# S > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/S > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/S.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S > Source revision: 1355369069 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|Nineteenth letter of the Latin alphabet}} {{hatnote group| {{About|the nineteenth letter of the alphabet}} {{Redirect|Ess}} }} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}} {{Technical reasons|S#", "ſ", and "S#arp|their respective articles|Script.NET|and|Long s|and|Sharp (South Korean band){{!}}S#arp (band)}} {{pp-semi-vandalism|small=yes}} {{pp-move|small=yes}} {{Infobox grapheme | name = S | letter = S s | variations = [ſ](/source/Long_s) | script = [Latin script](/source/Latin_script) | type = [Alphabet](/source/Alphabet) | typedesc = ic and [logographic](/source/logographic) | language = [Latin](/source/Latin)language | phonemes = {{flex list|{{IPAblink|s}}|{{IPAblink|z}}|{{IPAblink|ʃ}}|{{IPAblink|θ}}|{{IPAblink|ts}}|{{IPAblink|ʒ}}}} | unicode = U+0053, U+0073 | alphanumber = 19 | number = | fam1 = Aa32M40 | fam2 = class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Shin | fam3 = class=skin-invert-image|20px|Proto-Sinaitic Shin | fam4 = class=skin-invert-image|15px|Proto-Caanite Shin | fam5 = class=skin-invert-image|20px|Phoenician Sin | fam6 = [Σ](/source/Sigma) | fam7 = [𐌔](/source/%F0%90%8C%94) | usageperiod = {{circa}} 700 BCE to present | children = {{flex list|[ſ](/source/long_s)|[ß](/source/%C3%9F)|[Ƨ](/source/%C6%A7)|[Ꞅ](/source/%EA%9E%84)|[$](/source/%24)|[₷](/source/%E2%82%B7)|[§](/source/%C2%A7)|{{not a typo|[℠](/source/%E2%84%A0)}}|[ᛋ](/source/%E1%9B%8B)|[∫](/source/%E2%88%AB)}} | sisters = {{flex list|[Ѕ](/source/Dze) [ѕ](/source/Dze)|[С](/source/%D0%A1) [с](/source/%D1%81)|[Ш](/source/%D0%A8) [ш](/source/%D1%88)|[Щ](/source/%D0%A9) [щ](/source/%D1%89)|[Ҫ](/source/%D2%AA) [ҫ](/source/%D2%AB)|[Ԍ](/source/%D4%8C) [ԍ](/source/%D4%8D)|[ש](/source/Shin_(letter))|[ش](/source/Shin_(letter))|[ܫ](/source/Shin_(letter))|[س](/source/%D8%B3)|[ࠔ](/source/%E0%A0%94)|[𐎘](/source/%F0%90%8E%98)|[𐡔](/source/%F0%90%A1%94)|[ሠ](/source/%E1%88%A0)|[ㅅ](/source/%E3%85%85) (disputed)|[Ս](/source/%D5%8D) [ս](/source/%D5%BD)|[श](/source/%E0%A4%B6)|[स](/source/%E0%A4%B8)|[શ](/source/%E0%AA%B6)|[સ](/source/%E0%AA%B8)}} | equivalents = | associates = [s(x)](/source/List_of_Latin-script_digraphs), [sh](/source/Sh_(digraph)), [sz](/source/Sz_(digraph)) | direction = Left-to-right | image = Latin_letter_S.svg | imageclass = skin-invert-image }} {{Latin letter info|s}} '''S''' ([minuscule](/source/Letter_case): '''s''') is the nineteenth [letter](/source/Letter_(alphabet)) of the [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet), used in the [English alphabet](/source/English_alphabet), the alphabets of other western [European languages](/source/Languages_of_Europe) and other [latin alphabet](/source/latin_alphabet)s worldwide. Its name in English is [''ess''](/source/English_alphabet){{efn|Spelled 'es'- in compound words}} (pronounced {{IPAc-en|'|ɛ|s|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-S.wav}}), plural ''esses''."S", ''[Oxford English Dictionary](/source/Oxford_English_Dictionary),'' 2nd edition (1989); ''Merriam-Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged'' (1993); "ess," op. cit. ==History== {{Further|Shin (letter)|Sigma|San (letter)|Sho (letter)}} {| class="wikitable" ! [Proto-Sinaitic](/source/Proto-Sinaitic_script)
[Shin](/source/Shin_(letter)) ! [Phoenician](/source/Phoenician_alphabet)
[Shin](/source/Shin_(letter)) ! [Western Greek](/source/Western_Greek_alphabet)
[Sigma](/source/Sigma) ! [Etruscan](/source/Etruscan_language)
S ! [Latin](/source/Latin)
S |--- align=center | class=skin-invert-image|50px | class=skin-invert-image|50px | class=skin-invert-image|x30px | class=skin-invert-image|x30px | class=skin-invert-image|x30px |} [Northwest Semitic](/source/Northwest_Semitic_abjad) [šîn](/source/Shin_(letter)) represented a [voiceless postalveolar fricative](/source/voiceless_postalveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʃ/}} (as in '{{em|sh}}ip'). It originated most likely as a [pictogram](/source/pictogram) of a [tooth](/source/tooth) ({{lang|sem|[שנא](/source/%3Awikt%3AReconstruction%3AProto-Semitic%2F%C5%A1inn-)}}) and represented the phoneme {{IPA|/ʃ/}} via the acrophonic principle."corresponds etymologically (in part, at least) to original Semitic ''ṯ'' (th), which was pronounced ''s'' in South Canaanite" Albright, W. F., "The Early Alphabetic Inscriptions from Sinai and their Decipherment," Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 110 (1948), p. 15. The interpretation as "tooth" is now prevalent, but not entirely certain. The ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'' of 1972 reported that the letter represented a "composite bow". [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) did not have a {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" phoneme, so the derived Greek letter [Sigma](/source/Sigma_(letter)) ({{lang|grc|Σ}}) came to represent the [voiceless alveolar sibilant](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}}. While the letter shape Σ continues Phoenician ''šîn'', its name ''sigma'' is taken from the letter ''[Samekh](/source/Samekh)'', while the shape and position of ''samekh'' but name of ''šîn'' is continued in the ''[xi](/source/%CE%9E)''.{{citation needed|date=June 2017}} Within Greek, the name of ''sigma'' was influenced by its association with the Greek word {{lang|grc|σίζω}} (earlier {{Transliteration|grc|*sigj-}}), "to hiss". The original name of the letter "Sigma" may have been ''san'', but due to the early history of the Greek [epichoric alphabets](/source/Archaic_Greek_alphabets), "san" came to be identified as a separate letter, [Ϻ](/source/San_(letter)).Woodard, Roger D. (2006). "Alphabet". In Wilson, Nigel Guy. Encyclopedia of ancient Greece. London: Routldedge. p. 38. [Herodotus](/source/Herodotus) reported that "san" was the name given by the [Dorians](/source/Doric_Greek) to the same letter called "Sigma" by the [Ionians](/source/Ionic_Greek)."{{lang|grc|...τὠυτὸ γράμμα, τὸ Δωριέες μὲν σὰν καλέουσι ,Ἴωνες δὲ σίγμα}}" ('...the same letter, which the Dorians call "San", but the Ionians "Sigma"...'; Herodotus, ''[Histories](/source/Histories_(Herodotus))'' 1.139); cf. Nick Nicholas, [http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html ''Non-Attic letters''] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120628161421/http://www.tlg.uci.edu/~opoudjis/unicode/nonattic.html |date=2012-06-28 }}. The [Western Greek alphabet](/source/Western_Greek_alphabet) used in [Cumae](/source/Cumae) was adopted by the [Etruscans](/source/Etruscans) and [Latins](/source/Latins_(Italic_tribe)) in the 7th century BC, and over the following centuries, it developed into a range of [Old Italic alphabets](/source/Old_Italic_alphabets), including the [Etruscan alphabet](/source/Etruscan_alphabet) and the early [Latin alphabet](/source/Latin_alphabet). In [Etruscan](/source/Etruscan_language), the value {{IPA|/s/}} of Greek sigma (𐌔) was maintained, while san (𐌑) represented a separate phoneme, most likely {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" (transliterated as ''ś''). The early Latin alphabet adopted sigma, but not san, as Old Latin did not have a {{IPA|/ʃ/}} "sh" phoneme. The shape of Latin S arises from Greek Σ by dropping one out of the four strokes of that letter. The (angular) S-shape composed of three strokes existed as a variant of the four-stroke letter Σ already in the epigraphy of [Western Greek alphabets](/source/Archaic_Greek_alphabets), and the three and four strokes variants existed alongside one another in the classical Etruscan alphabet. In other [Italic alphabets](/source/Old_Italic_script) ([Venetic](/source/Venetic_language), [Lepontic](/source/Lepontic_language)), the letter could be represented as a zig-zagging line of any number between three and six strokes. The Italic letter was also adopted into [Elder Futhark](/source/Elder_Futhark), as ''[Sowilō](/source/Sowil%C5%8D)'' ({{script|Runr|ᛊ}}), and appears with four to eight strokes in the earliest runic inscriptions, but is occasionally reduced to three strokes ({{script|Runr|ᛋ}}) from the later 5th century, and appears regularly with three strokes in [Younger Futhark](/source/Younger_Futhark). The [{{angbr|sh}} digraph](/source/Sh_(digraph)) for English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} arose in Middle English (alongside [{{angbr|sch}}](/source/Sch_(trigraph))), replacing the Old English {{angbr|sc}} digraph. Similarly, Old High German {{angbr|sc}} was replaced by {{angbr|sch}} in Early Modern High German orthography. ===Long s=== [[File:Schwäbische Bastarda 1496 Schriftprobe Priesters Tochter.png|thumb|Late medieval German script (Swabian [bastarda](/source/bastarda), dated 1496) illustrating the use of long and round ''s'': ''prieſters tochter'' ("priest's daughter").]] {{main|Long s}} The [minuscule form](/source/lower_case) ſ, called the [long ''s''](/source/long_s), developed in the early medieval period, within the [Visigothic](/source/Visigothic_script) and [Carolingian](/source/Carolingian_minuscule) hands, with predecessors in the [half-uncial](/source/half-uncial) and [cursive](/source/Roman_cursive) scripts of [Late Antiquity](/source/Late_Antiquity). It remained standard in western writing throughout the medieval period and was adopted in early printing with movable types. It existed alongside minuscule "round" or "short" ''s'', which were at the time only used at the end of words. In most Western orthographies, the ſ gradually fell out of use during the second half of the 18th century, although it remained in occasional use into the 19th century. In Spain, the change was mainly accomplished between 1760 and 1766. In France, the change occurred between 1782 and 1793. Printers in the United States stopped using the long ''s'' between 1795 and 1810. In English orthography, the London printer [John Bell](/source/John_Bell_(publisher)) (1745–1831) pioneered the change. His edition of Shakespeare, in 1785, was advertised with the claim that he "ventured to depart from the common mode by rejecting the long 'ſ' in favor of the round one, as being less liable to error....."Stanley Morison, ''A Memoir of John Bell, 1745–1831'' (1930, Cambridge Univ. Press) page 105; Daniel Berkeley Updike, ''Printing Types, Their History, Forms, and Use – a study in survivals'' (2nd. ed, 1951, [Harvard University Press](/source/Harvard_University_Press)) page 293. [''The Times'' of London](/source/The_Times) made the switch from the long to the short ''s'' with its issue of 10 September 1803. [''Encyclopædia Britannica''](/source/History_of_the_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica)'s 5th edition, completed in 1817, was the last edition to use the long ''s''. In [German orthography](/source/German_orthography), long ''s'' was retained in [Fraktur](/source/Fraktur) ([Schwabacher](/source/Schwabacher)) type as well as in standard cursive ([Sütterlin](/source/S%C3%BCtterlin)) well into the 20th century, until official use of that typeface was abolished in 1941. [Order](/source/%3AFile%3ASchrifterlass_Antiqua1941.gif) of 3 January 1941 to all public offices, signed by [Martin Bormann](/source/Martin_Bormann). {{cite book |first=Albert |last=Kapr |title=Fraktur: Form und Geschichte der gebrochenen Schriften |location=Mainz |publisher=H. Schmidt |year=1993 |page=81 |isbn=3-87439-260-0 }} The [ligature](/source/Typographic_ligature) of ''ſs'' (or ''ſz'') was retained; however, it gave rise to the [Eszett](/source/Eszett) {{angbr|[ß](/source/%C3%9F)}} in contemporary German orthography. ==Use in writing systems== {| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" |+ Pronunciation of {{angbr|s}} by language ! [Orthography](/source/Orthography) ! [Phonemes](/source/Phoneme) |- ! [Catalan](/source/Catalan_orthography) | {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}} |- ! {{nwr|[Standard Chinese](/source/Standard_Chinese) ([Pinyin](/source/Pinyin))}} | {{IPAslink|s}} |- ! [English](/source/English_orthography) | {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, ''silent'' |- ! [French](/source/French_orthography) | {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, ''silent'' |- ! [German](/source/German_orthography) | {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|ʃ}} |- ! [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_orthography) | {{IPAslink|ʃ}} |- ! [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_orthography) | {{IPAslink|s}}, {{IPAslink|z}}, {{IPAslink|ʃ}}, {{IPAslink|ʒ}} |- ! [Spanish](/source/Spanish_orthography) | {{IPAslink|s}} |- ! [Turkish](/source/Turkish_alphabet) | {{IPAslink|s}} |} ===English=== In [English](/source/English_orthography), {{angbr|s}} represents a [voiceless alveolar sibilant](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}}. It also commonly represents a [voiced alveolar sibilant](/source/voiced_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/z/}}, as in 'rose' and 'bands'. Due to [yod-coalescence](/source/Phonological_history_of_English_consonant_clusters), it may also represent a [voiceless palato-alveolar fricative](/source/voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, as in 'sugar', or a [voiced palato-alveolar fricative](/source/voiced_palato-alveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʒ/}}, as in 'measure'. Final {{angbr|s}} is the usual mark for [plural](/source/plural) [noun](/source/noun)s. It is the regular ending of English [third person](/source/grammatical_person) [present tense](/source/present_tense) [verb](/source/verb)s. In some words of French origin, {{angbr|s}} is silent, as in 'isle' or 'debris'. The letter {{angbr|s}} is the seventh most common letter in [English](/source/English_language) and the third-most common consonant after {{angbr|t}} and {{angbr|n}}.{{Cite web |url=https://pi.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html |title=English Letter Frequency |access-date=2014-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140523074827/http://www.math.cornell.edu/~mec/2003-2004/cryptography/subs/frequencies.html |archive-date=2014-05-23 |url-status=live }} It is the most common letter for the first letter of a word in the English language.{{cite web|url=https://www3.nd.edu/~busiforc/handouts/cryptography/letterfrequencies.html|title=Letter Frequencies in the English Language|accessdate=July 2, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite web|url=https://funbutlearn.com/2012/06/which-english-letter-has-maximum-words.html|title=Which English Letter Has Maximum Words|date=June 25, 2012|access-date=2 July 2021|archive-date=9 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182307/https://funbutlearn.com/2012/06/which-english-letter-has-maximum-words.html|url-status=dead}} ===German=== In [German](/source/German_orthography), {{angbr|s}} represents: * A [voiced alveolar sibilant](/source/voiced_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/z/}} before vowels (except after [obstruent](/source/obstruent)s), as in 'sich'. * A [voiceless alveolar sibilant](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}} before consonants or when final, as in 'ist' and 'das'. * A [voiceless palato-alveolar fricative](/source/voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʃ/}} before {{angbr|p, t}} at the beginning of a word or syllable, as in 'spät' and 'Stadt'. When doubled ({{angbr|ss}}), it represents a [voiceless alveolar sibilant](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}}, as in 'müssen'. In the trigraph {{angbr|sch}}, it represents a [voiceless palato-alveolar fricative](/source/voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, as in 'schon'. ===Other languages=== In most languages that use the Latin alphabet, {{angbr|s}} represents the [voiceless alveolar](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) or [voiceless dental sibilant](/source/voiceless_dental_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}}. In many [Romance languages](/source/Romance_languages), it also represents the [voiced alveolar](/source/voiced_alveolar_sibilant) or [voiced dental sibilant](/source/voiced_dental_sibilant) {{IPA|/z/}}, as in [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language) ''mesa'' (table). In [Portuguese](/source/Portuguese_language), it may represent the [voiceless palato-alveolar fricative](/source/voiceless_palato-alveolar_fricative) {{IPA|/ʃ/}} in most [dialects](/source/Portuguese_dialects) when syllable-final, and {{IPA|[ʒ]}} in [European Portuguese](/source/European_Portuguese) ''Islão'' (Islam) or, in many sociolects of [Brazilian Portuguese](/source/Brazilian_Portuguese), ''esdrúxulo'' ([proparoxytone](/source/proparoxytone)). However, when the next word starts with a vowel, this {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is turned into {{IPAblink|z}} in all dialects. The former stadium of [FC Porto](/source/FC_Porto), [Estádio das Antas](/source/Est%C3%A1dio_das_Antas), was sometimes mispronounced with three instances of {{IPA|[ʃ]}} by foreign commentators, while the native pronunciation is {{IPA|[ɨʃˈtaðju ðɐz ˈɐ̃tɐʃ]}} (where a phonetic {{IPA|[ʃ]}} appears before a consonant and a pause, respectively). In Brazilian dialects without the retraction, {{angbr|s}} in ''das'' is pronounced the same in this phrase, {{IPA|[isˈtadʒiu daz ˈɐ̃tɐs]}}, with differences lying elsewhere. In some [Andalusian dialects](/source/Andalusian_Spanish) of Spanish, it merged with [Peninsular Spanish](/source/Peninsular_Spanish) {{angbr|c}} and {{angbr|z}} and is now pronounced {{IPA|/θ/}}. In [Hungarian](/source/Hungarian_language), it represents {{IPA|/ʃ/}}. In [Turkmen](/source/Turkmen_language), it represents {{IPA|/θ/}}. In several [Western Romance languages](/source/Western_Romance_languages), like [Spanish](/source/Spanish_language) and [French](/source/French_language), the final {{angbr|s}} is the usual mark of [plural](/source/plural) [noun](/source/noun)s. ===Other systems=== In the [International Phonetic Alphabet](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet), {{angbr|s}} represents the [voiceless alveolar sibilant](/source/voiceless_alveolar_sibilant) {{IPA|/s/}}. ==Other uses== {{main|S (disambiguation)}} * Used in a [chemical formula](/source/chemical_formula) to represent [sulfur](/source/sulfur). For example, {{chem|S|O|2}} is [sulfur dioxide](/source/sulfur_dioxide). * Used in the [preferred IUPAC name](/source/preferred_IUPAC_name) for a chemical to indicate a specific [enantiomer](/source/enantiomer). For example, "(S)-2-(4-Chloro-2-methylphenoxy)propanoic acid" is one of the enantiomers of [mecoprop](/source/mecoprop). ==Related characters== ===Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet=== *ſ : Latin letter [long s](/source/long_s), an obsolete variant of s *ẜ ẝ : Various forms of long s were used for medieval [scribal abbreviation](/source/scribal_abbreviation)s.{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|title=L2/06-027: Proposal to add Medievalist characters to the UCS|date=2006-01-30|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Peter|last2=Baker|first3=António|last3=Emiliano|first4=Florian|last4=Grammel|first5=Odd Einar|last5=Haugen|first6=Diana|last6=Luft|first7=Susana|last7=Pedro|first8=Gerd|last8=Schumacher|first9=Andreas|last9=Stötzner|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180919051622/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2006/06027-n3027-medieval.pdf|archive-date=2018-09-19|url-status=live}} *ẞ ß : [German Eszett](/source/%C3%9F) or "sharp S", derived from a ligature of long s followed by either s or z *S with [diacritic](/source/diacritic)s: [Ś ś](/source/%C5%9A) [Ṡ ṡ ẛ](/source/%E1%B9%A0) [Ṩ ṩ](/source/%E1%B9%A8) [Ṥ ṥ](/source/%E1%B9%A4) [Ṣ ṣ](/source/%E1%B9%A2) [S̩ s̩](/source/S%CC%A9) [Ꞩ ꞩ](/source/%EA%9E%A8) Ꟊ ꟊ{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19179-n5044-tau-gallicum.pdf|title=L2/19-179: Proposal for the addition of four Latin characters for Gaulish|date=2019-05-26|first1=Michael|last1=Everson|first2=Chris|last2=Lilley}} Ꟍ ꟍ{{cite web|title=L2/22-113R: Unicode request for two BMP Latin characters|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2022/22113r-two-latin-chars.pdf|date=2022-07-09|first=Kirk|last=Miller}} [Ŝ ŝ](/source/%C5%9C) [Ṧ ṧ](/source/%E1%B9%A6) [Š š](/source/%C5%A0) [Ş ş](/source/%C5%9E) [Ș ș](/source/S-comma) [S̈ s̈](/source/S%CC%88) [ᶊ](/source/%E1%B6%8A) [Ȿ ȿ](/source/%E2%B1%BE) ᵴ{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|title=L2/03-174R2: Proposal to Encode Phonetic Symbols with Middle Tilde in the UCS|date=2003-09-30|first=Peter|last=Constable|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011013938/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2003/03174r2-mid-tilde.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}} [ᶳ](/source/%E1%B6%B3){{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014355/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}} *{{not a typo|ₛ}} : Subscript small s was used in the [Uralic Phonetic Alphabet](/source/Uralic_Phonetic_Alphabet) prior to its formal standardization in 1902.{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09028-n3571-upa-additions.pdf|title=L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet|date=2009-01-27|first1=Klaas|last1=Ruppel|first2=Tero|last2=Aalto|first3=Michael|last3=Everson|access-date=2018-03-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011014359/http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2009/09028-n3571-upa-additions.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=live}} *{{not a typo|[ˢ](/source/%CB%A2)}} : Modifier letter small s is used for phonetic transcription. *ꜱ : Small capital S was used in the Icelandic [First Grammatical Treatise](/source/First_Grammatical_Treatise) to mark [gemination](/source/gemination). *꟱ : Modifier letter capital S is used as a phonetic and phonemic wildcard.{{cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24081-modifier-capital-s.pdf | title=L2/24-081: Unicode request for modifier capital S | date=2024-03-19 }} It is also used as a [tone sandhi](/source/tone_sandhi) letter in Western Highlands [Chatino](/source/Chatino_language) of Oaxaca. *Ʂ ʂ : S with hook, used for writing [Mandarin Chinese](/source/Mandarin_Chinese) using the early draft version of [pinyin](/source/pinyin) romanization during the mid-1950s{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17013-n4782-latin.pdf|title=L2/17-013: Proposal to encode three uppercase Latin letters used in early Pinyin|date=2017-01-16|first1=Andrew|last1=West|author-link=Andrew West (linguist)|first2=Eiso|last2=Chan|first3=Michael|last3=Everson|author-link3=Michael Everson|access-date=2019-03-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226054908/https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2017/17013-n4782-latin.pdf|archive-date=2018-12-26|url-status=live}} *Ƨ ƨ : Latin letter [reversed S](/source/%C6%A7) (used in [Zhuang](/source/Standard_Zhuang) transliteration) * 𝼩 : Latin small letter s with mid-height left hook was used by the [British and Foreign Bible Society](/source/British_and_Foreign_Bible_Society) in the early 20th century for [romanization](/source/romanization) of the [Malayalam](/source/Malayalam) language.{{Cite web|title=L2/21-156: Unicode request for legacy Malayalam|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21156-legacy-malayalam.pdf|date=2021-07-16|first1=Kirk|last1=Miller|first2=Neil|last2=Rees}} *[IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet)-specific symbols related to S: {{IPA link|ʃ}} {{IPA link|ɧ}}{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} {{IPA link|ʂ}} * Para-IPA version of the [IPA](/source/International_Phonetic_Alphabet) fricative ɕ:{{Cite web|title=L2/21-041: Unicode request for additional para-IPA letters|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21041-add-para-ipa-ltr.pdf|date=2021-01-11|first=Kirk|last=Miller}} 𝼞 𐞺 *Ꞅ ꞅ : [Insular](/source/Insular_script) S *Ꟗ ꟗ : Used in [Middle Scots](/source/Middle_Scots){{Cite web|title=L2/19-180R: Proposal to add two characters for Middle Scots to the UCS|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2019/19180r-n5045r-middle-scots-s.pdf|date=2019-04-25|first=Michael|last=Everson}} *Ꟙ ꟙ : Latin letter Sigmoid S was used in [medieval](/source/Middle_Ages) [palaeography](/source/palaeography){{Cite web|title=L2/20-269: Proposal to add two SIGMOID S characters for mediaeval palaeography|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20269-n5146-sigmoid-s.pdf|date=2020-10-01|first=Michael|last=Everson}} ===Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations=== [[File:Sortavala Coat of Arms.svg|thumb|upright|A letter S in the coat of arms of [Sortavala](/source/Sortavala)]] *$ : [Dollar sign](/source/Dollar_sign) *₷ : [Spesmilo](/source/Spesmilo) *§ : [Section sign](/source/%C2%A7) *{{not a typo|℠}} : [Service mark symbol](/source/Service_mark_symbol) *∫ : [Integral symbol](/source/Integral_symbol), short for [summation](/source/summation) (derived from long s) ===Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets=== * 𐤔 : [Semitic](/source/Phoenician_alphabet) letter [Shin](/source/Shin_(letter)), from which the following symbols originally derive: **[archaic Greek](/source/Archaic_Greek_alphabets) [Sigma](/source/Sigma) could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes ({{GrGl|Sigma normal}}), a three-stroke form resembling an angular Latin S ({{GrGl|Sigma Z-shaped}}) was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties, including the Attic and several "red" alphabets. ***Σ: [classical Greek](/source/Greek_alphabet) letter [Sigma](/source/Sigma) ****Ϲ ϲ: Greek [lunate sigma](/source/lunate_sigma) *****{{Script|Copt|Ⲥ ⲥ}} : [Coptic](/source/Coptic_alphabet) letter sima *****С с : [Cyrillic](/source/Cyrillic) letter [Es](/source/Es_(Cyrillic)), derived from a form of sigma ***𐌔 : [Old Italic](/source/Old_Italic_script) letter S, includes the variants also found in the archaic Greek letter ****S: [Latin](/source/Latin_alphabet) letter S ****{{Script|Runr|ᛊ, ᛋ, ᛌ}} : [Runic](/source/Runes) letter [sowilo](/source/Sowil%C5%8D), which is derived from Old Italic S ***{{Script|Goth|𐍃}}: [Gothic](/source/Gothic_alphabet) letter sigil * Ս : [Armenian letter](/source/Armenian_alphabet) [Se](/source/Se_(letter)) ==Other representations== ===Computing === * {{unichar| 0053}} * {{unichar| 0073 }} * {{unichar| FF33 |nlink=Half-width and full-width forms}} * {{unichar| FF53 }} ===Other representations=== {{Letter other reps |NATO=Sierra |Morse=··· |Character=S |Braille=⠎ |fingerspelling=S }} {{clear}} ==See also== * [Cool S](/source/Cool_S) * Ⓢ in [Enclosed Alphanumerics](/source/Enclosed_Alphanumerics) ==Notes== {{Notelist}} == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *{{Commons-inline|S}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|S}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|s}} *{{Cite NSRW|short=x|wstitle=S}} {{Latin alphabet|S|}} Category:ISO basic Latin letters --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [S](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.