# Road map for peace

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2002 US two-state solution proposal for the Israeli–Palestinian conflict

[Palestinian prime minister](/source/Palestinian_Prime_Minister) [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas), [United States president](/source/United_States_President) [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush), and [Israeli prime minister](/source/Israeli_Prime_Minister) [Ariel Sharon](/source/Ariel_Sharon) after reading statement to the press during the closing moments of the Red Sea Summit in [Aqaba](/source/Aqaba), [Jordan](/source/Jordan), 4 June 2003.

The **roadmap for peace** or **road map for peace** ([Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language): מפת הדרכים *Mapat had'rakhim*, [Arabic](/source/Arabic_language): خارطة طريق السلام *Khāriṭa ṭarīq as-salāmu*) was a plan to resolve the [Israeli–Palestinian conflict](/source/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict) proposed by the [Quartet on the Middle East](/source/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East). The principles of the plan, originally drafted by U.S. Foreign Service Officer [Donald Blome](/source/Donald_Blome), were first outlined by U.S. president [George W. Bush](/source/George_W._Bush) in a speech on 24 June 2002, in which he called for an independent Palestinian state living side by side with Israel in peace.[1][2] A draft version from the Bush administration was published as early as 14 November 2002. The final text was released on 30 April 2003. The process reached a deadlock early in phase I and the plan was never implemented.

## Background

In March 2002, in response to a wave of [Palestinian suicide attacks](/source/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2000s) as part of the [Second Intifada](/source/Second_Intifada) that culminated in the "[Passover massacre](/source/Passover_massacre)", Israel launched a major military operation in the [West Bank](/source/West_Bank), dubbed [Operation Defensive Shield](/source/Operation_Defensive_Shield).[3] Virtually the entire Palestinian public administration was destroyed by the [Israeli army](/source/Israeli_army).[4][5] Israel re-established its full exclusive military control over the West Bank, including [Areas A and B](/source/Palestinian_enclaves), which were intended to be handed over to the [Palestinian Authority](/source/Palestinian_Authority) within the framework of the [Oslo II Accord](/source/Oslo_II_Accord). The army largely destroyed [Arafat's Compound](/source/Arafat's_Compound) in [Ramallah](/source/Ramallah), containing the main offices of the PA, and placed President [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat) under siege.

The United States, European Union, United Nations, and Russia formed the [Quartet on the Middle East](/source/Quartet_on_the_Middle_East) and tried to save the peace process with a new plan, against the backdrop of the U.S. [war on terror](/source/War_on_terror), which dominated international politics at the time.

## Development of the plan

Part of a series on the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Israeli–Palestinian peace process History Peace discourse 1948–onwards Camp David Accords 1978 Madrid Conference 1991 Oslo Accords 1993 / 95 Hebron Protocol 1997 Wye River Memorandum 1998 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 1999 Camp David Summit 2000 The Clinton Parameters 2000 Taba Summit 2001 Road Map 2003 Agreement on Movement and Access 2005 Annapolis Conference 2007 Mitchell-led talks 2010–11 Kerry-led talks 2013–14 Primary concerns Final borders Israeli settlements Palestinian enclaves Jewish state Palestinian political violence Palestinian refugees Security concerns Status of Jerusalem Zionist political violence Secondary concerns Israeli West Bank barrier Places of worship Fatah–Hamas conflict Water Electricity International brokers The "Quartet" (United Nations United States European Union Russia) Arab League Egypt Jordan United Kingdom France Proposals One-state solution: Isratin Elon Peace Plan Two-state solution: Fahd Plan Allon Plan Arab Peace Initiative Geneva Initiative Lieberman Plan Israeli Peace Initiative Palestinian Prisoners' Document Trump Peace Plan Three-state solution Israeli unilateral plans: Hafrada Disengagement Realignment Others Palestinian Emirates Plan Projects / groups / NGOs Peace-orientated projects Israeli–Palestinian economic peace efforts Valley of Peace Middle East economic integration Alliance for Middle East Peace Peres Center for Peace v t e

The Roadmap was based on a speech given by U.S. president George W. Bush on 24 June 2002. An EU-composed first draft, proposed in September 2002, was put aside in favour of a later-U.S.-draft.[6] The draft version from the Bush administration was published as early as 14 November 2002.[7] The EU pushed the Quartet to present the final text on 20 December 2002, but failed, due to Israeli opposition.[8] Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon pledged support for the Roadmap, provided the Palestinian state was restricted to 42% of the West Bank and 70% of the Gaza strip; and under full Israeli control.[9] Israel ruled out the division of Jerusalem and the Palestinian right of return and requested more than 100 changes to the Roadmap.[10] Only after Prime Minister Sharon's re-election, the nomination of Mahmoud Abbas as Palestinian prime minister, and the installation of a new Palestinian government was the plan finally published on 30 April 2003, the day the invasion phase of the [Iraq War](/source/Iraq_War#The_invasion) ended.[6][11] In a statement, President Bush made clear that the plan was developed by the United States, not by the Quartet.[6]

## The plan

Described as a *"performance-based and goal-driven roadmap"*, the Roadmap was built on goals without going into details.[12] It may be summarized as:

- End the violence;

- Halt settlement activity;

- Reform Palestinian institutions;

- Accept Israel's right to exist;

- Establish a viable, sovereign Palestinian state;

- and reach a final settlement on all issues by 2005.[6]

However, as a performance-based plan, progress would require and depend upon the good faith efforts of the parties, and their compliance with each of the obligations the Quartet put into the plan. This made the Roadmap different from former peace plans; there was no (unrealistic) time-scheme to reach the goal, a Palestinian state.

The Roadmap was composed of three phases:

I. Satisfying the preconditions for a Palestinian state;

II. Creating an independent Palestinian state with *provisional* borders;

III. Negotiations on a permanent status agreement, recognition of a Palestinian state with *permanent* borders and end of conflict.

- **Phase I** (finished as early as May 2003): Mutual recognition; an immediate and unconditional ceasefire to end armed activity and all acts of violence against Israelis anywhere; Palestinian political-institutional reform; Palestinian elections; Israeli withdrawal to the positions of 28 September 2000 (the start date of the [Second Intifada](/source/Second_Intifada); the plan does not speak of any further withdrawal). Israel refrains from deportations, attacks on civilians, demolitions and destructions, and other measures; reopens Palestinian institutions in East Jerusalem; improves the humanitarian situation, fully implements the Bertini report, eases movement; freezes settlement expansion and dismantles [settlement outposts](/source/Israeli_outpost) built since 2001.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

- **Phase II** (June–December 2003): An international summit to support Palestinian economic recovery and launch a process leading to establishment of an independent Palestinian state with provisional borders; revival of multilateral engagement on issues including regional water resources, environment, economic development, refugees, and arms control issues; Arab states restore pre-[intifada](/source/First_Intifada) links to Israel (including trade offices, etc.).

- **Phase III** (2004–2005): A second international conference; permanent status agreement and end of conflict; agreement on final borders, clarification of the highly controversial question of the fate of Jerusalem, refugees and settlements; Arab states to agree to peace deals with Israel.

Note: A provisional state in Phase II would thus include all existing settlements and exclude East Jerusalem. Although the plan was presented with considerable delay, the original timetable was not adapted.

## Israel's response and conditions

While Palestinian prime minister [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) accepted the Roadmap, right-wing ministers in the Israeli government opposed it.[13] On 12 May 2003, it was reported that Israeli prime minister [Ariel Sharon](/source/Ariel_Sharon) had stated that a settlement freeze, a main Road Map commitment, would be "impossible" due to the need to build new houses for settlers who start families. Prime Minister Sharon asked then-US secretary of state, [Colin Powell](/source/Colin_Powell) *"What do you want, for a pregnant woman to have an abortion just because she is a settler?"*[13] Sharon could only accept the plan with "some artful language", thus the Government accepted *"the **steps** set out in the Roadmap"*, rather than the Roadmap itself.[14]

On 25 May 2003, the prime minister's Cabinet approved the Roadmap with 14 reservations.[15][16] These included:

1. - The Palestinians will dismantle the (PA's) [security organizations](/source/Palestinian_Security_Services) and reform their structures; - The Palestinians must cease violence and incitement and educate for peace; - The Palestinians must complete the dismantling of Hamas and other militant groups and their infrastructure, and collect and destroy all illegal weapons; - No progress to Phase II before all above-mentioned conditions are fulfilled; - (Unlike the Palestinians) Israel is not obliged to cease violence and incitement against the other party, pursuant to the Roadmap.

1. No progress to the next phase before complete cessation of terror, violence and incitement. No timelines for carrying out the Roadmap.

1. Replacement and reform of the current leadership in the Palestinian Authority (including [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat)). Otherwise no progress to Phase II.

1. The process will be monitored by the United States (not the Quartet).

1. The character of the provisional Palestinian state will be determined through negotiations. The provisional state will be demilitarized, with provisional borders and "certain aspects of sovereignty", and subjected to Israeli control of the entry and exit of all persons and cargo, plus its airspace and electromagnetic spectrum (radio, television, internet, radar, etc.).

1. Declaration of Israel's right to exist as a Jewish state, as well as the waiver of any right of return of Palestinian refugees to Israel.

1. Prior to the final settlement talks in Phase III, no discussions about settlements, Jerusalem and borders would be allowed. Topics would be limited to a settlement freeze and [illegal outposts](/source/Israeli_outpost).

1. No references other than the key provisions of [United Nations Security Council resolutions](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_resolution) [242](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_242) and [338](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_338). No reference to other peace initiatives (it is unclear if the [Oslo Accords](/source/Oslo_Accords) are included).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

1. Withdrawal to the September 2000 lines will be conditional.

1. Israel is not bound to the [Bertini Report](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bertini_Report&action=edit&redlink=1) with respect to improving Palestinian humanitarian issues.

### Validity of the reservations

The Roadmap was offered for acceptance "as it is", without room for adaptations.[14] The Government statement of 25 May 2003, however, made clear that Israel regarded its reservations part of the Roadmap:

The Government of Israel affirms the Prime Minister's announcement, and resolves that all of Israel's comments, as addressed in the Administration's statement, will be implemented in full during the implementation phase of the Roadmap.[17]

Furthermore, the Government definitively ruled out the *right of return*:

The Government of Israel further clarifies that, both during and subsequent to the political process, the resolution of the issue of the refugees will not include their entry into or settlement within the State of Israel.[17]

A U.S. official, however, said that U.S. commitment did not mean that all of Israel's demands would be met. Abbas called the Israeli reservations to the map *"not part of the map and ... not relevant to its implementation, and ... not acceptable to the Palestinians."*[17]

## Start and deadlock

### Restructuring the Palestinian government

The first step on the Roadmap was the appointment of the first-ever Palestinian prime minister [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) (also known as *Abu Mazen*), by Palestinian leader [Yasser Arafat](/source/Yasser_Arafat). The United States and Israel demanded that Arafat be neutralized or sidelined in the Roadmap process, claiming that he had not done enough to stop Palestinian attacks against Israelis while in charge. The United States refused to release the Roadmap until a Palestinian prime minister was in place. Abbas was appointed on 19 March 2003, clearing the way for the release of the Roadmap's details on 30 April 2003.

### Hostilities after publication

The publication of the Roadmap did not stop the violence of the Second Intifada. Hamas rejected it, saying that *"Abu Mazen is betraying the Palestinian people's struggle and jihad in order to appease the USA and to avoid angering Israel"*.[13] From 1 to 17 May 2003, 43 Palestinian civilians were killed, including 19 who were engaged in hostilities or were targeted by Israel.,[18] as well as four Israeli civilians.[19] After a suicide attack on 18 May, which killed 6 Israelis, the army carried out 35 punitive [demolitions of Palestinian homes](/source/House_demolition_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict).[20] On 27 May 2003, Israeli prime minister Ariel Sharon stated that the "occupation" of Palestinian territories was "a terrible thing for Israel and for the Palestinians" and "can't continue endlessly." Sharon's phraseology prompted shock from many in Israel, leading to a clarification that by "occupation," Sharon meant control of millions of Palestinian lives rather than actual physical occupation of land.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The [Route 60 ambush](/source/2003_Route_60_Hamas_ambush) took place on 20 June, as Secretary of State [Colin Powell](/source/Colin_Powell) was in Jerusalem engaging in peace negotiations.[21]

### Summits

President Bush visited the Middle East from 2 to 4 June 2003 for two summits as part of a seven-day overseas trip through Europe and Russia in an attempt to push the Roadmap. On 2 June, Israel freed about 100 Palestinian prisoners before the first summit in Egypt as a sign of goodwill. The list consisted largely of administrative detainees who were due to be released. Subsequent prisoner releases involved members of Hamas and Islamic Jihad, but the government insisted that those slated for release did not have Israeli "blood on their hands." In Egypt on 3 June, President Bush met with the leaders of Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Jordan and Bahrain, and with Prime Minister Abbas. The Arab leaders announced their support for the Roadmap and promised to work on cutting off funding to terrorist groups. There was hope that the Roadmap for Peace could succeed.[22]

However, after President Bush left the region, violence resumed.[23] On 5 June, two Israelis were found beaten and stabbed to death. Days later, Hamas attacked the Erez checkpoint, killing four Israeli soldiers, as part of its effort to undermine the Roadmap. In response, Israel targeted Hamas leaders with airstrikes.[22]

### Hudna

On 29 June 2003, a tentative unilateral cease-fire ("*[hudna](/source/Hudna)*" in Arabic) was declared by the Palestinian Authority and four major Palestinian groups.[24][25] [Palestinian Islamic Jihad](/source/Palestinian_Islamic_Jihad) and Hamas announced a joint three-month cease-fire, while Yasser Arafat's Fatah faction declared a six-month truce. The cease-fire was later joined by the [Democratic Front for the Liberation of Palestine](/source/Democratic_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine). One condition of maintaining the truce was a demand for the release of prisoners from Israeli jails, which was not part of the Roadmap process. This coincided with a visit to the region by United States National Security Advisor [Condoleezza Rice](/source/Condoleezza_Rice).

On 1 July 2003, in Jerusalem, Sharon and Abbas held a first-ever ceremonial opening to peace talks, televised live in both Arabic and Hebrew. Both leaders said the violence had gone on too long and that they were committed to the Roadmap for peace. On 2 July, Israeli troops pulled out of Bethlehem and transferred control to Palestinian security forces. The plan required that Palestinian police take over from withdrawing Israeli forces and stop any anti-Israeli militant attacks. At the same time, the U.S. announced a $30 million aid package to the Palestinian Authority to help rebuild infrastructure destroyed by Israeli incursions.

The *hudna* quickly collapsed. On 3 July, the IDF killed 2 civilians, one of them allegedly wanted by Israel.[18][26] In an IDF operation to arrest Hamas members, gunfire broke out in which an Israeli soldier and two alleged Hamas militants were killed. A new cycle of violence occurred. Hamas and Fatah each responded with a [suicide bombing](/source/List_of_Palestinian_suicide_attacks#2003) on 12 August, each killing one Israeli civilian. Despite this *de facto* violation of the *hudna*, Hamas stated that the cease-fire would continue.

Hostilities then escalated. The Israeli army killed Islamic Jihad's Muhammad Seeder on 14 August 2003; the [Jerusalem bus 2 massacre](/source/Jerusalem_bus_2_massacre) by Hamas and Islamic Jihad on 19 August, killed 23 and wounded 136 people. Israel reacted causing large-scale destruction to Palestinian population centres.[27] On 21 August, Israel assassinated Hamas' political leader [Ismail Abu Shanab](/source/Ismail_Abu_Shanab). Shanab, who supported a two-state solution, strongly opposed suicide bombings and tried to uphold the ceasefire, was regarded as one of Hamas's more moderate and pragmatic leaders.[28][29] Along with Shanab, three other civilians (his two bodyguards and a 74-year-old man) were killed. The following days it continued with a range of further Israeli killing-attacks.[18][27] The assassinations of Seeder and Shanab resulted in Hamas calling off the ceasefire with Israel.[28] International criticism of Israel increased because Israel was widely believed to be unwilling to respect the truce.[28]

### Deadlock

In November 2003, the United Nations Security Council endorsed the Roadmap in [United Nations Security Council Resolution 1515](/source/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1515) which called for an end to all violence including "terrorism, provocation, incitement and destruction". By the end of 2003, the Palestinian Authority had not prevented Palestinian terrorism, and Israel had neither withdrawn from Palestinian areas occupied since 28 September 2000, nor frozen settlement expansion. Thus the requirements of Phase I of the Roadmap were not fulfilled, and the Roadmap did not continue further, reaching deadlock.

## Developments in 2004

In 2004, the peace process was still overshadowed by the Second Intifada, characterized by mutual Palestinian and Israeli violence. Reportedly, some 110 Israelis and 820 Palestinians were killed in the conflict: 40 Israeli military and 67 civilians were killed;[30] some 350 Palestinian militants, 452 civilians and 18 unknown[31] were killed.[30] While a number of the Palestinian militants were killed when carrying out an attack, many were killed in IDF raids on Palestinian neighbourhoods or at arrest attempts.[32]

### Sharon's announcement of the disengagement plan

On 14 April 2004, Prime Minister Sharon wrote a letter to President Bush, in which he reconfirmed his commitment to the Roadmap. He also accused the Palestinian Authority of not carrying out its part of the responsibilities under the Roadmap. Stating that "there exists no Palestinian partner with whom to advance peacefully toward a settlement", Sharon announced his [unilateral disengagement plan](/source/Israel's_unilateral_disengagement_plan) (Israeli withdrawal from Gaza), which meant the removal of all [Israeli settlements](/source/Israeli_settlement) from the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the West Bank.[33] The plan was already suggested by him on 18 December 2003 at the Fourth Herzliya Conference.[34]

Although not undertaken under the Roadmap, Sharon declared this unilateral step not inconsistent with it. President Bush gave his support to the plan, calling it "a bold and historic initiative that can make an important contribution to peace".[33]

### Shifting U.S. position

Until 2004, the official U.S. position had been that Israel, in principle, should return to the 1949 armistice lines [(the Green Line)](/source/Green_Line_(Israel)) and that changes to these lines must be mutually agreed to in final-status negotiations. Israel's ongoing settlement activities were criticised, because they prejudiced final-status negotiations.

In his answer on the 14 April letter from Prime Minister Sharon, President Bush took some distance from this principle. He said "In light of new realities on the ground, including already existing major Israeli population centers, it is unrealistic that the outcome of final status negotiations will be a full and complete return to the armistice lines of 1949 .... It is realistic to expect that any final status agreement will only be achieved on the basis of mutually agreed changes that reflect these realities."[33][35]

Regarding the Palestinian refugees, President Bush said that "It seems clear that an agreed, just, fair and realistic framework for a solution to the Palestinian refugee issue as part of any final status agreement will need to be found through the establishment of a Palestinian state and the settling of Palestinian refugees there rather than in Israel."[33][35]

The letter was widely seen as a triumph for Sharon, since President Bush seemed to accept Israel's policy of [facts on the ground](/source/Facts_on_the_ground), the view that the passage of time and new realities ([Israeli settlements](/source/Israeli_settlement) in the West Bank) obviated Israel's obligation to withdraw more or less to the 1967 lines in return for peace, recognition and security.[36]

In a 26 May 2005 joint press conference with Palestinian leader Mahmoud Abbas in the White House Rose Garden, President Bush said: "Any final status agreement must be reached between the two parties, and changes to the [1949 armistice lines](/source/1949_armistice_lines) must be mutually agreed to. A viable two-state solution must ensure contiguity of the West Bank, and a state of scattered territories will not work. There must also be meaningful linkages between the West Bank and Gaza. This is the position of the United States today, it will be the position of the United States at the time of final status negotiations."[37]

This statement was widely seen as a triumph for Abbas, as many commentators view it as contradictory to his 14 April 2004 letter.[38] The Bush administration made no attempts to clarify any perceived discrepancies between the two statements.

### Armed activity and military actions

While the Palestinians persisted in violent attacks against Israelis, Israel executed major military operations in Gaza. In 2004, many Israeli civilians were killed in six bomb attacks inside Israel. The Israeli army invaded and besieged southern Gaza in May in [Operation Rainbow](/source/Operation_Rainbow_(2004)), invaded and besieged [Beit Hanoun](/source/Beit_Hanoun) in northern Gaza in the summer in a [37 days long raid](/source/Raid_on_Beit_Hanoun_(2004)), and invaded northern Gaza again from 29 September to 16 October in [Operation Days of Penitence](/source/Operation_Days_of_Penitence).

## Reform of the PA structure

### Bush's call for new leaders

The Roadmap was based on President Bush's idea that Palestinian terror was the primary obstacle for an Israeli–Palestinian peace agreement, that the Palestinian authorities (PA) were encouraging terrorism, and that the dismantling of the current Palestinian leadership was a prerequisite for a Palestinian state. In his speech of 24 June 2002, Bush said:

Peace requires a new and different Palestinian leadership, so that a Palestinian state can be born. I call on the Palestinian people to elect new leaders, leaders not compromised by terror. ... And when the Palestinian people have new leaders, new institutions and new security arrangements with their neighbors, the United States of America will support the creation of a Palestinian state whose borders and certain aspects of its sovereignty will be provisional until resolved as part of a final settlement in the Middle East. ... Today, Palestinian authorities are encouraging, not opposing, terrorism. ... The Palestinian Authority has rejected your [the Israeli] offer at hand, and trafficked with terrorists.[1]

Israel agreed. It wanted to expel Arafat, but the U.S. opposed.[39] Instead it was suggested to create the post of Prime Minister. In October 2003, the Government declared that "Arafat is the main obstacle for any progress in the Middle East peace process." Prime Minister Ariel Sharon said there is no hope for a political settlement "as long as [Arafat] is around", but he considered expelling Arafat not good for Israel.[40]

### Introduction of a prime minister

Although President Arafat had undertaken significant reform steps since May 2002, the process stalled from March 2003 due to both Israeli measures and internal political factors.[41] In March 2003, President Arafat nominated [Mahmoud Abbas](/source/Mahmoud_Abbas) for the post of the first [prime minister](/source/Prime_Minister_of_the_Palestinian_National_Authority). On 29 April, the [Palestinian Parliament](/source/Palestinian_Parliament) approved the appointment of the PM and [his new Government](/source/Palestinian_Authority_Government_of_April_2003).[42][43] However, a struggle for power between Abbas and Arafat as well as members of the old clique paralysed the new government.[44] Abbas was in a weak position, due to his failing to counter the Israelis, who refused to release prisoners and continued with the occupation of Palestinian cities, settlement activities, assassinations and incursions, and the maintenance of checkpoints.[41] Abbas resigned in September 2003. Also under his successor [Ahmed Qurei](/source/Ahmed_Qurei) (Abu Alaa), the needed reform did not appear. An international task force concluded that only general elections could transform the political system, which, however, was impossible under the continued Israeli occupation.[41] After Arafat's death in November 2004, Abbas was elected as the second [president of the Palestinian Authority](/source/President_of_the_Palestinian_Authority).

### PA's role towards terror and Israeli reactions

The PA was created by the [Oslo Accords](/source/Oslo_Accords) and set out in detail. The PA was committed to combat Palestinian terror. Yet, its [Security Forces](/source/Palestinian_National_Security_Forces) were banned from [Area C](/source/Area_C_(West_Bank)), some 60% of the West Bank, where Israel has exclusive responsibility for security control. Moreover, they were not able to move freely between all parts of the Palestinian controlled areas, which were splintered into more than 160 enclaves within Area C.[45] Nevertheless, Israel held the PA, notably President Arafat, responsible for terrorist attacks committed by militant groups who were not affiliated with him.[46][47][48] After two [suicide bombings](/source/Tzrifin_bus_stop_attack) in Israel and Jerusalem executed by Hamas members, the Israeli security Cabinet decided on 11 September 2003 that "Israel will act to remove this obstacle [Arafat] in the manner, at the time, and in the ways that will be decided on separately".[49][50]

Israel on principle refused to accept cease-fires with militant groups, because "Israel deals only with the Palestinian Authority" and "the Israelis don't deal with these terrorist organizations", while advancing its policy of [targeted killing](/source/Targeted_killing).[51] Instead, Israel reacted on terrorist attacks by attacking the PA's Security Forces and its offices.[48][52]

When the [Second Intifada](/source/Second_Intifada) began, Israel started with the systematic destruction of security service's offices until 90% of them were destroyed by 2003, and about three-quarters of the national security officers were locked up in Israeli detention camps, others were killed.[53][54] Israeli attacks were mainly concentrated on Palestinian security forces, even though Hamas was responsible for a majority of the bombings and shootings.[55] The siege of [Arafat's compound](/source/Mukataa#Arafat's_compound), which started in March 2002 during [Operation Defensive Shield](/source/Operation_Defensive_Shield) was maintained in 2003 and 2004, until Arafat [died unexpectedly](/source/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat's_death).

With the destruction of hundreds of PA offices, like the Education Ministry, the Higher Education Ministry and the Health Ministry, along with equipment, computers and dossiers, the IDF wiped out the public data banks, according to [Amira Hass](/source/Amira_Hass) apparently to destroy Palestinian civil institutions, sabotaging for years to come the Palestinian goal for independence.[56]

## Expanding West Bank settlement

Israel did not withdraw to the positions of 28 September 2000, a key requirement of Phase I of the Roadmap. Instead, movement of Palestinians was heavily impeded by numerous roadblocks, earth mounds and checkpoints,[30][57] and movement between West Bank and Gaza was virtually impossible. According to Israel, the Palestinians did not fulfil their obligation to end violence and terrorism, and therefore they refused to withdraw.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

Settler population by year in the [Israeli-occupied territories](/source/Israeli-occupied_territories) from 1972 to 2007

Israel also did not freeze settlement expansion, nor dismantle [outposts](/source/Israeli_outpost) built since 2001, another requirement of the Roadmap. Instead, the number of settlers continued growing. Even during the *Second Intifada* the settler population kept growing at a high rate, in a remarkably straight line. From 2000 to 2004, the number of settlers in the West Bank, including East Jerusalem increased with more than 50,000. From 2004 to 2008, the Jewish population grew with some 70,000.[58] However, the total construction in the settlements from 2004 to 2008 was only 6,868 housing units in the four years.[59]

Additionally, more Palestinian land was confiscated and annexed by means of the expanding [West Bank barrier](/source/Israeli_West_Bank_barrier#Route).[60] Despite a ruling of the [International Court of Justice](/source/International_Court_of_Justice), who declared the barrier beyond the Green Line illegal, Israel decided to build the Wall up to 22 km inside the West Bank, east of [Ariel](/source/Ariel_(city)), and east of other large settlement blocs. On the other hand, more than 1,500 Palestinian homes were demolished throughout the Palestinian Territories,[30] and build-up of Palestinian structures was virtually completely denied.

## British involvement

Until 2003, British intelligence officer [Alastair Crooke](/source/Alastair_Crooke) played an important role as mediator between Israel and the Palestinians. He persuaded both sides to accept ceasefires and truces until he was recalled in August 2003.[61]

According to Crooke, the then British prime minister [Tony Blair](/source/Tony_Blair) played an important role in the development of a 2003 [MI6](/source/Secret_Intelligence_Service) plan for a wide-ranging crackdown on Hamas. It was a *"Palestinian Security Plan"*, drawn up to implement Phase I of the Roadmap.[62][63] The aim was to stop violent attacks by Hamas, including suicide bombings and the firing of Qassam rockets on South Israel.

The plan also mentioned the Israeli requirements of the Roadmap: "an end to 'deportations, attacks on civilians, confiscation and/or demolition of Palestinian homes and property ... (and) destruction of Palestinian institutions and infrastructure'. To these we would add assassinations and construction of the wall/fence within the Occupied Territories." The document mentions the complaints of the international community about the IDF who destroyed new resources they provided to the Palestinian police force.[63]

In March 2005, MI6 sent a detailed follow-up of the *Palestinian Security Plan*. This report notes that the NSF (Palestinian National Security Forces), who were assigned to prevent terror, were denied equipment, ammunition, and freedom of movement by the Israelis.[64]

After Tony Blair sent British Intelligence officers to the Gaza Strip, in August 2005, to persuade Palestinian terrorists to call a halt to their suicide bomb attacks against Israel, Israel sent a sharp protest to the UK, because it opposed dealing with Hamas.[65]

When in March 2006 Hamas won the [parliamentary elections](/source/2006_Palestinian_legislative_election), Israel and the international community would not accept a role for the political arm of Hamas until it renounced violence and recognized Israel.[66][67] As Hamas attacks and kidnappings continued, many Hamas leaders and politicians were detained by Israel, or assassinated by [targeted killing](/source/Targeted_killing).[68] In June 2007, Hamas took control of Gaza in the [Fatah–Hamas battle](/source/Fatah%E2%80%93Hamas_battle_in_Gaza).

## Roadmap in the peace process

In the [Sharm el-Sheikh Summit](/source/Sharm_el-Sheikh_Summit_of_2005) on 8 February 2005, Israelis and Palestinians reconfirmed their commitment to the Roadmap. At the [Annapolis Conference](/source/Annapolis_Conference) on 27 November 2007, both parties again expressed their commitment to the Roadmap. Despite intensive negotiations in the following months, the parties did not reach an agreement. The negotiations ended in September 2008 without result. When the [Olmert](/source/Ehud_Olmert) government started a major assault on Gaza in December 2008 to stop [rocket fire](/source/Palestinian_rocket_attacks_on_Israel) into Israel,[69] dubbed [Operation Cast Lead](/source/Operation_Cast_Lead), the peace process completely collapsed.

After the end of President Bush's [term of office](/source/Term_of_office) in January 2009, the Roadmap fell into the background. The main issues remained: the permanent status of the occupied territories in the West Bank, the ongoing expansion of the settlements, Palestinian terrorism, and the final borders of Israel.

## See also

- [One State Solution](/source/One_State_Solution)

- [Elon Peace Plan](/source/Elon_Peace_Plan)

- [List of Middle East peace proposals](/source/List_of_Middle_East_peace_proposals)

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Bush_2002-speech_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Bush_2002-speech_1-1) ["President Bush Calls for New Palestinian Leadership"](https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2002/06/20020624-3.html). *The White House*. June 2002.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Roadmap For Peace in the Middle East: Israeli/Palestinian Reciprocal Action, Quartet Support' U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, 16 July 2003 "The Roadmap represents a starting point toward achieving the vision of two states, a secure State of Israel and a viable, peaceful, democratic Palestine. It is the framework for progress towards lasting peace and security in the Middle East ..."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Operation Defensive Shield: Palestinian Testimonies, Soldiers' Testimonies"](http://www.btselem.org/download/200207_defensive_shield_eng.pdf) (PDF). [B'Tselem](/source/B'Tselem). July 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Damage to Palestinian Libraries and Archives during the Spring of 2002"](https://web.archive.org/web/20160303224156/http://www.pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html). University of Pittsburgh. 16 January 2003. Archived from [the original](http://pitt.edu/~ttwiss/irtf/palestinlibsdmg.html) on 3 March 2016.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** ["Report on the Destruction to Palestinian Governmental Institutions in Ramallah Caused by IDF Forces Between March 29 and April 21, 2002"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030323112115/http://www.pna.gov.ps/new/repintrod02.pdf) (PDF). *Palestinian National Authority*. 22 April 2002. Archived from the original on 23 March 2003. Retrieved 5 January 2014.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown))

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_6-3) ["The Road Map"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173257/http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/5601.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Palestine Studies XXXII, no. 4 (Summer 2003), pp. 83–99*. Archived from [the original](http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/5601.pdf) (PDF) on 10 November 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** ["President Bush's Road Map to a Palestinian State"](https://www.nytimes.com/2002/11/14/international/middleeast/15MIDETEXT.html?pagewanted=all). *The New York Times*. 14 November 2002. (subscription required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** ["Statement of the Middle East Quartet"](https://web.archive.org/web/20151222102817/https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1217FD6D7731896385256C9B004CEC90). 20 December 2002. Archived from [the original](https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/UNISPAL.NSF/0/1217FD6D7731896385256C9B004CEC90) on 22 December 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** Chris McGreal (6 December 2002). ["Sharon's deal for Palestine: no extra land, no army, no Arafat"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/dec/06/israel). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Chris McGreal (21 February 2003). ["Peace hopes sink as Sharon rules out Jerusalem deal"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/feb/21/israel). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** ["Israel's Response to the Road Map"](https://www.inss.org.il/wp-content/uploads/2018/12/14-05.2003-Israels-Response-to-the-Road-Map.pdf) (PDF). Retrieved 21 March 2025.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** ["A Performance-based Road Map to a Permanent Two-State Solution to the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict | UN Peacemaker"](https://peacemaker.un.org/israel-palestine-roadmap2003). United Nations. Retrieved 23 December 2023.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BBC_Powell_visit_13-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BBC_Powell_visit_13-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BBC_Powell_visit_13-2) Paul Reynolds (12 May 2003). ["Powell visit highlights problems"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3020335.stm). *BBC*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_b_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-IPS_2003_b_14-1) ["p. 84 resp. Document E and F d.d. 23 May 2003, on pp. 96-97"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131110173257/http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/5601.pdf) (PDF). *Journal of Palestine Studies XXXII, no. 4 (Summer 2003)*. Archived from [the original](http://www.palestine-studies.org/files/pdf/jps/5601.pdf) (PDF) on 10 November 2013. "In view of the recent statement of the United States regarding the Israeli comments on the road map, which shares the view of the Government of Israel that these are real concerns and in view of the U.S. promise to address those concerns fully and seriously in the implementation of the road map to fulfill the president’s vision of 24 June 2002, we are prepared to accept the steps set out in the road map. I intend to submit this acceptance to the Government of Israel’s approval."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Israel's road map reservations"](https://web.archive.org/web/20101021053032/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-s-road-map-reservations-1.8935). *Haaretz*. 27 May 2003. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israel-s-road-map-reservations-1.8935) on 21 October 2010. (subscription required)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** ["Israeli Response to the Road Map on May 25, 2003"](https://web.archive.org/web/20140825062719/http://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/roadmap_response_eng.htm). Archived from [the original](https://www.knesset.gov.il/process/docs/roadmap_response_eng.htm) on 25 August 2014. Retrieved 25 November 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Haaretz_26.05.03_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Haaretz_26.05.03_17-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Haaretz_26.05.03_17-2) ["Sharon, Abbas to meet as cabinet approves road map"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131127184059/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/sharon-abbas-to-meet-as-cabinet-approves-road-map-1.9038). *Haaretz*. 25 May 2003. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/sharon-abbas-to-meet-as-cabinet-approves-road-map-1.9038) on 27 November 2013. (subscription required)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-btselem-stats_before_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-btselem-stats_before_18-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-btselem-stats_before_18-2) B'Tselem, [*Statistics – Palestinians killed by Israeli security forces in the Occupied Territories, before Operation "Cast Lead"*](http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/palestinians-killed-by-israeli-security-forces).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-btselem-stats_israelis_before_19-0)** ["Israeli civilians killed by Palestinians in the Occupied Territories, before Operation "Cast Lead""](http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/israeli-civilians-killed-by-palestinians). *B'Tselem*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-demolition-stats_20-0)** ["Statistics on punitive house demolitions"](http://www.btselem.org/punitive_demolitions/statistics). *B'Tselem*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Fisher_21-0)** Fisher, Ian (21 June 2003). ["In Show of Defiance, Hamas Gunmen Kill Israeli Settler"](https://www.nytimes.com/2003/06/21/world/in-show-of-defiance-hamas-gunmen-kill-israeli-settler.html). *The New York Times*. Retrieved 4 September 2015.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Gilbert_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Gilbert_22-1) Gilbert, Martin (2008). *Israel: A History* (Revised ed.). Harper Perennial. p. 627. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0688123635](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0688123635).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-23)** ["Agreements met with violence"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121015093931/http://www.sptimes.com/2003/06/15/Worldandnation/Agreements_met_with_v.shtml). Associated Press. 15 June 2003. Archived from [the original](http://www.sptimes.com/2003/06/15/Worldandnation/Agreements_met_with_v.shtml) on 15 October 2012. Retrieved 23 October 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Al-Ahram_24-0)** Al-Ahram Weekly, [*Is the hudna over?*](http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/651/re1.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20030823061937/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/651/re1.htm) 23 August 2003 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). 14–20 August 2003, Issue No. 651

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** BBC, [*Texts: Palestinian truces*](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3030480.stm). 29 June 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-26)** ["Weekly report on Israeli human rights violations in the Occupied Palestinian Territories 3"](https://reliefweb.int/report/israel/weekly-report-israeli-human-rights-violations-occupied-palestinian-territories-3-9-jul#:~:text=On%20Wednesday%2C%209%20July%202003%2C%20Israeli%20occupying%20forces%20shot%20dead%20Eyad%20Mohammed%20Shalayesh%2C%2027%2C%20from%20Bourqin%20village%2C%20west%20of%20Jenin%2C%20and%20seriously%20wounded%20his%20wife%2C%20during%20an%20Israeli%20military%20raid%20on%20the%20family%27s%20house.). *ReliefWeb*. 9 July 2003. Retrieved 21 March 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Al-Ahram-2_27-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Al-Ahram-2_27-1) Al-Ahram Weekly, [*Marked for liquidation*](http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/653/re1.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111213223042/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/653/re1.htm) 13 December 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). 28 August – 3 September 2003, Issue No. 653

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-gazit_28-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-gazit_28-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-gazit_28-2) Nir Gazit and Robert J. Brym. ["State-directed political assassination in Israel: A political hypothesis"](https://web.archive.org/web/20141006075717/http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/brym/GazitBrym.pdf) (PDF). *International Sociology 26(6) (2011), pp. 862–877. See pp. 866, 871-872*. Archived from [the original](http://projects.chass.utoronto.ca/brym/GazitBrym.pdf) (PDF) on 6 October 2014.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-breview_29-0)** Nicolas Pelham; Max Rodenbeck (5 November 2009). ["Which Way for Hamas?"](http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/2009/nov/05/which-way-for-hamas/?pagination=false). *The New York Review of Books*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BTselem-2004_30-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BTselem-2004_30-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-BTselem-2004_30-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-BTselem-2004_30-3) [2004 Summary Statistics](http://www.btselem.org/statistics/20043112_2004_statistics). B'Tselem – Statistics. Retrieved 20 November 2013

1. **[^](#cite_ref-31)** ["Palestinian killed by Israeli security forces, Not known if involved in fighting"](http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/palestinians-killed-involvement-in-fighting-unknown). *B'Tselem – Statistics 2000-2008 by date*. Retrieved 20 November 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-32)** [*Palestinians who took part in the hostilities and were killed by Israeli security forces in the Occupied Territories*](http://www.btselem.org/statistics/fatalities/before-cast-lead/by-date-of-event/wb-gaza/palestinians-who-took-part-in-the-hostilities-and-were-killed-by-israeli-security-forces). B'Tselem – Statistics 2000-2008 by date. Retrieved 20 November 2013

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Sharon-Bush_letters_33-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Sharon-Bush_letters_33-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Sharon-Bush_letters_33-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Sharon-Bush_letters_33-3) ["Exchange of letters between PM Sharon and President Bush"](http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/mfadocuments/pages/exchange%20of%20letters%20sharon-bush%2014-apr-2004.aspx). *MFA*. 14 April 2004.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-34)** ["Address by PM Ariel Sharon at the Fourth Herzliya Conference-Dec 18- 2003"](http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/PressRoom/2003/Pages/Address%20by%20PM%20Ariel%20Sharon%20at%20the%20Fourth%20Herzliya.aspx). *MFA*.: "We wish to speedily advance implementation of the Roadmap towards quiet and a genuine peace. We hope that the Palestinian Authority will carry out its part. However, if in a few months the Palestinians still continue to disregard their part in implementing the Roadmap then Israel will initiate the unilateral security step of disengagement from the Palestinians."

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nyt_150404_35-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nyt_150404_35-1) [*For Bush and Sharon, 'Confidence' and 'Realities' Are Crucial*](https://www.nytimes.com/2004/04/15/politics/15MTEX.html?ex=1083211200&en=0bbb19713b14bdf4&ei=5070). *The New York Times*, 15 April 2004

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Wash_170605_36-0)** Zbigniew Brzezinski and William B. Quandt (17 June 2005). ["From Bush, Mideast Words to Act On"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061601379.html). *The Washington Post*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-37)** ["President Welcomes Palestinian President Abbas to the White House"](https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2005/05/20050526.html). Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov. 26 May 2005. Retrieved 30 April 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Brzezinski, Zbigniew; Quandt, William B. (17 June 2005). ["From Bush, Mideast Words to Act On"](https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/16/AR2005061601379.html). *The Washington Post*. Retrieved 10 April 2010.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-pbs_expel_39-0)** [*Israeli Cabinet Votes to Expel Arafat, but Delays Action*](https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/middle_east-july-dec03-mideast_09-11). PBS, 11 September 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-40)** [*Sharon: Expelling Arafat not ′good for Israel′*](http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/10/17/mideast/). CNN, 17 October 2003

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Task_Force_41-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Task_Force_41-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Task_Force_41-2) ["Reforming the Palestinian Authority: An update"](https://web.archive.org/web/20131207134933/http://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/daaea56099518ac185256e9b00517919/$FILE/Reforming_the_Palestinian_Authority_an_Update_April_2004.pdf) (PDF). *Independent Task Force on Strengthening Palestinian Public Institutions*. April 2004. Archived from [the original](https://unispal.un.org/unispal.nsf/5ba47a5c6cef541b802563e000493b8c/daaea56099518ac185256e9b00517919/$FILE/Reforming_the_Palestinian_Authority_an_Update_April_2004.pdf) (PDF) on 7 December 2013. The paralysis of Abu Ala’s government will only intensify in the future. Only general political elections can transform the current political system and provide it with the needed legitimacy and political will to pursue serious political reform.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-MidEastweb_Abbas_42-0)** [*Inaugural Speech – Palestinian Prime Minister Mahmud Abbas*](http://www.mideastweb.org/abumazen.htm). MidEastweb, 29 April 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-43)** [*Arafat chooses Palestinian prime minister*](http://edition.cnn.com/2003/WORLD/meast/03/06/palestinian.pm/). CNN, 6 March 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-alahram_647_44-0)** [Arafat vs Abbas](http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/647/re2.htmnegotiat)[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]. Al-Ahram Weekly, 17–23 July 2003, Issue No. 647

1. **[^](#cite_ref-45)** [*Infographic: Keeping Palestinians occupied*](http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/interactive/2013/12/infographic-palestine-2013123141434917728.html). Al Jazeera, 3 December 2013

1. **[^](#cite_ref-46)** [*Israel cuts off contact with Arafat*](http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/12/mideast/index.html). CNN, 13 December 2001

1. **[^](#cite_ref-47)** [*Bombing of bus triggers claims, condemnation*](http://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/meast/06/05/bomb.politics/index.html). CNN, 5 June 2002 "Israel once again put the blame for the bombing squarely on the Palestinian Authority, as it has repeatedly after such attacks, for failing to stop terrorism. "Sixteen of our citizens are lying dead because Arafat, the Palestinian Authority have taken no action whatsoever to stop terrorist activity"

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-BBC_041201_48-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-BBC_041201_48-1) [*Israel strikes at Arafat headquarters*](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/1691224.stm). BBC, 4 December 2001. The latest attacks follow a statement by the Israeli cabinet on Monday night declaring the Palestinian Authority an "entity that supports terror".

1. **[^](#cite_ref-bbc_excerpts_israeli_statement_49-0)** [*Excerpts: Israeli security cabinet statement*](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3102154.stm). BBC, 11 September 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-cbs-ap_killing_option_50-0)** [*Killing Arafat An Option*](http://www.cbsnews.com/news/killing-arafat-an-option/). Ellen Crean, CBS/Associated Press, 15 September 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-51)** [*Israel rejects militants' cease-fire offer*](http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/12/09/mideast/index.html). CNN, 10 December 2001

1. **[^](#cite_ref-52)** [*Israeli attacks kill 1 in Arafat's bodyguard unit*](http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/meast/03/28/israel.attacks.03/index.html). CNN, 28 March 2001

1. **[^](#cite_ref-53)** [*Peace Plan May Hinge on Security Force in Disarray*](https://web.archive.org/web/20131204033657/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jun/03/world/fg-security3/2), page 2. *Los Angeles Times*, 3 June 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-54)** [*Palestinian Security Force in Ruins*](https://web.archive.org/web/20140610060413/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-52557124.html). AP Online, 25 April 2002. Summary on highbeam.com

1. **[^](#cite_ref-guardian_six_killed_55-0)** [*Six killed in Israeli missile strike*](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jun/12/israel5). Guardian, 12 June 2003 "In 32 months of fighting, the Israeli military had mainly attacked Palestinian security forces, even though Hamas was responsible for a majority of the bombings and shootings."

1. **[^](#cite_ref-56)** Amira Hass, Haaretz, 24 April 2002, ["Operation Destroy the Data"](https://web.archive.org/web/20030313224244/http://news.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=155181). Archived from the original on 13 March 2003. Retrieved 16 November 2007.{{[cite web](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_web)}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown)). On web.archive.org

1. **[^](#cite_ref-57)** [*West Bank Closures*](http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/wb_closure1203_300.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20131111130327/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/wb_closure1203_300.pdf) 11 November 2013 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (2.5 MB). December 2003, OCHAoPt

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FMEP-PCBS_stats_58-0)** *[*Comprehensive Settlement Population 1972-2010*](http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/comprehensive-settlement-population-1972-2006) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20100315123847/http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/settlement-info-and-tables/stats-data/comprehensive-settlement-population-1972-2006) 15 March 2010 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Foundation for Middle East Peace (FMEP) *[*Number of Settlers in the Settlements in the West Bank, by Year and Region, 1986-2010*](http://82.213.38.42/Portals/_pcbs/Settlements/sett_2010_E_tab6.htm) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20140313004417/http://82.213.38.42/Portals/_pcbs/Settlements/sett_2010_E_tab6.htm) 13 March 2014 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine). Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics. From [Table 5 of "Israeli Settlements in the Palestinian Territory 2011"](http://www.pcbs.gov.ps/Portals/_PCBS/Downloads/Book1913.pdf) * Figures vary, depending on the month of calculation

1. **[^](#cite_ref-59)** ["Peace-Now-2009"](http://peacenow.org.il/eng/node/297&usg=AFQjCNF4H4N00UZAq8xaHlF1CgWhvRIvCw).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ocha_impact_barrier_2005_60-0)** [*The Humanitarian Impact of the West Bank Barrier on Palestinian Communities*](https://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/32943465E443DEFE8525700C0066B181) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20150715065345/http://unispal.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0/32943465E443DEFE8525700C0066B181) 15 July 2015 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), Update No. 5, March 2005. OCHAoPt. [Original PDF](http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/OCHABarRprt05_Full.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20110305232600/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/OCHABarRprt05_Full.pdf) 5 March 2011 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine) (1.9 MB)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guardian_61-0)** [*UK recalls MI6 link to Palestinian militants*](https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2003/sep/24/israel). Chris McGreal, *The Guardian*, 24 September 2003

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guardian_MI6_plan_62-0)** Ian Black and Seumas Milne (25 January 2011). ["Palestine papers: MI6 plan proposed internment – and hotline to Israelis"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/jan/25/mi6-palestinian-papers-rejectionists-plan). *The Guardian*.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2003_MI6-plan_63-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2003_MI6-plan_63-1) [*UK Security Plan: British MI6 Palestinian Security Plan with Annex*](http://thepalestinepapers.com/files/238.PDF), 2003. On [\[1\]](http://thepalestinepapers.com/en/projects/thepalestinepapers/20121821315250320.html)

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2005_MI6-plan_64-0)** [*British Security Plan: Palestinian National Security Force Report*](http://thepalestinepapers.com/files/308.PDF), 18 March 2005. On [\[2\]](http://thepalestinepapers.com/en/projects/thepalestinepapers/201218213522312987.html) — p. B-2: The very areas that are most sensitive and used by insurgents for launching attacks are in many cases denied to the NSF by the overwatching Israelis; – p. B-3: rudimentary surveillance capability ... the IDF do not permit it and there is no basic equipment available (not even binoculars); – p. B-7: the Israelis will not permit any enhancements to the NSF that might be diverted for use against Israeli interests, for example munitions and surveillance equipment; – p. C-1: At the same time the Israeli occupation has totally destroyed the capability of the NSF itself and inflicted significant damage on its infrastructure. NSF personnel are not permitted to bear arms or to move between areas in uniform. NSF locations are subject to sporadic IDF attacks whereby buildings are damaged and property and uniforms are confiscated ... The NSF, being unarmed, are in no position to confront the militants.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-65)** Con Coughlin (21 August 2005). ["Israel protests at MI6 mission to halt Hamas suicide bombings"](https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1496671/Israel-protests-at-MI6-mission-to-halt-Hamas-suicide-bombings.html). *The Daily Telegraph*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-66)** ["Hamas sweeps to election victory"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4650788.stm). *BBC*. 26 January 2006.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Haniyeh_2006-letter_67-0)** Haniyeh wrote the letter on 6 June 2006. ["In 2006 letter to Bush, Haniyeh offered compromise with Israel"](https://web.archive.org/web/20121103052627/http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213). *Haaretz*. 14 November 2008. Archived from [the original](https://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/in-2006-letter-to-bush-haniyeh-offered-compromise-with-israel-1.257213) on 3 November 2012.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Guardian_210806_68-0)** Conal Urquhart (21 August 2006). ["25% of Palestinian MPs detained by Israel"](https://www.theguardian.com/world/2006/aug/21/israel). *The Guardian*.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-69)** ["Q&A: Gaza conflict"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7818022.stm). *BBC*. 18 January 2009.

## External links

- [Full text of the "road map"](https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/2989783.stm), 30 April 2003.

v t e Israeli–Palestinian conflict History Participants Israelis Israel Defense Forces Israel Police Mossad Shabak (Shin Bet) Palestinians Principals All-Palestine Protectorate Palestine Liberation Organization Fatah Hamas Palestinian Authority Other groups al-Aqsa Brigades Children DFLP Jenin Brigades Lions' Den PIJ PLF PPSF PFLP PFLP-GC PRC Sabireen Movement Sons of Zouari Tulkarm Brigade Third-party groups Arab League Hezbollah Individuals Israelis Moshe Arens Ami Ayalon Ehud Barak David Ben-Gurion Naftali Bennett Menachem Begin Meir Dagan Moshe Dayan Avi Dichter Yuval Diskin Benny Gantz Efraim Halevy Dan Halutz Tzipi Livni Golda Meir Shaul Mofaz Yitzhak Mordechai Benjamin Netanyahu Ehud Olmert Shimon Peres Yaakov Peri Yitzhak Rabin Amnon Lipkin-Shahak Yitzhak Shamir Ariel Sharon Shabtai Shavit Moshe Ya'alon Danny Yatom Zvi Zamir Palestinians Abu Abbas Mahmoud Abbas Moussa Arafat Yasser Arafat Yahya Ayyash Marwan Barghouti Mohammed Dahlan Mohammed Deif George Habash Wadie Haddad Ismail Haniyeh Nayef Hawatmeh Amin al-Husayni Ghazi Jabali Ahmed Jibril Abu Jihad Salah Khalaf Leila Khaled Sheikh Khalil Khaled Mashal Zuheir Mohsen Abu Ali Mustafa Abu Nidal Izz ad-Din al-Qassam Jibril Rajoub Abdel Aziz al-Rantisi Ali Hassan Salameh Salah Shehade Ramadan Shalah Fathi Shaqaqi Ahlam Tamimi Ahmed Yassin Timeline military operations Background 1920–1948 1920 Nebi Musa riots Battle of Tel Hai 1921 Jaffa riots 1929 Palestine riots Hebron massacre 1936–1939 Arab revolt 1944–1947 Jewish insurgency 1947–1948 Civil War / Nakba 1948–1970 1948 Arab–Israeli War massacres 1948–present Fedayeen insurgency 1951–1967 Attacks against Israeli civilians 1950s–1960s Reprisal operations 1949–1956 Palestinian expulsions 1953 Qibya massacre 1956 Suez Crisis / Kafr Qasim / Khan Yunis / Rafah massacres 1967 Six-Day War / Naksa 1967–1970 War of Attrition 1968 Battle of Karameh Palestinian insurgency 1968–1982 1970 Avivim school bus bombing 1972 Sabena Flight 571 / Munich massacre / "Bayonet" (1973 Lillehammer affair) 1974 Kiryat Shmona massacre / Ma'alot massacre 1975 Savoy Hotel attack 1976 Entebbe raid 1978 Coastal road massacre / South Lebanon conflict 1980 Misgav Am hostage crisis 1973–1987 1973 Yom Kippur War 1975 Zion Square bombing 1982 Lebanon War Siege of Beirut 1984 Bus 300 affair 1985 Achille Lauro hijacking / "Wooden Leg" 1987 Night of the Gliders First Intifada 1987–1991 1988 Tunis raid 1989 Bus 405 attack 1990 Temple Mount killings 1990s Palestinian suicide attacks list 1994 Cave of the Patriarchs massacre Second Intifada 2000–2005 Palestinian rocket attacks Palestinian suicide attacks list Israeli assassinations 2000 October events 2001 Santorini 2002 Karine A / "Defensive Shield" / Battle of Jenin / Battle of Nablus / "Determined Path" 2003 Ain es Saheb airstrike 2004 "Rainbow" / Beit Hanoun raid / "Days of Penitence" Palestinian dissident campaigns 2006–present 2006 "Bringing Home the Goods" 2008 Jerusalem yeshiva attack / Jerusalem bulldozer attack 2009 Al-Aqsa clashes 2010 Palestinian militancy campaign 2015–2016 violence 2017 Temple Mount crisis 2021 Israel–Palestine crisis 2022 Al-Aqsa clashes Gaza–Israel conflict 2006–present 2006 Gaza beach explosion / Gaza cross-border raid / "Summer Rains" / "Autumn Clouds" / Beit Hanoun shelling 2008 Egypt–Gaza border breach / "Hot Winter" 2008–2009 Gaza War 2010 Gaza flotilla raid 2012 "Returning Echo" / "Pillar of Defense" 2014 "Protective Edge" 2015 Freedom Flotilla III 2018 Gaza border protests / November clashes 2019 May clashes / "Black Belt" 2021 "Guardian of the Walls" 2022 "Breaking Dawn" 2023 "Shield and Arrow" / Gaza war Diplomacy/law Timeline 1948–1991 1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight depopulated towns and villages 1949 Lausanne Conference 1967–present Israeli settlement settler violence international law 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1990s 1991 Madrid Conference 1993–1995 Oslo Accords 1994 Paris Protocol 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement 1994–present US security assistance to the PA 1997 Hebron Agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000s 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2001 Taba Summit 2002 Quartet established 2003 Road Map 2005 Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip 2005 Agreement on Movement and Access 2006 Valley of Peace initiative 2007 Annapolis Conference 2009 Aftonbladet Israel controversy 2010s 2010–11 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2011 Palestine Papers 2013–2014 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2020s 2023–present Gaza genocide United Nations General Israel and the UN Palestine and the UN UNRWA Resolutions List concerning Israel List concerning Palestine 1947 UNGA Resolution 181 1948 UNGA Resolution 194 1967 UNSC Resolution 242 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2012 UNGA Resolution 67/19 2023 UNSC Resolution 2720 Investigations 2009 Goldstone Report 2015 UNHRC Report ICJ cases 2004 Wall construction 2023–present South African allegation of genocide 2024 Nicaragua v. Germany 2023–2024 Israeli occupation 2024–2025 UNRWA ban ICC Palestine investigation arrest warrants Analysis Antisemitism Anti-Palestinianism Comparisons between Israel and Nazi Germany Criticism Criticism of Hamas Criticism of Israel Israeli criticism of the occupation Media coverage Peace process Racism in Israel Racism in Palestine Textbooks in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict Timeline of anti-Zionism There was no such thing as Palestinians

v t e Foreign relations of Palestine Africa Algeria Burkina Faso Comoros Djibouti Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Kenya Libya Morocco Namibia Nigeria Sahrawi Republic Somalia South Africa Sudan Tanzania Tunisia Zimbabwe Americas Argentina Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Costa Rica Cuba Ecuador El Salvador Honduras Mexico Peru United States Uruguay Venezuela Asia Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Brunei China Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Kurdistan Region Israel Japan Jordan Kuwait Lebanon Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan Malaysia Maldives North Korea Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Saudi Arabia South Korea Sri Lanka Syria Taiwan Thailand Turkey United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen Europe Albania Austria Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cyprus Denmark Finland France Germany Greece Holy See Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Ukraine United Kingdom Oceania Australia New Zealand Former states East Germany Soviet Union Disputes Israeli–Palestinian conflict Palestinian political violence Fatah–Hamas conflict Multilateral relations Arab League European Union Non-Aligned Movement United Nations (Security Council resolutions) Related topics Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Expatriates Diplomatic missions of / in Palestine Recognition of statehood Legal status Palestine 194 Foreign relations of Hamas

v t e Diplomacy and peace proposals in the Arab–Israeli conflict Background 1914 Damascus Protocol 1915 McMahon–Hussein correspondence 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement 1917 Balfour Declaration 1918 Declaration to the Seven / Anglo-French Declaration 1919 Faisal–Weizmann agreement 1920 San Remo conference 1922 Churchill White Paper 1937 Peel Commission 1939 White Paper 1939 London Conference 1946 Morrison–Grady Plan 1947 Bevin Plan 1946–47 London Conference 1947 UN Partition Plan 1948 American trusteeship proposal 1948–1988 1948 UN General Assembly (UNGA) Resolution 194 1949 Armistice agreements / Lausanne Conference 1950 Tripartite Declaration 1967 Khartoum Resolution / UN Security Council (UNSC) Resolution 242 1971 UNSC Resolution 298 1973 UNSC Resolution 338 / UNSC Resolution 339 1974 Israel–Syria disengagement agreement / UNSC Resolution 350 1978 UNSC Resolution 425 / Camp David Accords 1979 UNSC Resolution 446 / Egypt–Israel peace treaty Palestinian autonomy talks / UNSC Resolution 452 1980 UNSC Resolution 478 / Venice Declaration 1981 UNSC Resolution 497 1981–1982 Fahd Plan 1982 Reagan peace plan 1983 Israel–Lebanon agreement 1987 Peres–Hussein London Agreement / Amirav-Husseini peace meetings 1988 1988 Shultz Initiative / 1988 Yasser Arafat speech to the United Nations General Assembly 1990 Saddam Hussein initiative of 12 August 1990 1991–2016 1991 Madrid Conference 1993 Oslo Accords Letters of recognition Middle East Peace Facilitation Act 1994 Gaza–Jericho Agreement / Israel–Jordan peace treaty 1995 Beilin–Abu Mazen agreement 1998 Wye River Memorandum 1999 Sharm El Sheikh Memorandum 2000 Camp David Summit / Clinton Parameters 2000 Isratin 2001 Taba Summit / Mitchell Report 2002 Beirut Summit and peace initiative / Road map / Elon Plan 2003 Geneva Initiative 2004 UNSC Resolution 1559 / UNSC Resolution 1566 2005 UNSC Resolution 1583 / Sharm El Sheikh Summit / Israeli disengagement from the Gaza Strip / Agreement on Movement and Access / Valley of Peace initiative 2006 UNSC Resolution 1850 / Quartet Principles 2006 UNSC Resolution 1701 2007 Annapolis Conference 2010 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2011 Israeli Peace Initiative 2013 Israeli–Palestinian peace talks 2016 John Kerry Parameters 2020–present 2020 Israel–Palestine peace plan / Abraham Accords Israel–UAE normalization agreement Bahrain–Israel normalization agreement Israel–Sudan normalization agreement Israel–Morocco normalization agreement 2022 Israeli–Lebanese maritime border agreement 2025 Palestinian Emirates Plan / Gaza peace plan 2026 Israel–Lebanon peace talks

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Road map for peace](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_map_for_peace) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_map_for_peace?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.