# Rhodotus

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***Rhodotus*** is a [genus](/source/Genus) in the [fungus](/source/Fungus) family [Physalacriaceae](/source/Physalacriaceae). There are two species in the genus with the best known, ***Rhodotus palmatus***, called the **netted rhodotus**, the **rosy veincap**, or the **wrinkled peach**. The unique characteristics of *R. palmatus* have made it difficult for [taxonomists](/source/Taxonomy_(biology)) to agree on how it should be [classified](/source/Classification_(biology)), resulting in an elaborate taxonomical history and an extensive [synonymy](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)). First named *Agaricus palmatus* by [Bulliard](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard) in 1785, it was reclassified into several different genera before becoming *Rhodotus* in 1926. The [familial](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) placement of the genus *Rhodotus* within the order [Agaricales](/source/Agaricales) has also been subject to dispute, and the [taxon](/source/Taxon) has been transferred variously to the families [Amanitaceae](/source/Amanitaceae), [Entolomataceae](/source/Entolomataceae), and [Tricholomataceae](/source/Tricholomataceae). More recently, [molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) analysis has helped determine that *Rhodotus* is most closely related to genera in the [Physalacriaceae](/source/Physalacriaceae).

Mature specimens can usually be identified by the pinkish color and the distinctive ridged and veined surface of their rubbery [caps](/source/Pileus_(mycology)). Variations in the color and quantity of light received during development lead to variations in the size, shape, and cap color of [fruit bodies](/source/Sporocarp_(fungi)). Typically found growing on the stumps and logs of rotting [hardwoods](/source/Hardwood), this uncommon species has a [circumboreal](/source/Circumboreal_Region) distribution, and has been collected in Eurasia, northern Africa, and eastern North America. Declining populations in Europe have led to its appearance in over half of the European fungal [Red Lists](/source/Red_List) of threatened species.

## Taxonomy

The [type species](/source/Type_species) of genus *Rhodotus* was originally described as *Agaricus palmatus* in 1785 by French botanist [Jean Bulliard](/source/Jean_Baptiste_Fran%C3%A7ois_Pierre_Bulliard);[2] mycologist [Elias Magnus Fries](/source/Elias_Magnus_Fries) later included it under the same name in his *Systema Mycologicum*.[3] It was transferred to the then newly described genus *Rhodotus* in a 1926 publication by French mycologist [René Maire](/source/Ren%C3%A9_Maire).[4] French botanist [Claude Gillet](/source/Claude_Casimir_Gillet) called the species *Pleurotus subpalmatus* in 1876.[5] A 1986 paper established *Rhodotus palmatus* as [synonymous](/source/Synonym_(taxonomy)) with *Pleurotus pubescens* (first described by American mycologist [Charles Horton Peck](/source/Charles_Horton_Peck) in 1891).[6][7] According to the same publication, another synonym is *Lentinula reticeps*, described by [William Alphonso Murrill](/source/William_Alphonso_Murrill) in 1915, who thought it to be synonymous with *Agaricus reticeps* (described by [Montagne](/source/Camille_Montagne) in 1856), *A. reticulatus* ([Johnson](/source/Asa_Emery_Johnson), 1880), *A. alveolatus* ([Cragin](/source/Francis_Whittemore_Cragin), 1885), *Pluteus alveolatus* ([Saccardo](/source/Pier_Andrea_Saccardo), 1887), and *Panus meruliiceps* (Peck, 1905).[8]

The placement of *Rhodotus* in the order [Agaricales](/source/Agaricales) is uncertain, and various authors have offered solutions to the taxonomic conundrum. In 1951, Agaricales specialist [Rolf Singer](/source/Rolf_Singer) placed *Rhodotus* in the [Amanitaceae](/source/Amanitaceae) because of similarities between the [tribes](/source/Tribe_(biology)) *Amaniteae* and *Rhodoteae*, such as [spore](/source/Spore) color and ornamentation (modifications of the spore wall that result in surface irregularities), structure of the [hyphae](/source/Hypha) and [trama](/source/Trama_(mycology)), and [chlamydospore](/source/Chlamydospore) production during [culture](/source/Microbiological_culture) growth.[9]

In 1953, French mycologists [Robert Kühner](/source/Robert_K%C3%BChner) and [Henri Romagnesi](/source/Henri_Romagnesi) placed *Rhodotus* in the family [Tricholomataceae](/source/Tricholomataceae)—a traditional "[wastebasket taxon](/source/Wastebasket_taxon)"—on the basis of spore color.[10] In 1969, Besson argued for the placement of *Rhodotus* with the [Entolomataceae](/source/Entolomataceae) after studying the [ultrastructure](/source/Ultrastructure) of the spores.[11] By 1986, Singer had revised the placement of *Rhodotus* in his latest edition of *The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy*, noting that "It has formerly been inserted in the family Amanitaceae but is obviously closer to tribus Pseudohiatuleae of the Tricholomataceae."[12] Tribe [Pseudohiatuleae](/source/Pseudohiatuleae) included such genera as *[Flammulina](/source/Enokitake)*, *[Pseudohiatula](/source/Pseudohiatula)*, *[Cyptotrama](/source/Cyptotrama)*, and *[Callistodermatium](/source/Callistodermatium)*.[13] In 1988, a proposal was made to split the Tricholomataceae into several new families, including a family, Rhodotaceae, to contain the problematic genus.[14]

The use of [molecular phylogenetics](/source/Molecular_phylogenetics) has helped to clarify the proper taxonomic placement of *Rhodotus*. Studies of the [ribosomal DNA](/source/Ribosomal_DNA) sequences from a wide variety of [agaric](/source/Agaric) fungi have corroborated Kühner and Romagnesi's placement of *Rhodotus* in the Tricholomataceae as then understood. A large scale phylogenetic analysis published in 2005 showed *Rhodotus* to be in the "core [euagarics](/source/Euagaric) [clade](/source/Cladistics)",[15] a name given to a grouping of gilled mushrooms corresponding largely to the [suborder](/source/Order_(biology)) Agaricineae as defined by Singer (1986), but also including [taxa](/source/Taxon) that were traditionally classified in the [Aphyllophorales](/source/Aphyllophorales) (e.g., *[Clavaria](/source/Clavaria)*, *[Typhula](/source/Typhula)*, *[Fistulina](/source/Fistulina)*, *[Schizophyllum](/source/Schizophyllum)*, etc.) and several orders of [Gasteromycetes](/source/Gasteromycetes) (e.g., [Hymenogastrales](/source/Hymenogastrales), [Lycoperdales](/source/Lycoperdales), [Nidulariales](/source/Nidulariales)).[16] These results corroborated a previous study which showed *Rhodotus* to be part of a clade containing species such as *[Cyptotrama asprata](/source/Cyptotrama_asprata)*, *[Marasmius trullisatus](/source/Marasmius_trullisatus)*, *[Flammulina velutipes](/source/Enokitake)*, *[Xerula furfuracea](/source/Xerula_furfuracea)*, *[Gloiocephala menieri](/source/Gloiocephala_menieri)*, and *[Armillaria tabescens](/source/Armillaria_tabescens)*.[17] The genera containing these latter species have been reassigned to the family [Physalacriaceae](/source/Physalacriaceae); as of 2009, both [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum) and [MycoBank](/source/MycoBank) also list *Rhodotus* as belonging to the Physalacriaceae.[18][19] Follow up molecular genetics surveys of Physalacriaceae fungi in China identified *Rhodotus asperior* as the second member of the *Rhodotus* genus.[20]

### Etymology

The [specific epithet](/source/Specific_name_(botany)) is derived from the [Latin](/source/Latin) *palmatus*, meaning "shaped like a hand"—possibly a reference to the resemblance of the cap surface to the lines in the palm of a hand.[21][22] [Common names](/source/Common_name) for *R. palmatus* include the netted rhodotus,[23] the rosy veincap,[24] and the wrinkled peach.[25]

## Description

The [fruit body](/source/Sporocarp_(fungi)) of *Rhodotus* has a [cap](/source/Pileus_(mycology)), and [stem](/source/Stipe_(mycology)) without a [ring](/source/Annulus_(mycology)) or [volva](/source/Volva_(mycology)). The cap initially assumes a [convex](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/convex) shape before flattening somewhat with age, and typically reaches widths of 2–6 centimeters (0.8–2.4 in).[26] The edges of the cap are rolled inwards,[27] and the cap surface typically has a conspicuous network of lightly colored ridges or veins that outline deep and narrow grooves or pits—a condition technically termed *sulcate* or *reticulate*. Between the ridges, the surface color is somewhat variable; depending on the lighting conditions experienced by the mushroom during its development, it may range from salmon-orange to pink to red.[28] The texture of the cap surface is [gelatinous](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gelatinous), and the internal [flesh](/source/Trama_(mycology)) is firm but rubbery, and pinkish in color.[29]

The [gills](/source/Lamella_(mycology)) have an [adnate](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/adnate) attachment to the stem, that is, broadly attached to the stem along all or most of the gill width. The gills are thick, packed close to each other, with veins and color similar to, but paler than, the cap.[30] Some of the gills do not extend the full distance from the edge of the cap to the stem. These short gills, called lamellulae, form two to four groups of roughly equal length.[29] The stem is 1.5–3.0 cm (0.6–1.2 in) tall and 0.4–0.6 cm (0.16–0.24 in) thick (usually slightly larger near the base), and may be attached to the underside of the cap in a central or lateral manner.[30] Like the cap color, stem size is also affected by the type of light received during fruit body maturation.[28]

In nature, *Rhodotus palmatus* is sometimes seen "bleeding" a red- or orange-colored liquid. A similar phenomenon has also been observed when it is grown in laboratory [culture](/source/Tissue_culture) on a [petri dish](/source/Petri_dish): the orange-colored drops that appear on the mat formed by fungal [mycelia](/source/Mycelia) precede the initial appearance of fruit bodies.[28] The mature fruit body will turn green when exposed to a 10% aqueous solution of [iron(II) sulfate](/source/Iron(II)_sulfate) (FeSO4), a common [mushroom identification test](/source/Chemical_tests_in_mushroom_identification) known as iron salts.[31]

### Microscopic features

In [deposit](/source/Spore_print), the [spore](/source/Basidiospore) color of *Rhodotus palmatus* has been described most commonly as pink,[32][33][34] but also as [cream](/source/Cream_(colour)) colored.[30] Viewed microscopically, the spores of *Rhodotus* have a roughly spherical shape, with dimensions of 6–7.2 by 5.6–6.5 [μm](/source/Micrometre); the spore surface is marked with numerous wart-like projections (defined as *verrucose*), typically 0.5–0.7 μm long.[35] The spores are non-[amyloid](/source/Amyloid)—unable to take up [iodine](/source/Iodine) stain in the chemical test with [Melzer's reagent](/source/Melzer's_reagent).[24]

The spore-bearing cells, the [basidia](/source/Basidium), are club-shaped and 4-spored, with dimensions of 33.6–43.2 by 5.6–8 μm. Although this species lacks cells called [pleurocystidia](/source/Pleurocystidia) (large sterile cells found on the gill face in some mushrooms), it contains abundant cheilocystidia (large sterile cells found on the gill edge) that are 27.2–48 by 4.8–8 μm in size. [Clamp connections](/source/Clamp_connection) are present in the [hyphae](/source/Hypha).[29] The outer cellular layer of the cap [cuticle](/source/Pileipellis) is made of bladder-shaped, thick-walled hyphae, each individually supported by a small stalk that extends down into a "gelatinized zone".[12]

[Chlamydospores](/source/Chlamydospore) are asexual reproductive units made by some fungi that allow them to exist solely as [mycelium](/source/Mycelium), a process which helps them survive over periods unsuitable for growth;[36] *Rhodotus* was shown experimentally to be capable of producing these structures in 1906. The chlamydospores of *Rhodotus* are thick-walled cells that develop from single hyphal compartments, and have dimensions of 12–8 μm (0.00047–0.00031 in) by 8–6 μm (0.00031–0.00024 in).[37]

## Habitat and distribution

*Rhodotus palmatus* is [saprobic](/source/Detritivore), meaning it obtains nutrients from decomposing organic matter.[38] It grows scattered or clustered in small groups on rotting [hardwoods](/source/Hardwood), such as [basswood](/source/Tilia), [maple](/source/Maple), and especially [elm](/source/Elm);[29] in Europe it is known to grow on [horse chestnut](/source/Aesculus_hippocastanum).[28] The mushroom prefers low-lying logs in areas that are periodically flooded and that receive little sunlight, such as areas shaded by forest [canopy](/source/Canopy_(biology)).[29] A [pioneer species](/source/Pioneer_species) in the fungal colonization of dead wood, it prefers to grow on relatively undecayed [substrates](/source/Substrate_(biology)). It is often found growing on dark-stained wood, especially the dried-out upper parts of trunks that have lost their [bark](/source/Bark_(botany)).[39] *R. palmatus* tends to fruit in cooler and moister weather, from spring to autumn in the United States,[30] or autumn to winter in Britain and Europe.[33]

Described as having a [circumboreal](/source/Circumboreal_Region) distribution,[40] *R. palmatus* has been reported from Iran,[41] Hungary,[42] Italy,[43] Poland,[44] Slovakia,[45] Denmark, Sweden, Norway,[46] Germany,[47] the area formerly known as the USSR,[12] Korea,[48] Japan,[40] New Zealand,[49] Canada,[40][50] and the eastern U.S., from [Kansas](/source/Kansas) to [Virginia](/source/Virginia) northward.[51][52][30] Although often described as "rare", a 1997 study suggests that it may be relatively common in [Illinois](/source/Illinois).[29] It has been suggested that an increase in the number of dead elms, a byproduct of [Dutch elm disease](/source/Dutch_elm_disease), has contributed to its resurgence.[22][53]

### Light requirements

Light at the red end of the [visible spectrum](/source/Visible_spectrum) has been observed to be required for the development of *R. palmatus* fruit bodies, contrary to the typical requirement for blue light seen with many other mushroom species.[28] Fruiting occurs in the presence of green, yellow or red light with [wavelengths](/source/Wavelength) above 500 [nm](/source/Nanometre), but only when blue light (under 500 nm) is absent. Consequently, [phenotypic](/source/Phenotype) variations observed in the field—such as size, shape, and cap color—may be influenced by differing conditions of light color and intensity. For example, specimens grown in the laboratory under green light had fruit bodies with short, straight stems and pale orange, large caps with well-developed ridges and pits, an appearance similar to specimens found in the field that were growing under a canopy of green leaves. Laboratory-grown specimens under [amber](/source/Amber) light had bright orange, small caps with less pronounced [reticulations](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reticulation); similarly, field specimens found in the fall, after the leaves had fallen, were more orange to orange-pink in color.[28]

## Conservation

In the 1980s in Europe, increases in the levels of [air pollution](/source/Air_pollution), as well as changing [land use](/source/Land_use,_land-use_change_and_forestry) practices coincided with reports of declines in the populations of certain mushrooms. Consequently, a number of fungal [conservation](/source/Conservation_biology) initiatives were started to better understand fungal [biodiversity](/source/Biodiversity); as of October 2007, 31 European countries have produced fungal [Red Lists](/source/Regional_Red_List) of threatened species.[54] *Rhodotus palmatus* is a candidate species in over half of the European fungal Red Lists, and is listed as [critically endangered](/source/Critically_endangered), [endangered](/source/Endangered), or [near threatened](/source/Near_threatened) (or the equivalent) in 12 countries.[55] In the Baltic countries [Estonia](/source/Estonia), [Latvia](/source/Latvia), and [Lithuania](/source/Lithuania), it is considered by the Environmental Protection Ministries (a branch of government charged with implementing the [Convention on Biological Diversity](/source/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity)) to be regionally extinct, reported as "extinct or probably extinct".[56] It was one of 35 fungal species to gain legal protection in [Hungary](/source/Hungary) in 2005, making it a fineable offense to pick them.[57]

## Uses

Depending on the source consulted, the edibility of *Rhodotus palmatus* is typically listed as unknown[30] or inedible.[33][58] The species has no distinguishable odor, and a "bitter" taste,[33] although one early description referred to the taste as "sweet".[8]

As part of a Spanish research study to evaluate the [antimicrobial](/source/Antimicrobial) activity of mushrooms, *R. palmatus* was one of 204 species screened against a panel of human clinical [pathogens](/source/Pathogen) and laboratory control strains. Using a [standard laboratory method](/source/Kirby-Bauer_antibiotic_testing) to determine antimicrobial susceptibility, the mushroom was shown to have moderate [antibacterial](/source/Antiseptic) activity against *[Bacillus subtilis](/source/Bacillus_subtilis)*, and weak antifungal activity against both *[Saccharomyces cerevisiae](/source/Saccharomyces_cerevisiae)* and *[Aspergillus fumigatus](/source/Aspergillus_fumigatus)*.[59]

## Notes

1. [Index Fungorum](http://www.speciesfungorum.org/GSD/GSDspecies.asp?RecordID=200961)

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### Cited text

- Singer R. (1986). *The Agaricales in Modern Taxonomy. 4th rev. ed*. Koenigstein: Koeltz Scientific Books. ISBN 3-87429-254-1.

## External links

- *[Rhodotus](http://www.indexfungorum.org/Names/genusrecord.asp?RecordID=18472)* at [Index Fungorum](/source/Index_Fungorum)
- [Picture of spores](http://www.ne.jp/asahi/mushroom/tokyo/tricholoma/rhodotus/hosianzutake-page.htm)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Rhodotus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodotus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhodotus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.