# Rugrats

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This article is about the original 1991 TV series. For other uses, see [Rugrats (disambiguation)](/source/Rugrats_(disambiguation)).

***Rugrats*** is an American [animated television series](/source/Animated_television_series) created by [Arlene Klasky](/source/Arlene_Klasky), [Gábor Csupó](/source/G%C3%A1bor_Csup%C3%B3) and [Paul Germain](/source/Paul_Germain) of [Klasky Csupo Inc.](/source/Klasky_Csupo) for [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon). The series focuses on a group of [toddlers](/source/Toddler), most prominently [Tommy Pickles](/source/Tommy_Pickles), [Chuckie Finster](/source/List_of_Rugrats_characters#Chuckie) and twins [Phil](/source/List_of_Rugrats_characters#Phil_and_Lil) and [Lil DeVille](/source/List_of_Rugrats_characters#Phil_and_Lil) and their day-to-day lives, usually involving life experiences that become much greater adventures in the imaginations of the main characters.[1][2]

The series premiered on August 11, 1991. It is the second of the original three Nickelodeon animated series known as "[Nicktoons](/source/Nicktoons)", after *[Doug](/source/Doug_(TV_series))* and before *[The Ren & Stimpy Show](/source/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show)*. The series initially lasted for 65 episodes spanning three seasons. Production was then halted, and Germain left Klasky Csupo Inc. in 1993 with the last episode airing on November 12, 1994. In 1995 and 1996, two [Jewish](/source/Judaism)-themed specials premiered, "[A Rugrats Passover](/source/A_Rugrats_Passover)" and "[A Rugrats Chanukah](/source/A_Rugrats_Chanukah)", respectively. During this time, after the end of its original run, *Rugrats* began to receive a boost in ratings and popularity due to frequent [reruns](/source/Reruns) on Nickelodeon.

In 1996, Klasky Csupo Inc. began producing new episodes with a new writing staff, and the series' fourth season began airing in 1997. As a result of its popularity, a [series of theatrical films](/source/Rugrats_(film_series)) were released over the next five years: *[The Rugrats Movie](/source/The_Rugrats_Movie)*, which introduced Tommy's younger brother [Dil](/source/Dil_Pickles), was released in 1998; *[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie](/source/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie)*, which introduced Chuckie's stepmother Kira and his stepsister Kimi, was released in 2000; and *[Rugrats Go Wild](/source/Rugrats_Go_Wild)*, a [crossover](/source/Crossover_(fiction)) film with another Klasky Csupo series, *[The Wild Thornberrys](/source/The_Wild_Thornberrys)*, was released in 2003.

On July 21, 2001, Nickelodeon broadcast the TV special *[All Growed Up](/source/All_Growed_Up)* to celebrate the 10th [anniversary](/source/Anniversary) of the series. The special would eventually be considered a [pilot](/source/Pilot_Episode) for the *Rugrats* [sequel](/source/Sequel) series *[All Grown Up!](/source/All_Grown_Up!)*, which aired from 2003 to 2008. It chronicles the lives of the characters after they age 10 years. The final episode of *Rugrats* aired on August 1, 2004, bringing the series to a total of 172 episodes over nine seasons. Two direct-to-video specials were released in 2005 and 2006 under the moniker *Rugrats Tales from the Crib*. A spin-off series, *[Rugrats Pre-School Daze](/source/Rugrats_Pre-School_Daze)*, aired four episodes in 2008.

The 13-year run ties *Rugrats* with *[King of the Hill](/source/King_of_the_Hill)* as the [eighth-longest-running American animated television series](/source/List_of_longest-running_American_television_series). *Rugrats* is Nickelodeon's third longest-running animated series, behind *[SpongeBob SquarePants](/source/SpongeBob_SquarePants)* and *[The Fairly OddParents](/source/The_Fairly_OddParents)*, and one of the [longest-running animated series](/source/List_of_animated_television_series_by_episode_count) overall. Until *SpongeBob SquarePants* aired its 173rd episode in 2012, *Rugrats* was Nickelodeon's longest-running cartoon.

*Rugrats* gained over 20 awards, including four [Daytime Emmy Awards](/source/Daytime_Emmy_Award), six [Kids' Choice Awards](/source/Kids'_Choice_Awards), and its own star on the [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/source/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame). The series anchored Nickelodeon as the network's top-rated series from 1995 to 2001. Tie-in media for the series include video games, comics, toys, and various other merchandise.

A [reboot of the series](/source/Rugrats_(2021_TV_series)) [executive-produced](/source/Executive_producer) by the original creative team of Klasky, Csupó, and Germain premiered on [Paramount+](/source/Paramount%2B) in 2021.

## Premise

### Characters

Main article: [List of Rugrats characters](/source/List_of_Rugrats_characters)

The series focuses on the experiences of a courageous, adventurous one-year-old baby named [Tommy Pickles](/source/Tommy_Pickles) and his group of playmates – several other [infants](/source/Infant) and toddlers, some of whom debuted later in the series. His playmates include [Chuckie](/source/Chuckie_Finster), Tommy's bespectacled, red-headed, insecure, cowardly two-year-old best friend, the twins [Phil and Lil](/source/Phil_and_Lil), Tommy's next-door neighbors noted for their revolting eccentricities, Tommy's baby brother [Dil](/source/Dil_Pickles), who was born in *[The Rugrats Movie](/source/The_Rugrats_Movie)*, [Angelica](/source/Angelica_Pickles), Tommy and Dil's outrageously spoiled and selfish three-year-old cousin who is a "rival" of his friends, [Kimi](/source/Kimi_Finster), Chuckie's adventurous, playful stepsister (later his adopted sister in the seventh-season episode "Finsterella") who is introduced in *[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie](/source/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie)*, and [Susie](/source/Susie_Carmichael), a good-hearted neighbor of the Pickles family, who protects the babies from Angelica, with whom she often butts heads.

The other characters depicted in *Rugrats* include the babies' parents, grandparents, and pets. Parental figures include [Didi](/source/Didi_Pickles) and [Stu Pickles](/source/Stu_Pickles), Tommy and Dil's mother and father, [Chas Finster](/source/Chas_Finster), Chuckie's mild-mannered father, [Kira](/source/Kira_Finster), Chuckie's sweet-natured, kind and understanding stepmother (later his adopted mother) whom Chas marries in *Rugrats in Paris: The Movie*, [Drew Pickles](/source/Drew_Pickles), Angelica's indulgent and doting father, [Charlotte Pickles](/source/Charlotte_Pickles), Angelica's [workaholic](/source/Workaholic) mother, [Betty DeVille](/source/Betty_DeVille), Phil and Lil's easy-going yet boisterous [feminist](/source/Feminism) mother, and [Howard DeVille](/source/Howard_Deville), the twins' mild-mannered and soft-spoken father. Grandparents include [Lou Pickles](/source/Lou_Pickles), Drew and Stu's father and Tommy, Angelica, and Dil's grandfather, Lulu, Lou's second elderly wife that appeared in later seasons of the series, and Didi's parents, Boris and Minka, who are [Jewish](/source/Jews) immigrants. The Pickles family also own a dog named [Spike](/source/Spike_(Rugrats)) and a cat belonging to Angelica named Fluffy.

In the series, babies talk to each other whenever adults are either not around, or are not paying attention.[3] The babies have a limited understanding of the world. Toddlers Angelica and Susie talk to the babies as well and also communicate with adults, as they act as a bridge between the two worlds.[3]

### Setting

Many of the adventures in which the babies find themselves take place at Tommy's house; the parents usually rely on Didi, Stu, or Grandpa Lou (Stu’s father) to babysit the kids while they run errands. Their address is revealed on an invoice in the season one episode "Tommy's First Birthday" as 1258 N. Highland, the original address of Klasky Csupo in Los Angeles.[4] However, the specific city or state is never mentioned in the series. Several indicators, such as a state flag at a post office, license plate designs on the vehicles, and various trips to the [Grand Canyon](/source/Grand_Canyon), [Las Vegas](/source/Las_Vegas_Valley), and the beach, place the characters somewhere in [southern California](/source/Southern_California).[5][6][7]

The location is also hinted at during the season one episode "Little Dude" when Didi, who is a teacher, takes Tommy to her class at Eucaipah High School, referencing the city of [Yucaipa, California](/source/Yucaipa,_California).[8] It has been implied that this ambiguity was done intentionally to help give the impression of seeing the world through the eyes of the babies, who would not understand the concept of location. The DeVilles live next door to the Pickles and, midway through the second season, the Carmichaels move in across the street.[9][10]

## Episodes

Main article: [List of Rugrats episodes](/source/List_of_Rugrats_episodes)

During the first six seasons of *Rugrats*, episodes were primarily divided into two eleven-minute segments. After the second movie, during season seven, *Rugrats* aired with a format of three seven-minute segments per episode, though it returned to its original format in the final two seasons.[11]

## Production

Episodes took up to a year in advance to produce. After the episode's story was written and approved, the next phase consisted of voice recording, storyboarding, pre-eliminating animation, overseas production, overseas delivery, followed by editing and polishing.[11]

### Development

*Rugrats* was formed by the then-husband-and-wife duo of [Gábor Csupó](/source/G%C3%A1bor_Csup%C3%B3) and [Arlene Klasky](/source/Arlene_Klasky), along with [Paul Germain](/source/Paul_Germain) in the summer of 1989.[12][3] Klasky Csupo had a major animation firm at the time which also provided services for commercials and music videos. Klasky, Csupó, and Germain were also animating *[The Simpsons](/source/The_Simpsons)* for [Matt Groening](/source/Matt_Groening) at the time, which they would continue to do until 1992 when the series' producer [James L. Brooks](/source/James_L._Brooks) and his company [Gracie Films](/source/Gracie_Films) switched domestic production to [Film Roman](/source/Film_Roman). The trio decided to create their own series in reaction to a proclamation by the children's cable network Nickelodeon that they were to launch their own line of animated series, which would be later called "Nicktoons".[13] The network's Vice President of Animation [Vanessa Coffey](/source/Vanessa_Coffey) approached them to create a pilot for their new series. With the comedic stimulation branching from the antics of Klasky and Csupó's infant children and pulling inspiration from The Beatles, the 61⁄2–minute pilot episode, "[Tommy Pickles and the Great White Thing](/source/List_of_Rugrats_episodes)" (which never aired), was released on DVD by [Paramount Home Entertainment](/source/Paramount_Home_Entertainment) in 2001.

[Peter Chung](/source/Peter_Chung), along with Klasky and Csupó, co-designed the characters and directed the series pilot, as well as the opening sequence. In a *Decider* article, Chung said, "He [Gábor] wanted the babies to be 'strange' instead of 'cute.'"[14][13] The production was completed in 1990, and they submitted it to Nickelodeon, who tested it with an audience of children. The feedback for the pilot episode was primarily positive. With that, Coffey and then-network president [Geraldine Laybourne](/source/Geraldine_Laybourne) greenlit the series. Chuckie and Angelica were added as characters. Following the success of its first season, Nickelodeon renewed the series for its second season in November 1991.[15]

Germain, who felt that the series needed a bully, based Angelica on a girl bully from his childhood and decided the character would be a spoiled brat. Klasky initially disliked Angelica and also protested her actions in episodes like "Barbecue Story", where she throws Tommy's ball over the fence. In a *[New Yorker](/source/The_New_Yorker)* article, Klasky said, "I think she's a bully. I never liked Angelica."[9] Klasky disdained Angelica and never fully approved of her character development. Angelica became problematic for some *Rugrats* staff. When her voice actress, Cheryl Chase, had problems portraying a mean Angelica, [Steve Viksten](/source/Steve_Viksten), one of the writers, would mention that Angelica was the series' [J. R. Ewing](/source/J._R._Ewing). After seeing Angelica in *The Rugrats Movie*, Klasky commented, "I think she's great for the show; I love Angelica."[16]

### Writing

According to Germain, when the series was first conceived, the rule was that babies can really talk, but keep it a secret from adults. Such as the unaired pilot in which the babies wait for adults to leave the room before speaking to each other. However, the rules quickly began to evolve, and the babies became a metaphor for children of all ages. During production of the first season in June 1991, Germain and his fellow writers would argue among themselves over whether the adults could not understand the babies' talking, or whether the babies only spoke to each other when adults were not around.[17] During the first season, they tried a little of both, although later in the season, the writers would have the babies talk to each other while adults were in the same room, as long as there was a lot of space between them. By the end of the season, the writers allowed the babies to talk to each other while in their strollers as long as adults were not in the same shot.[3]

### Voice actors

Through its full run, *Rugrats* had a steady array of main voice actors. [E. G. Daily](/source/E._G._Daily) voices [Tommy Pickles](/source/Tommy_Pickles), except in the unaired pilot where Tami Holbrook provides the voice; [Christine Cavanaugh](/source/Christine_Cavanaugh) originally voiced Chuckie Finster, but Cavanaugh left the series for personal reasons and was subsequently replaced by [Nancy Cartwright](/source/Nancy_Cartwright) near the end of 2001. The fraternal twins, Phil and Lil, and their mother, Betty, are voiced by [Kath Soucie](/source/Kath_Soucie); Dil Pickles and Timmy McNulty are voiced by [Tara Strong](/source/Tara_Strong). [Cheryl Chase](/source/Cheryl_Chase_(actress)), who initially auditioned for the role of Tommy, was brought on board to be cast as the voice of [Angelica Pickles](/source/Angelica_Pickles). [Dionne Quan](/source/Dionne_Quan) voices Kimi Finster. Susie is voiced by [Cree Summer](/source/Cree_Summer) except for two episodes when Summer was unavailable, and Daily filled in for her instead.[18] Other regular voice actors include [Jack Riley](/source/Jack_Riley_(actor)) as Stu Pickles, [Melanie Chartoff](/source/Melanie_Chartoff) as Didi Pickles and Grandma Minka Kropotkin, [Michael Bell](/source/Michael_Bell_(actor)) as Drew Pickles, Chas Finster and Grandpa Boris Kropotkin, [Tress MacNeille](/source/Tress_MacNeille) as Charlotte Pickles, [Phil Proctor](/source/Phil_Proctor) as Howard DeVille, Julia Kato as Kira Finster, [Hattie Winston](/source/Hattie_Winston) as Dr. Lucy Carmichael, [Ron Glass](/source/Ron_Glass) as Randy Carmichael and [David Doyle](/source/David_Doyle) as Grandpa Lou Pickles until his death in 1997,[19] after which [Joe Alaskey](/source/Joe_Alaskey) took over until the series' end. In 2000, [Debbie Reynolds](/source/Debbie_Reynolds) joined the cast as Lulu Pickles, Lou's second wife, and remained until the series' end.

### Animation

Overseas animation for the series was done at [Wang Film Productions](/source/Wang_Film_Productions) for the pilot and its first-season, and [Anivision](/source/Anivision) and [Sunwoo Entertainment](/source/Sunwoo_Entertainment) for the rest of the series. It was followed by editing and polishing before its master tapes were sent to [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon).[20]

### Music

The theme song for *Rugrats* is composed by [Mark Mothersbaugh](/source/Mark_Mothersbaugh), who also composed the main music for the series, along with Denis M. Hannigan, Rusty Andrews, and his brother [Bob Mothersbaugh](/source/Bob_Mothersbaugh).

## Themes

*Rugrats* visualizes ordinary, everyday activities through the eyes of a group of toddlers. Using their imaginations, the babies transform routine tasks into surprising adventures. The babies, having a limited understanding of the world, constantly mispronounce words and use improper grammar. Challenges often emerge because the babies misinterpret the adults, usually caused by Angelica's deceptive translations. The grown-ups of *Rugrats* are simultaneously quirky, over-cautious, and oblivious. The series portrays adults as mysterious eccentrics. Episodes usually center on a [moral lesson](/source/Morality) that the babies learn during their imaginative explorations.

## Release

### Broadcast

*Rugrats* was Nickelodeon's second [Nicktoon](/source/Nicktoons), debuting on the same day as *[Doug](/source/Doug_(TV_series))* (which premiered before it) and *[The Ren & Stimpy Show](/source/The_Ren_%26_Stimpy_Show)* (which debuted after). After the first run of the series, which was produced from 1990 to 1993, production went on a hiatus, co-creator/co-writer [Paul Germain](/source/Paul_Germain) left the series,[3] and episodes that had not yet aired continued to be released through 1994. In 1995 and 1996, two Jewish-themed specials premiered; "[A Rugrats Passover](/source/A_Rugrats_Passover)" and "[A Rugrats Chanukah](/source/A_Rugrats_Chanukah)", respectively, and the rest of the series aired in reruns. Production on new episodes restarted in 1996 with a new writing staff,[21] and the series aired in Nickelodeon's [SNICK](/source/SNICK) block from 1997 to 2001. From 1994 until 2012, *Rugrats* was the longest-running Nickelodeon animated series, with 172 episodes produced across its 13-year run. This record was surpassed in 2012 by *[SpongeBob SquarePants](/source/SpongeBob_SquarePants)* with the episode "Squiditis/Demolition Doofus".[22]

On July 21, 2001, in celebration of its 10th anniversary, Nickelodeon aired the television special *[All Growed Up](/source/All_Growed_Up)*, which featured the characters ten years older. After the special, the network aired a retrospective titled *Rugrats: Still Babies After All These Years*, narrated by [Amanda Bynes](/source/Amanda_Bynes). Because of the special's ratings and popularity, Nickelodeon commissioned *[All Grown Up!](/source/All_Grown_Up!)*, a series about the characters after they have aged up, which ran from 2003 to 2008. *Rugrats* ended on August 1, 2004.[23][9]

### Home media

From 1993 to 1996, Nickelodeon Home Video and [Sony Wonder](/source/Sony_Wonder) released six VHS tapes of the series.

Nickelodeon and [Amazon.com](/source/Amazon.com) struck a deal to produce DVDs of new and old Nickelodeon shows, through the [CreateSpace](/source/CreateSpace) service. Using a concept similar to [print on demand](/source/Print_on_demand), Amazon manufactures the discs, cover art, and disc art itself. The first and second seasons of *Rugrats* were released on June 2, 2009, along with the first and second seasons of *[The Fairly OddParents](/source/The_Fairly_OddParents)* (although the *Rugrats* Season 2 was released in a "Best of" collection).[24] Season 3 and 4 were released on September 23, 2011, through the CreateSpace program.[25] Season 5 was released shortly after on October 4.[26] On October 6, 2011, the complete Seasons 6–8 were released through CreateSpace, and Season 9 was released in a "Best of" collection.[27] Amazon re-released seasons 2 & 9 as complete seasons on May 9, 2014.[28] As of February 2017, the Amazon.com releases have been discontinued.[29]

In May 2017, Nickelodeon and [Paramount Home Media Distribution](/source/Paramount_Home_Media_Distribution) released Seasons 1 and 2 on DVD.[30] In February 2018, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Media Distribution released Seasons 3 and 4 on DVD.[31] On May 18, 2021, Nickelodeon and Paramount Home Entertainment released *Rugrats: The Complete Series* on DVD.[32]

In Australia, all seasons have been released by [Beyond Home Entertainment](/source/Beyond_International).

Rugrats home media releases Season Title Format Release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 rowspan=8 style="background:#FF5F5F| 1 Road Trip VHS June 13, 1995 Tommy Troubles VHS October 15, 1996 February 25, 1997 October 7, 1997 September 8, 1998 Tales from the Crib VHS August 31, 1993 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 A Baby's Gotta Do What a Baby's Gotta Do VHS August 31, 1993 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 Season 1 DVD June 2, 2009 December 4, 2013 May 2, 2017 Outdoor Shenanigans! DVD July 8, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021[32] October 31, 2017 rowspan=16 style="background:#FF7F00| 2 Mushfest VHS January 18, 1994 Tommy Troubles VHS October 15, 1996 February 25, 1997 October 7, 1997 Tales from the Crib VHS August 31, 1993 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 A Baby's Gotta Do What a Baby's Gotta Do VHS August 31, 1993 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 Chuckie the Brave VHS April 12, 1994 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 September 8, 1998 The Santa Experience VHS August 30, 1994 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 September 8, 1998 August 29, 2000 (English/French/Spanish) Angelica the Divine VHS April 12, 1994 October 15, 1996 October 7, 1997 September 8, 1998 Grandpa's Favorite Stories VHS February 25, 1997 October 7, 1997 Diapered Duo VHS January 13, 1998 Mommy Mania VHS April 7, 1998 Decade in Diapers: Volume 1 VHS August 7, 2001 Decade in Diapers DVD September 24, 2002 Nick Picks Holiday DVD September 26, 2006 Season 2 DVD May 9, 2014 December 4, 2013 May 2, 2017 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=8 style="background:#FFFF00| 3 Phil and Lil, Double Trouble VHS October 15, 1996 February 25, 1997 October 7, 1997 Passover VHS February 20, 1996 October 15, 1996 Grandpa's Favorite Stories VHS February 25, 1997 October 7, 1997 Bedtime Bash VHS October 7, 1997 Thanksgiving VHS October 21, 1997 September 8, 1998 Season 3 DVD September 23, 2011 April 2, 2014 February 6, 2018 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=10 style="background:#00FF00| 4 Vacation VHS July 8, 1997 August 29, 2000 (English/French/Spanish) Thanksgiving VHS October 21, 1997 Chanukah VHS October 7, 1997 Mommy Mania VHS April 7, 1998 Angelica Knows Best VHS June 9, 1998 Decade in Diapers DVD September 24, 2002 Holiday Celebration DVD August 31, 2004[33] Season 4 DVD September 23, 2011 June 4, 2014 February 6, 2018 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=3 style="background:#0000FF| 5 Dr. Tommy Pickles VHS January 13, 1998 August 29, 2000 (English/French/Spanish) Season 5 DVD October 4, 2011 June 4, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=12 style="background:#800080| 6 Runaway Reptar VHS August 3, 1999 Make Room for Dil VHS October 5, 1999 I Think I Like You VHS January 11, 2000 Discover America VHS May 5, 2000 Decade in Diapers: Volume 1 VHS August 7, 2001 Decade in Diapers DVD September 24, 2002 The Show Must Go On! DVD September 27, 2004 VHS Season 6 DVD October 6, 2011 June 4, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 Outdoor Shenanigans! DVD July 8, 2014 Reptar Returns! DVD rowspan=6 style="background:#FFC0CB| 7 Decade in Diapers: Volume 2 VHS August 7, 2001 Kwanzaa VHS September 25, 2001 Decade in Diapers DVD September 24, 2002 Nick Picks #1 DVD May 5, 2005 Season 7 DVD October 6, 2011 December 3, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=11 style="background:#F857BA| 8 All Growed Up VHS August 7, 2001 Easter VHS February 5, 2002 Halloween VHS August 27, 2002 September 20, 2011[34] DVD September 20, 2011 Mysteries DVD January 28, 2003 VHS Nicktoons Halloween DVD August 26, 2003 Halloween Spooky Stories DVD October 17, 2005 Nick Picks #2 DVD October 18, 2005 Season 8 DVD October 6, 2011 December 3, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017 rowspan=18 style="background:#8A4500| 9 Christmas VHS September 24, 2002 Nicktoons Christmas DVD September 30, 2003 Holiday Celebration DVD August 31, 2004 Season 9 DVD May 9, 2014 December 3, 2014 The Complete Series DVD May 18, 2021 October 31, 2017

Other releases Title Episode count Movie count Release date Episodes style="background:#ffffff| The Trilogy Movie Collection 0 3 March 15, 2011 (DVD)[35] March 8, 2022 (Blu-ray)[36][37] Disc 1: The Rugrats Movie Disc 2: Rugrats in Paris: The Movie Disc 3: Rugrats Go Wild

### Streaming

As of March 4, 2021, all seasons are available on [Paramount+](/source/Paramount%2B).[38]

## Reception

### Ratings

In 1994, "[A Rugrats Passover](/source/A_Rugrats_Passover)" received a [Nielsen](/source/Nielsen_Rating) rating of 3.1, with a 4.8% share of American audiences, making it the sixth most-watched cable telecast that week.[39] In 1996, *Rugrats* episodes had aired 655 times over the course of the calendar year, and it remained one of cable television's most-watched series that year.[40] In February 1996, *Rugrats* reached a record of 19.1 million viewers per week, becoming the highest-rated kids program on cable.[41] In November 1996, the series surpassed itself with 20.8 million viewers per week.[41] In December 1996, "[A Rugrats Chanukah](/source/A_Rugrats_Chanukah)" received a Nielsen rating of 7.9 in the show's target demographic of children aged 2–11.[42]

On November 10, 1998, the fourth-season episode "The Turkey Who Came to Dinner" became Nickelodeon's highest-rated program, with a Nielsen rating of 9.4, which totaled 3.7 million viewers among kids 2-11.[43] On January 18, 1999, it was surpassed by the sixth-season episodes "Chuckie's Duckling" and "A Dog's Life", all of which earned a 13.8 Nielsen rating.[44] On July 21, 2001, the series' special "[All Growed Up](/source/All_Growed_Up)" became Nickelodeon's highest-rated program among kids 2-11, earning a Nielsen rating of 20.4 with a 70% share.[45] It remains as the series' highest-rated episode.

### Critical reception and legacy

In a 1995 interview, [Steven Spielberg](/source/Steven_Spielberg) referred to the series as one of several shows that were the best children's programming at the time. Spielberg described *Rugrats* as "sort of a TV *[Peanuts](/source/Peanuts)* of our time".[46] *Rugrats* was also considered a strong point in [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon)'s rise in the 1990s.[47][48][49][50] In a press release celebrating the series' 10th anniversary, [Cyma Zarghami](/source/Cyma_Zarghami) stated, "During the past decade, *Rugrats* has evolved from a ratings powerhouse, being the number one children's show on TV, to pop icon status. It has secured a place in the hearts of both kids and adults, who see it from their own point of view".[51] According to Nickelodeon producers, this series made them the number-one cable channel in the 1990s.[52] [Jeff Jarvis](/source/Jeff_Jarvis) reviewed *Rugrats* and stated, "When *[The Simpsons](/source/The_Simpsons)* was a segment on *[The Tracey Ullman Show](/source/The_Tracey_Ullman_Show)*, it was just a belch joke with hip pretensions. As a series, it grew flesh and guts. It was my favorite cartoon. Until I discovered Nickelodeon's *Rugrats*, a sardonic, sly, kid's-eye view of the world that skewers thirty-something parents and [Cosby kids](/source/The_Cosby_Show)."[53]

### Controversy

*Rugrats* was noteworthy among contemporary children's television for depicting observant, identifiable Jewish families.[54] Jewish, [Christian](/source/Christians), and [Muslim](/source/Muslims) religious groups gave the series high praises for their special holiday episodes. Nonetheless, at one point the [Anti-Defamation League](/source/Anti-Defamation_League) and *[The Washington Post](/source/The_Washington_Post)* editorial page castigated the series for its depiction of Tommy Pickles' maternal grandparents, accusing their character designs of resembling [Nazi-era](/source/Nazi_Germany) [depictions](/source/Themes_in_Nazi_propaganda#Jews) of Jews.[54]

### Awards and nominations

Year Association Award category Nominee Result 1992 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Program 1993 Outstanding Animated Children's Program 1994 CableAce Animated Programming Special or Series Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Children's Program 1995 Annie Award Best Individual Achievement for Writing in the Field of Animation Episode: "A Rugrats Passover" Humanitas Prize Children's Animation Category Episode: "I Remember Melville" CableAce Animated Programming Special or Series Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding in Animation Outstanding Animated Children's Program Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or Less) "A Rugrats Passover" 1996 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55] 1997 Annie Award Best Animated Home Entertainment Production[56] A Rugrats Vacation Emmy Award Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming One Hour or Less)[57] "Mother's Day" Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55] Young Artist Awards Best Performance in a Voiceover Charity Sanoy for "Dust Bunnies"/"Educating Angelica" CableAce Best Writing in a Children's Special Or Series Episode: "Mother's Day" 1998 Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55] Humanitas Prize Children's Animation Category Episode: "Mother's Day" 1999 Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Program[57] Genesis Award Television – Children's Programming Episode: "The Turkey That Came to Dinner" Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55][58] Humanitas Prize Children's Animation Category Episode: "Autumn Leaves" TV Guide Award Favorite Children's Show World Animation Celebration Best Director of Animation for a Daytime Series Episode: "Naked Tommy" Kids Choice Awards Favorite Movie[55] The Rugrats Movie Cable Guide Favorite Cartoon 2000 Artios Award Best Casting for Animated Voice Over – Television Kid's Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55] Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Program[57] TV Guide Award Favorite Children's Show 2001 Artios Award Best Casting for Animated Voice Over – Television Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Program[57] Kids' Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon[55] Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in Children's Programming Jewish Image Awards Outstanding Achievement 2002 Artios Award Best Casting for Animated Voice Over – Television Episode: "Cynthia Comes Alive" Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Program[57] Special: "All Growed Up" Kid's Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon BMI Cable Award 2003 Artios Award Best Casting for Animated Voice Over – Television Episode: "Babies in Toyland" Kid's Choice Awards Favorite Cartoon Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Animated Program BMI Cable Award 2004 Daytime Emmy Award Outstanding Children's Animated Program

### Honors

On June 28, 2001, in commemoration of their tenth anniversary, *Rugrats* received a star on the fabled [Hollywood Walk of Fame](/source/Hollywood_Walk_of_Fame), making it Nickelodeon's first series to receive a star. It was placed at 6600 W. Hollywood Blvd., near Cherokee Ave., outside a toy and costume shop.[59] In the October 2001 issue of *[Wizard Magazine](/source/Wizard_(magazine))*, a leading magazine for comic book fans, they released the results of the "100 Greatest Toons ever", as selected by their readers; *Rugrats* ranked at No. 35. Three other Nicktoons—*SpongeBob SquarePants*, *[Invader Zim](/source/Invader_Zim)*, and *Ren and Stimpy*—also placed on the list.[60] In a list of TV Land's "The 2000 Best Things About Television", ranking the all-time TV shows, channels, commercials, people, catch phrases, etc., *Rugrats* is ranked No. 699.[61]

The original series was named the 92nd-best animated series by [IGN](/source/IGN).[62] Angelica Pickles placed seventh in *TV Guide'*s list of "Top 50 Greatest Cartoon Characters of All Time" in 2002.[63] On September 24, 2013, in honor of their 60th anniversary, *Rugrats* earned a spot on *TV Guide'*s "60 Greatest Cartoons of All Time" list.[64] In 2017, James Charisma of *[Paste](/source/Paste_(magazine))* ranked the series' opening sequence #11 on a list of *The 75 Best TV Title Sequences of All Time*.[65]

## Franchise

Main article: [Rugrats (franchise)](/source/Rugrats_(franchise))

### Films

Further information: [Rugrats (film series)](/source/Rugrats_(film_series))

In 1998, *[The Rugrats Movie](/source/The_Rugrats_Movie)* was released, which introduced Dil, Tommy's little brother, to the series. Its worldwide gross was $140.9 million against a $24 million budget, though it received mixed reviews from critics. In 2000, a sequel, *[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie](/source/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie)*, was released, with three new characters introduced, Kimi, Kira, and Fifi. Kimi would become Chuckie's sister and Kira would become his new mother, after marrying his father. Fifi would become Spike's new mate and Chuckie's new dog. It too was a box office success and also received a more positive critical reception. In 2003, *[Rugrats Go Wild](/source/Rugrats_Go_Wild)* was released. It was a crossover between the *Rugrats* and *[The Wild Thornberrys](/source/The_Wild_Thornberrys)*.[66] It was the least successful *Rugrats* film both critically and commercially. The *Rugrats* film trilogy has grossed $299.6 million.[citation needed] In July 2018, Paramount announced that Rugrats would release a live-action movie on January 29, 2021. However, in November 2019, Paramount decided to pull the movie from its schedule with no explanation given.[67] In October 2024, it was announced that a new live-action hybrid film was in the works from Paramount and Jason Moore.[68]

### Live action film

On July 16, 2018, It was announced that Paramount Pictures had greenlit a live-action/CGI hybrid feature film which was last set for a January 29, 2021 release date.[67] Originally, it had been set for a November 13, 2020 release, and then was pushed back, with *[Clifford the Big Red Dog](/source/Clifford_the_Big_Red_Dog_(film))* taking its old slot.[69][70] But on November 12, 2019, the live-action/CGI hybrid film was removed from Paramount's release schedule.[67] In October 2024, it was announced that the film was back on track at Paramount with [Jason Moore](/source/Jason_Moore_(director)) on board to direct with [Mikey Day](/source/Mikey_Day) and [Streeter Seidell](/source/Streeter_Seidell) setting to pen the script.[68][71]

### Spin-offs and reboot

See also: [All Grown Up!](/source/All_Grown_Up!) and [Rugrats (2021 TV series)](/source/Rugrats_(2021_TV_series))

*Rugrats Pre-School Daze*, also known as *Angelica and Susie's School Daze*, is a [spin-off](/source/Spin-off_(media)) that follows Angelica Pickles and Susie Carmichael as [preschool](/source/Preschool) students. [Arlene Klasky](/source/Arlene_Klasky) and [Gábor Csupó](/source/G%C3%A1bor_Csup%C3%B3) were its creators and [executive producers](/source/Executive_producer).[72] It was announced in 2001 as the first spin-off for *Rugrats*, and initially received a 13-episode order.[73] Though it was reportedly a "highly-anticipated" part of the March 2002 [upfront presentation](/source/Upfront_presentation),[72] the series was reduced to four [television specials](/source/Television_special).[74] This decision was reached after Nickelodeon shifted its focus to the *All Grown Up!* spin-off following the rating success of "All Growed Up".[74] *Rugrats Pre-School Daze* was first shown in the United States between November 2008 and December 2008.[75] The series carried a [TV-Y](/source/TV_Y) parental rating, meaning that it was judged as "designed to be appropriate for all children".[76]

In 2005, [Paramount Home Entertainment](/source/Paramount_Home_Entertainment) released all four episodes of *Rugrats Pre-School Daze* on the DVDs for the *Rugrats: Tales from the Crib* movies. The first two were released on the *Snow White* DVD,[77] while the last two were on the one for *Three Jacks and a Beanstalk*.[78] The series was once available on the [iTunes Store](/source/ITunes_Store) and [Amazon Instant Video](/source/Amazon_Instant_Video),[75][79] but the episodes were later removed from both platforms.[75][79] All episodes are available on [Hulu](/source/Hulu). [*Variety*](/source/Variety_(magazine))'s Brian Steinberg felt that the series' concept could be retooled as part of a *Rugrats* [reboot](/source/Reboot_(fiction)), where the baby protagonists would be shown in preschool and Angelica in [kindergarten](/source/Kindergarten).[80] On May 14, 2020, it was announced that the reboot was delayed until 2021.[81] it was announced that Nickelodeon had given a series order to a 26-episode revival of the series, executive produced by Klasky, Csupó, and Germain. The reboot premiered on [Paramount+](/source/Paramount%2B) on May 27, 2021.[82][83][84] The reboot also began airing on Nickelodeon on August 20, 2021.[85][86]

### Other media

#### Comics

Further information: [Rugrats (comic strip)](/source/Rugrats_(comic_strip))

From 1998 to 2003, Nick produced a *Rugrats* comic strip, which was distributed through [Creators Syndicate](/source/Creators_Syndicate). Initially written by show-writer Scott Gray and drawn by comic book artist Steve Crespo, with Rob Armstrong as editor. Will Blyberg came on board shortly after as inker. By the end of 1998, Lee Nordling, who had joined as a contributing gag writer, took over as editor. Nordling hired extra writers, including Gordon Kent, Scott Roberts, Chuck Kim, [J. Torres](/source/J._Torres), Marc Bilgrey, and [John Zakour](/source/John_Zakour), as well as new artists including Gary Fields, Tim Harkins, Vince Giaranno, and Scott Roberts. Stu Chaifetz colored the Sunday strips. The *Rugrats* strip started out in many papers, but as often happens with spin-off strips, soon slowed down. It is still seen in some papers in re-runs. Two paperback collections were published by [Andrews McMeel](/source/Andrews_McMeel) *It's a Jungle-Gym Out There* and *A Baby's Work Is Never Done*.

During this time, [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon) also published 30 issues of an all-*Rugrats* comic magazine. Most of these were edited by Frank Pittarese and [Dave Roman](/source/Dave_Roman), and featured stories and art by the comic strip creators and others. The last nine issues featured cover art by Scott Roberts, who wrote and drew many of the stories. Other writers included Roman, Chris Duffy, Patrick M. O'Connell, Joyce Mann, and Jim Spivey. Other artists included [Joe Staton](/source/Joe_Staton) and [Ernie Colón](/source/Ernie_Col%C3%B3n). The magazine also included short stories, many by Pittarese, and games, as well as reprints from an earlier, UK produced *Rugrats* comic.

Nick produced a special 50-page comic magazine retelling of the film *[Rugrats in Paris](/source/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie)*, edited by Pittarese and Roman, written by Scott Gray, pencils by Scott Roberts, and inks by Adam DeKraker.

On October 18, 2017, [Boom! Studios](/source/Boom!_Studios) began publishing a new *Rugrats* comic book series.[87]

#### Video games

See also: [Rugrats (franchise)#Video games](/source/Rugrats_(franchise)#Video_games)

In 1997, [THQ](/source/THQ) signed a licensing agreement with [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon) to produce video games based on *Rugrats* for home consoles and handhelds, beginning with *[Rugrats: Search for Reptar](/source/Rugrats:_Search_for_Reptar)* (1998).[88] Multiple games were produced as part of this deal, including game adaptations of *[The Rugrats Movie](/source/The_Rugrats_Movie_(video_game))* and *[Rugrats in Paris: The Movie](/source/Rugrats_in_Paris:_The_Movie_(video_game))*, games based on the *All Grown Up* series, and original games like *[Rugrats: Scavenger Hunt](/source/Rugrats:_Scavenger_Hunt)* and *[Rugrats: Totally Angelica](/source/Rugrats:_Totally_Angelica)*. Following the release of *Rugrats: Totally Angelica — Boredom Busters* in 2005, no new standalone Rugrats games would be released for nearly two decades. On August 31, 2023, The MIX Games and Wallride Games announced *Rugrats: Adventures in Gameland*, an [8-bit](/source/8-bit_computing) [2D sidescrolling](/source/2D_side-scrolling) [video game](/source/Video_game) that was released on August 16, 2024. The game offers an option for HD visuals that replicates the visual style of the original television series. An [NES cartridge](/source/Nintendo_Entertainment_System) version of the game was distributed through [Limited Run Games](/source/Limited_Run_Games).[89] Limited Run games would later release a compilation of several THQ games, *[Rugrats: Retro Rewind Collection](/source/Rugrats:_Retro_Rewind_Collection)*, on May 15, 2026.[90]

In addition to *Rugrats* video games, characters from the series also appear in various Nickelodeon crossover games. Tommy and Angelica appear as guest characters in *Rocket Power: Team Rocket Rescue*. They appear again as playable characters in *[Nickelodeon Party Blast](/source/Nickelodeon_Party_Blast)* and *[Nicktoons Racing](/source/Nicktoons_Racing)*. Tommy later appears in *[Nicktoons Basketball](/source/Nicktoons_Basketball)* in his *[All Grown Up!](/source/All_Grown_Up!)* form. *Rugrats* characters make non-playable appearances in *[Nicktoons: Attack of the Toybots](/source/Nicktoons:_Attack_of_the_Toybots)* and *[Nicktoons MLB](/source/Nicktoons_MLB)*. Tommy, Angelica, and Reptar are playable characters in the official [mobile game](/source/Mobile_game) *Nickelodeon Super Brawl Universe*. Tommy, Angelica, and Reptar appear as playable characters in *[Nickelodeon Kart Racers](/source/Nickelodeon_Kart_Racers)*. These same characters, along with Chuckie, are playable in *[Nickelodeon Kart Racers 2: Grand Prix](/source/Nickelodeon_Kart_Racers_2:_Grand_Prix)*. Reptar is a playable character in *[Nickelodeon All-Star Brawl](/source/Nickelodeon_All-Star_Brawl)* and [its sequel](/source/Nickelodeon_All-Star_Brawl_2). Angelica is a playable character in the [Apple Arcade](/source/Apple_Arcade) game *Nickelodeon Extreme Tennis*. Chuckie, Reptar, Purple Reptar, and Susie appear as playable characters in *[Nickelodeon Kart Racers 3: Slime Speedway](/source/Nickelodeon_Kart_Racers_3:_Slime_Speedway)*.

#### Live performances

Main article: [Rugrats: A Live Adventure](/source/Rugrats:_A_Live_Adventure)

There are two live performances throughout the original series. The first show, *Rugrats: A Live Adventure*, premiered on February 6, 1998, at the [Oakdale Theater](/source/Oakdale_Theater) in [Wallingford](/source/Wallingford,_Connecticut), [Connecticut](/source/Connecticut).[91] The US leg of the tour ended on August 1, 1999, at Lawrence Welk Resort Center-Champagne Theatre in [Branson](/source/Branson,_Missouri), [Missouri](/source/Missouri).[92] Originally, the international tour of the show was going to debut on September 27, 1999, in Mara Plata, [Argentina](/source/Argentina), but it was cancelled along with all [South American](/source/South_America) shows.[93] It instead had an international debut on October 28, 1999, at the [Wembley Stadium](/source/Wembley_Stadium) in [Wembley](/source/Wembley), [Greater London](/source/Greater_London), [England](/source/England).[93] The international tour of the shows were done in the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom), [Ireland](/source/Ireland), and [Australia](/source/Australia) and ended on May 14, 2000, at the [Adelaide Entertainment Centre](/source/Adelaide_Entertainment_Centre) in [Adelaide](/source/Adelaide), [South Australia](/source/South_Australia).[93] Overall, the [North American](/source/North_America) tours of the show ran 403 shows in 91 cities,[92] and the international tour of the show ran in 12 cities.[93] Despite some criticism, the show was well received from critics.[94]

The second show, *Rugrats Magic Adventure!*, premiered on June 9, 2000.[95] It ran exclusively at [Universal Studios Hollywood](/source/Universal_Studios_Hollywood) in [Los Angeles, California](/source/Los_Angeles).[95] It closed in 2001, and was replaced by *[Shrek 4-D](/source/Shrek_4-D)* in 2003.[96]

#### Merchandise

Merchandise that was based on *Rugrats* varied from video games, toothpaste, [Kellogg's](/source/Kellogg's) cereal, slippers, puzzles, pajamas, jewelry, wrapping paper, Fruit Snacks, Inflatable balls, watches, pencils, markers, cookie jars, key rings, action figures, [My First Uno](/source/Uno_(card_game)) games, and bubblegum. The series also managed to spawn a popular merchandise line at [Walmart](/source/Walmart), [Kmart](/source/Kmart_(United_States)), [Target](/source/Target_Corporation), [eBay](/source/EBay), [Hot Topic](/source/Hot_Topic), [J. C. Penney](/source/J._C._Penney), [Toys "R" Us](/source/Toys_%22R%22_Us), [Mattel](/source/Mattel), Barnes & Noble, and Basic Fun.[97] By March 1999, the franchise had generated an estimated US$1.4 billion in merchandise sales.[98]

The *Rugrats* had their own cereal made by Post called Reptar Crunch Cereal. The Rugrats and Reptar were predominantly featured on the front, there's a board game on the back and a special $3 rebate for Runaway Reptar on the side. This cereal was released for a limited time only, sold at US supermarkets 8/1/99 to 9/15/99 only, and not all supermarkets carried the cereal. To memorialize the movie, Rugrats in Paris, another Rugrats-based cereal came out in October 2000. Simply called the Rugrats in Paris Cereal, it has a similar appearance to Trix; it's a sweetened, multi-grain cereal with small-round bits in plain, red, purple and green. Small Eiffel Towers could also be seen.[99] In 2017, entertainment retail store chain [FYE](/source/FYE_(retailer)) began selling Reptar Cereal, as well as Reptar Bars, both based on fictional products within the series. Reptar Cereal is very similar to [Froot Loops](/source/Froot_Loops), and Reptar Bars are chocolate bars filled with green frosting, a reference to the series in which the bars would turn the tongues of whoever ate it green.

*Rugrats* made fast-food appearances as well, with the most appearances being on Burger King. In 1994, the Hardee's fast-food chain offered a collection of Nicktoons toys as premiums that were included with kids' meals at their restaurants. All 4 Nicktoons at that time were featured — *Doug*, *Rugrats*, *Ren & Stimpy*, and *Rocko's Modern Life*. Other food items that feature *Rugrats* were Fruit Snacks, Macaroni and Cheese, Bubble Gum and Campbell's Rugrats Pasta with Chicken and Broth.[100]

In their first tie-in with Burger King, 5 *Rugrats* toys were offered with their Kids Club meals, a different one with each meal. Each toy came with a 12-page (including covers) miniature version of Nickelodeon Magazine, which featured the toy's instructions, word search, picture puzzle, "Say What?", a scrambled word puzzle, a coupon for Oral-B Rugrats toothpaste and toothbrush, and entry blanks to subscribe to Rugrats Comic Adventures, Nick Magazine, and the Kids Club. From 1998 until 2004, *Rugrats* based-products included watches and various toys.[101]

## Notes

1. Known as Games Animation for the first four seasons.

## References

1. Brownfield, Paul (August 16, 1998). ["Talk About a Baby Boom"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-aug-16-ca-13511-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*. Retrieved February 22, 2022.

1. Heffley, Lynne (July 21, 1996). ["View from the Rug Up: 'Rugrats,' Nickelodeon's Animated Hit, Looks at World Through Eyes of a Toddler"](https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1996-07-21-tv-26268-story.html). *[Los Angeles Times](/source/Los_Angeles_Times)*. Retrieved February 22, 2022.

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1. "Graham Canyon/Stu-Maker's Elves". No. 13. Rugrats. Episode 13. [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon). May 24, 1992.

1. "Vacation". No. 3. Rugrats. Episode 3. [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon). July 8, 1997.

1. "No Bones About It/Beach Babies". No. 9. Rugrats. Episode 9. [Nickelodeon](/source/Nickelodeon). November 1, 1992.

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1. *Rugrats, tales from the crib. Three Jacks & a beanstalk*. [OCLC 68967938](https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/68967938). – via [WorldCat](/source/WorldCat)

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## External links

- [Rugrats](https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0101188/) at IMDb
- [Rugrats daily comic strip at Creators Syndicate](http://www.creators.com/comics/rugrats.html?comicname=rug)
- [*Rugrats*](http://toonopedia.com/rugrats.htm) at [Don Markstein's Toonopedia](/source/Don_Markstein's_Toonopedia). [Archived](https://archive.today/20240528014438/https://www.webcitation.org/6o9zTsWiI?url=http://toonopedia.com/rugrats.htm) from the original on February 9, 2017.
- [The Oral History Of ‘Nicktoons’, Part III: Exploring The Multigenerational Appeal Of ‘Rugrats’](https://decider.com/2016/06/16/the-oral-history-of-nicktoons-part-iii-rugrats/) Decider, June 16, 2016

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Rugrats](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rugrats?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.
