# Rhythmakers
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'''Rhythmakers''', sometime known as '''The Rhythmakers''' or the '''Chicago Rhythm Kings''' in later re-issues of their music, was a [jazz](/source/jazz) recording group which recorded music in six sessions in New York City in 1932. A racially integrated ensemble, the group was unable to tour or perform publicly due to racial segregation laws enforced throughout the country. Nevertheless, the group's popularity on record helped to bolster support for racially integrated music groups in the years to come.[{{Cite encyclopedia |date=2001 |title=Rhythmakers|encyclopedia=[Grove Music Online](/source/The_New_Grove_Dictionary_of_Music_and_Musicians) |series=Oxford Music Online |publisher=[Oxford University Press](/source/Oxford_University_Press)|author=Mike Hazeldine|doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.J377700}}]
Rhythmakers was organized by American music publisher and jazz [impresario](/source/impresario) [Irving Mills](/source/Irving_Mills); initially as a means of featuring and promoting the singer [Billy Banks](/source/Billy_Banks_(singer)). Banks was the featured singer in nine songs recorded during the first two sessions with trumpeter [Red Allen](/source/Red_Allen), clarinet and saxophone player [Pee Wee Russell](/source/Pee_Wee_Russell), banjoist [Eddie Condon](/source/Eddie_Condon), pianist [Joe Sullivan](/source/Joe_Sullivan), double bassist [Al Morgan](/source/Al_Morgan_(bassist)), and guitarist [Jack Bland](/source/Jack_Bland). Drummer [Gene Krupa](/source/Gene_Krupa) played for the first session, but was then succeeded by [Zutty Singleton](/source/Zutty_Singleton) who played percussion for the final three session. The third session saw a changeover of performers, with [Fats Waller](/source/Fats_Waller) replacing Sullivan on piano, [Pops Foster](/source/Pops_Foster) replacing Morgan on double bass, and [Jimmy Lord](/source/Jimmy_Lord) taking over the clarinet but not saxophone parts from Russell. For the fourth and final session, Waller was replaced on piano by [Frank Froeba](/source/Frank_Froeba), vocalist [Chick Bullock](/source/Chick_Bullock) succeeded Banks as the group's singer, and [Tommy Dorsey](/source/Tommy_Dorsey) was brought in as a trombonist.