) in the [Canary Islands](/source/Canary_Islands) in Spain, arriving there in early August. She arrived at [Funchal](/source/Funchal) on the island of [Madeira](/source/Madeira) later that month. The ship next visited several ports in [French North Africa](/source/French_North_Africa) along with [Málaga](/source/M%C3%A1laga), Spain, through September. From there, she began the last leg of the trip, stopping in [Corfu](/source/Corfu), [Greece](/source/Kingdom_of_Greece) from 22 September and then passing through [Trieste](/source/Trieste) on 2 October, where she was present for the launching of the [pre-dreadnought battleship](/source/pre-dreadnought_battleship) {{SMS|Erzherzog Karl||2}}. The ship arrived back in Pola four days later.{{sfn|Sieche|p=111}} ===Service in home waters, 1904–1914=== thumb|''Zenta'' in port with awnings erected From 1 January 1904 to 15 June, ''Zenta'' served as the [flotilla leader](/source/flotilla_leader) for the Torpedo-boat Flotilla of the main fleet. During this period, on 20 January, the Hungarian shipping company Adria requested the navy's assistance with locating the merchant ship {{SS|Matelkovits}}, which had departed Venice on 12 January and had not been seen since. ''Zenta'' and a pair of torpedo boats conducted a search, but did not locate the vessel. The summer's training activities began on 15 June, and throughout the maneuvers, which lasted through 15 September, ''Zenta'' continued in her role as the flotilla leader. She was present for a visit of the British [Royal Navy](/source/Royal_Navy) in Pola, including the pre-dreadnought {{HMS|Bulwark|1899|6}}, the cruisers {{HMS|Furious|1896|2}} and {{HMS|Pandora|1889|2}}, and the [torpedo gunboat](/source/torpedo_gunboat) {{HMS|Speedy|1893|2}}. The rest of the year was spent in dry dock to have her bow 12 cm guns altered, [wireless](/source/wireless_telegraphy) equipment installed, and repairs made to her bow after a collision with a merchant ship in Trieste.{{sfn|Sieche|p=111}} ''Zenta'' rejoined the main fleet on 1 January 1905, resuming her role as a flotilla leader. The year followed the same schedule as the previous year, with the summer training program beginning on 15 June and ending on 15 September. ''Zenta'' was present for the launching of the battleship {{SMS|Erzherzog Ferdinand Max|1905|2}} on 21 May that year. She was placed in reserve toward the end of the year and remained out of service into 1906, only being recommissioned for the summer maneuvers, which again lasted from 15 June to 15 September. During the maneuvers, which concluded with a simulated [amphibious assault](/source/amphibious_assault) that was observed by Archduke [Franz Ferdinand](/source/Franz_Ferdinand), she served with the battleships of II Heavy Division. Following the exercises, the fleet held a [naval review](/source/naval_review) off [Calamotta](/source/Calamotta) on 15 September, after which ''Zenta'' was reduced to reserve status. She again spent 1907 out of service except for the summer exercises, partially due to repairs to her [double bottom](/source/double_bottom); in 1908, she was not activated at all.{{sfn|Freivogel|p=117}}{{sfn|Sieche|p=111}} On 16 March 1909, ''Zenta'' was recommissioned to join an international naval demonstration off the coast of the [Levant](/source/Levant); the Austro-Hungarian contingent also included the armored cruiser {{SMS|Kaiser Karl VI||2}} and the torpedo gunboat {{SMS|Magnet||2}}. The ships left Pola on 22 April and steamed to [Piraeus](/source/Piraeus), Greece, where they joined the international fleet and stayed from 26 April to 2 May. ''Zenta'' patrolled off [Mersin](/source/Mersin) and [Antioch](/source/Antakya), [Ottoman Turkey](/source/Ottoman_Turkey), for several weeks before returning to Greece on the 16th. She remained there until 5 June when she departed for [Teodo](/source/Tivat), [Montenegro](/source/Kingdom_of_Montenegro), arriving three days later. ''Zenta'' was present for the launching of the pre-dreadnought {{SMS|Radetzky|1909|2}} in Trieste on 3 July and was thereafter placed in reserve. She was reactivated on 15 June for the maneuvers. Another training amphibious operation was conducted on 24 August, with ''Zenta'' assigned to the defending force. She was decommissioned again on 31 August.{{sfn|Sieche|p=111}} The ship was only intermittently in service for the next several years, attending the launching of the pre-dreadnought {{SMS|Zrinyi||2}} on 12 April 1910 and then observing the launching of the [dreadnought battleship](/source/dreadnought_battleship) {{SMS|Viribus Unitis||2}} in Trieste on 24 June 1911.{{sfn|Freivogel|pp=116–117}} During this time she had a new radio transmitter installed. During the [First Balkan War](/source/First_Balkan_War) of 1913, an international fleet was composed to [blockade Montenegro](/source/blockade_of_Montenegro) over its occupation of the port of [Scutari](/source/Shkod%C3%ABr). ''Zenta'' was sent as part of the Austro-Hungarian contingent, departing Pola on 19 March and two days later she arrived to patrol off [Meljine](/source/Meljine). The ship saw little activity for the rest of the year, and on 1 April 1914, she was assigned to a training cruise in company with the old [coastal defense ship](/source/coastal_defense_ship)s {{SMS|Monarch||2}} and {{SMS|Babenberg||2}} with a contingent of 240 [naval cadet](/source/naval_cadet)s. While in [Gravosa](/source/Gravosa) on 10 April, the crew was exposed to an outbreak of [meningitis](/source/meningitis); one man fell ill and had to be sent ashore in [Ragusa](/source/Dubrovnik) the next day. The infection began to spread and on 1 May, another man had to be hospitalized in [Cattaro](/source/Cattaro); ''Zenta'' was ordered to return to Pola to be quarantined in [Fasana](/source/Fa%C5%BEana) the next day. Forty of the cadets were sent ashore to be hospitalized, another sixty were transferred to the [tender](/source/ship's_tender) {{SMS|Spalato||2}}, and the remainder were kept aboard to help disinfect the ship. The quarantine was lifted fifteen days later on 17 May.{{sfn|Sieche|pp=111–112}} ===World War I=== thumb|Painting showing SMS ''Zenta'' and SMS ''Ulan'' in action on 16 August 1914 At the start of [World War I](/source/World_War_I) in July 1914, ''Zenta'' was assigned to I Cruiser Division,{{sfn|Sieche|p=112}} which at that time included the armored cruisers {{SMS|Sankt Georg||2}}, ''Kaiser Karl VI'', ''Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia'', and the other two ''Zenta''-class cruisers, under the command of [Vice Admiral](/source/Vice_Admiral) [Paul Fiedler](/source/Paul_Fiedler).{{sfn|Sondhaus|p=257}}{{sfn|Greger|p=11}} On 8 August, ''Zenta'' and her [sister ship](/source/sister_ship) {{SMS|Szigetvár||2}} steamed south to bombard the wireless station at [Antivari](/source/Antivari). The ships of I Cruiser Division then began a blockade of the coast of Montenegro. Eight days later, ''Zenta'' sortied again, now in company with the [destroyer](/source/destroyer) {{SMS|Ulan||2}} to patrol the blockade line off Teodo.{{sfn|Sieche|p=112}}{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=258–259}} The same day, the main French fleet, the ''1er Armée Navale'' (1st Naval Army) under Admiral [Augustin Boué de Lapeyrère](/source/Augustin_Bou%C3%A9_de_Lapeyr%C3%A8re)'s command, entered the southern Adriatic to search for the Austro-Hungarian fleet.{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=254–256}} ====Battle of Antivari==== {{main|Battle of Antivari}} At around 08:30, lookouts in the French fleet spotted smoke on the horizon as they steamed north, prompting Boué de Lapeyrère to turn his ships to investigate. The Austro-Hungarians had in turn spotted the approaching French fleet, and so moved closer to shore to flee north, hoping the coastline would obscure them. At 09:03, the French fleet encountered ''Zenta'' and ''Ulan'' off the coast of Montenegro and opened fire, though Boué de Lapeyrère initially ordered his battleships to fire warning shots, but this caused confusion among the fleet's gunners. ''Zenta'', commanded by [Paul Pachner](/source/Paul_Pachner), turned to engage the French while ''Ulan'' fled to the north at high speed. ''Zenta'' came under a hail of French gunfire, though the sheer volume hampered French gunnery, as it was impossible to determine each ships' fall of shot. ''Zenta'' fired her 12 cm guns, though they fell some {{cvt|300|to|400|m}} short, and would not have inflicted damage on the heavily armored battleships in any event. The slower ''Zenta'' attempted to evade French gunfire, but she quickly received several hits that disabled her engines and set her on fire by about 09:12. At 09:20, Boué de Lapeyrère ordered his ships to cease fire, by which time ''Zenta'' was burning badly and settling by the stern. By 09:30, ''Zenta''{{'}}s bow lurched upward at an angle of 45 degrees and quickly sank around {{cvt|4|to|5|nmi}} off the coast of [Castellastua](/source/Castellastua), her flags still flying.{{sfn|Sieche|p=112}}{{sfn|Sondhaus|pp=258–259}}{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|pp=254–256}} Her crew suffered heavy casualties in the battle, with 173 men killed, though 139, including Pachner, managed to swim to shore. The French failed to pick up survivors, as Boué de Lapeyrère assumed that ''Zenta''{{'}}s boats could pick them up, or they could swim to shore. They were captured by Montenegrin forces and imprisoned as [prisoners of war](/source/prisoner_of_war) in [Podgorica](/source/Podgorica). By early 1916, the [Austro-Hungarian Army](/source/Austro-Hungarian_Army) had defeated Montenegro and the survivors from ''Zenta'' were freed. ''Ulan'', meanwhile, successfully fled north, having been pursued by the French destroyer screen and the armored cruiser {{ship|French cruiser|Jurien de la Gravière||2}}.{{sfn|Sieche|p=112}}{{sfn|Jordan & Caresse|p=256}} ==Notes== {{Reflist|20em}} ==References== * {{cite journal |last=Bilzer |first=Franz F. |year=1981 |title=Austrian Light Cruiser Zenta |journal=F. P. D. S. Newsletter |publisher=F. P. D. S. |location=Akron |volume=IX |issue=3 |pages=22–24 |ref={{sfnRef|Bilzer}} |oclc=41554533 }} * {{cite book |last1=Freivogel |first1=Zvonimir |title=Austro-Hungarian Cruisers in World War One |date=2017 |publisher=Despot Infinitus |location=Zagreb |isbn=978-953-7892-85-2 |ref={{sfnRef|Freivogel}} }} * {{cite book | last = Greger | first = René | year = 1976 | title = Austro-Hungarian Warships of World War I | publisher = Ian Allan | location = London | isbn = 978-0-7110-0623-2 | ref = {{sfnRef|Greger}} }} * {{cite book |last1=Jordan |first1=John |last2=Caresse |first2=Philippe |title=French Battleships of World War One |date=2017 |publisher=Seaforth Publishing |location=Barnsley |isbn=978-1-59114-639-1 |name-list-style=amp |ref={{sfnRef|Jordan & Caresse}} }} * {{cite book |last=Sieche |first=Erwin |title=Kreuzer und Kreuzerprojekte der k.u.k. Kriegsmarine 1889–1918 |language=German |trans-title=Cruisers and Cruiser Projects of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, 1889–1918 |location=Hamburg |year=2002 |isbn=978-3-8132-0766-8 |ref={{sfnRef|Sieche}} }} * {{cite book | last1 = Sieche | first1 = Erwin | last2 = Bilzer | first2 = Ferdinand | chapter = Austria-Hungary | pages = 266–283 | editor1-last = Gardiner | editor1-first = Robert | editor2-last = Chesneau | editor2-first = Roger | editor3-last = Kolesnik | editor3-first = Eugene M. | title=Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1860–1905 | year=1979 | location=London | publisher=Conway Maritime Press | isbn=0-85177-133-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/conwaysallworlds0000unse_l2e2 | ref={{sfnref|Sieche & Bilzer}} |name-list-style=amp }} * {{Cite book | last=Sondhaus | first=Lawrence | title=The Naval Policy of Austria-Hungary, 1867–1918 | year=1994 | location=West Lafayette | publisher=Purdue University Press | isbn=978-1-55753-034-9 |ref={{sfnRef|Sondhaus}} }} ==Further reading== {{commons category}} * {{cite journal|last1=Sieche|first1=Erwin F.|year=1990 |title=Austria-Hungary's Last Visit to the USA|journal=Warship International|volume=XXVII |issue=2 |pages=142–164 |issn=0043-0374}} {{Zenta class cruisers}} {{August 1914 shipwrecks}} {{coord missing|Mediterranean}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Zenta, SMS}} Category:Zenta-class cruisers Category:Ships built in Pola Category:1897 ships Category:World War I cruisers of Austria-Hungary Category:World War I shipwrecks in the Adriatic Sea Category:Maritime incidents in August 1914 --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [SMS Zenta](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Zenta) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_Zenta?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.