# Rhinanthus minor

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Species of flowering plant in the broomrape family

Yellow rattle Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Embryophytes Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Spermatophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Lamiales Family: Orobanchaceae Genus: Rhinanthus Species: R. minor Binomial name Rhinanthus minor L. Synonyms List Alectorolophus × fallax var. hispanicus Sennen & Elías Alectorolophus alpinus Rchb. Alectorolophus buccalis Heynh. Alectorolophus crista-galli (L.) M.Bieb. Alectorolophus crista-galli var. monticola (Lamotte) K.Malý Alectorolophus crista-galli var. rusticulus (Chabert) Sterneck Alectorolophus crista-galli subsp. stenophyllus (Schur) K.Malý Alectorolophus glaber All. Alectorolophus grandiflorus var. glabratus Wallr. Alectorolophus kyrollae (Chabert) Sterneck Alectorolophus longibracteatus Kociejotoski Alectorolophus major var. glaber Rchb. Alectorolophus minor (L.) Dumort. Alectorolophus minor Rchb. Alectorolophus minor var. monticola (Lamotte) Sterneck Alectorolophus minor var. rusticulus (Chabert) Hayek Alectorolophus minor var. stenophyllus (Schur) Wettst. Alectorolophus minor f. vittulatus (Gremli) Sterneck Alectorolophus monticola (Lamotte) Sterneck Alectorolophus parviflorus Wallr. Alectorolophus parviflorus var. longidens (Chabert) Rouy Alectorolophus parviflorus var. perrieri (Chabert) Rouy Alectorolophus parviflorus var. rusticulus (Chabert) Rouy Alectorolophus parviflorus var. stenophyllus (Schur) Rouy Alectorolophus parviflorus f. stenophyllus (Schur) Beck Alectorolophus parviflorus var. vittulatus (Gremli) Rouy Alectorolophus personatus Behrendsen & Sterneck Alectorolophus pulchella Schumach. ex Wimm. Alectorolophus ramosus Schur Alectorolophus rigidus (Chabert) Sterneck Alectorolophus rusticulus (Chabert) Sterneck Alectorolophus stenophyllus Sterneck Alectorolophus stenophyllus Schur Alectorolophus villosus Dumort. Fistularia alpina Wettst. Fistularia crista-galli (L.) Kuntze Fistularia crista-galli var. vittulatus (Gremli) Borbás Fistularia minor (L.) Kuntze Mimulus crista-galli (L.) Scop. Rhinanthus borealis subsp. kyrollae (Chabert) Pennell Rhinanthus calcareus Wilmott Rhinanthus crista-galli L. Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. crista-galli Ehrh. Rhinanthus crista-galli f. genevensis (Chabert) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli f. longidens (Chabert) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli f. maculiferus Lindb. ex Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli f. maritimus Sennen & Leroy Rhinanthus crista-galli f. minimus Schur Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. minor (L.) Bonnier & Layens Rhinanthus crista-galli var. minor (L.) Hartm. Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. monticola (Lamotte) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli var. ramosissimus (Schur) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. rusticulus (Chabert) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli var. rusticulus (Chabert) Schinz & Thell. Rhinanthus crista-galli subsp. stenophyllus (Schur) Soó Rhinanthus crista-galli var. stenophyllus (Schur) Fiori Rhinanthus crus-galli Clem. & E.G.Clem. Rhinanthus elatior (Soó) Tzvelev Rhinanthus gardineri Druce Rhinanthus glaber Lam. Rhinanthus glaber subsp. minor (L.) Schübl. & G.Martens Rhinanthus glaber var. minor (L.) Corb. Rhinanthus hercynicus O.Schwarz Rhinanthus kyrollae Chabert Rhinanthus lintonii Wilmott Rhinanthus lochabrensis Wilmott Rhinanthus longibracteatus (Kociejotoski) Domin Rhinanthus major subsp. glaber F.W.Schultz Rhinanthus minor var. angustifolius W.D.J.Koch Rhinanthus minor var. angustifolius Gren. Rhinanthus minor subsp. balticus U.Schneid. Rhinanthus minor var. balticus (U.Schneid.) Hartl Rhinanthus minor subsp. elatior (Soó) P.Fourn. Rhinanthus minor f. genevensis Chabert Rhinanthus minor f. gracilis Poeverl. Rhinanthus minor var. hercynicus (O.Schwarz) Hartl Rhinanthus minor var. longidens Chabert Rhinanthus minor f. longiramosus Poeverl. Rhinanthus minor f. maculifer H.Lindb. ex Hiitonen Rhinanthus minor var. monticola Lamotte Rhinanthus minor subsp. perrieri (Chabert) P.Fourn. Rhinanthus minor subvar. pubescens Merino Rhinanthus minor var. ramosissimus Schur Rhinanthus minor f. ramosus Poeverl. Rhinanthus minor subsp. resimus Neuman Rhinanthus minor var. rusticulus Chabert Rhinanthus minor subsp. stenophyllus (Schur) P.Fourn. Rhinanthus minor var. stenophyllus Schur Rhinanthus minor var. vittulatus Gremli Rhinanthus monticola (Lamotte) Druce Rhinanthus nigricans Meinsh. Rhinanthus obscurus Stephan Rhinanthus pallens Wibel Rhinanthus parviflorus Bluff & Fingerh. Rhinanthus perrieri Chabert Rhinanthus personatus Bég. Rhinanthus pratensis Vill. Rhinanthus ramosus Schur Rhinanthus rigidus Chabert Rhinanthus rumelicus subsp. hercynicus (O.Schwarz) Soó Rhinanthus rusticulus (Chabert) Druce Rhinanthus secundus Bréb. Rhinanthus spadiceus Wilmott Rhinanthus spadiceus subsp. orcadensis Wilmott Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur) Schinz & Thell. Rhinanthus stenophyllus (Schur) Druce Rhinanthus stenophyllus var. monticola (Lamotte) Schinz & Thell. Rhinanthus vachelliae Wilmott Rhinanthus vulgaris Hill

***Rhinanthus minor***, known as **yellow rattle**,[note 1] is a [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous) wildflower in the genus *[Rhinanthus](/source/Rhinanthus)* in the [broomrape family](/source/Broomrape_family). It has circumpolar distribution in Europe, Russia, western Asia, and northern North America.[2] An [annual plant](/source/Annual_plant), yellow rattle grows up to 10–50 centimetres (3.9–19.7 in) tall, with upright stems and opposite, simple leaves. The fruit is a dry [capsule](/source/Capsule_(fruit)), with loose, rattling seeds.

The preferred [habitat](/source/Habitat) of *Rhinanthus minor* is dry fields or meadows; it tolerates a wide range of soil types. It flowers in the summer between May and September. It is [hemiparasitic](/source/Parasitic_plant), notably on [Poaceae](/source/Poaceae) (grasses) and [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae) (legumes), and farmers consider it to be a pest, as it reduces grass growth.

Yellow rattle is used to create or restore wildflower meadows, where it maintains species diversity by suppressing dominant grasses and the recycling of soil nutrients. The seed is sown thinly onto [grassland](/source/Grassland) from August to November—to germinate the following spring, the seeds need to remain in the soil throughout the winter months.

## Description

Yellow rattle is a [herbaceous](/source/Herbaceous) [annual plant](/source/Annual_plant) that resembles the larger greater yellow rattle (*[Rhinanthus angustifolius](/source/Rhinanthus_angustifolius)*).[1][5] The plant grows to up to 10–50 centimetres (4–20 in) tall,[6] with opposite, simple leaves measuring 20–30 millimetres (0.8–1.2 in) × 5–8 millimetres (0.2–0.3 in).

The leaves are [sessile](/source/Sessility_(botany)) (they grow directly from the stem), somewhat heart-shaped at the base, otherwise ovate (oval-shaped) to lanceolate (shaped like a lance tip), dentate (toothed) and scabrid (a little rough to the touch). The stem, which stands upright, can be simple or branched, is four-angled and often streaked or spotted black.[7]

The yellow flowers are 13 to 15 millimetres (0.5 to 0.6 in) across and have a straight tube for the petals. The silvery-coloured fruit is a dry [capsule](/source/Capsule_(fruit)), which contains loose, rattling seeds when ripe that give the plant one of its common names.[1][8]

The [herbalist](/source/Herbalist) [Nicholas Culpeper](/source/Nicholas_Culpeper), in his *The English Physician* (first published in 1652), wrote of yellow rattle as being "good for cough, or dimness of sight".[9] The plant has a reputation of being toxic to animals. The seeds contain [iridoids](/source/Iridoid) which cause them to have a bitter taste.[5][10]

		- *Rhinanthus minor*, from *Icones Florae Germanicae et Helveticae*, 1862

		- Fruits: when dry, the seeds rattle inside the [capsules](/source/Capsule_(fruit)), giving the plant its name.

## Taxonomy

*Rhinanthus minor* is a [flowering plant](/source/Flowering_plant) in the genus *[Rhinanthus](/source/Rhinanthus)* in the [family](/source/Family_(taxonomy)) [Orobanchaceae](/source/Orobanchaceae). It was described by the Swedish taxonomist [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in volume 3 of *Amoenitates Academici* (1756).[11] The species name is derived from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) and means 'nose flower', which is in reference to the shape of the upper lip of the [corolla](/source/Corolla_(botany)). *Minor* means 'smaller'.[12] It is classified in the genus *Rhinanthus* within the family [Orobanchaceae](/source/Orobanchaceae).[13]

According to [Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online) it has four accepted [subspecies](/source/Subspecies):[13]

- *Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *calcareus* – [Endemic](/source/Endemic) to Great Britain[14]

- *Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *lintonii* – Endemic to Great Britain[15]

- *Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *minor* – Native to Europe and western Asia, introduced widely[16]

- *Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *monticola* – France, Great Britain, and Ireland[17]

The [synonyms](/source/Synonym_(botany)) of *Rhinanthus minor* and its four subspecies include 50 species names.[13][14][15][16][17]

## Distribution and ecology

Yellow rattle plants with flowers and seed capsules

*Rhinanthus minor* is found in Europe, western Russia, western Siberia, northern USA and throughout Canada.[5] The preferred [habitat](/source/Habitat) of *Rhinanthus minor* is dry fields or meadows, where its flowering period is in the summer between May and September,[1] but it can thrive with semi-natural species-rich [water-meadows](/source/Water-meadow). It can tolerate a wide range of soil types but does not grow where the soil has a [pH](/source/PH) less than 5.0.[18] Yellow rattle flowers are pollinated by bumblebees during the summer months; the plant is also capable of [self-fertilization](/source/Autogamy).[5]

Yellow rattle is an annual wildflower.[18] It is [hemiparasitic](/source/Parasitic_plant), in that it can gain its nutrients by penetrating the roots of neighbouring green plants with its own roots,[5] but is a [facultative parasite](/source/Facultative_parasite), in that it acts opportunistically when in contact with a root. The hemiparasitic nature of yellow rattle can result in stunted, unbranched individual specimens.[7] The plant can associate with many different [host species](/source/Host_(biology)), notably [Poaceae](/source/Poaceae) (grasses) and [Fabaceae](/source/Fabaceae) (legumes).[19]

In Ireland and Scotland, yellow rattle is often associated with [Machair](/source/Machair_(geography)) habitat, which consists of coastal grassland. The seeds are spread effectively by traditional hay-making practices.[20] Farmers seek to remove it since it affects yields by weakening grass; it is an indicator of poor grassland.[5]

### Effects on plant community structure

Yellow rattle can change the structure of [plant communities](/source/Plant_community) through its parasitism.[21] Vulnerability to attack varies across host taxa, with [forbs](/source/Forb) developing lignified barriers to obstruct the parasite.[22]

Research, including that at the UK's [Centre for Ecology and Hydrology](/source/Centre_for_Ecology_and_Hydrology), has shown that encouraging it to grow in hay meadows greatly increases [biodiversity](/source/Biodiversity), by restricting grass growth and thereby allowing other species to thrive.[20] As of 2021 a majority of studies had found positive or neutral effects of the introduction of *[Rhinanthus](/source/Rhinanthus)* spp. on grassland species richness and diversity, with most finding a negative effect on grasses.[21]

### Conservation status

*Rhinanthus minor* is found in low-lying fields with poor quality soil. It is currently not under threat; as such it is rated as of Least Concern (LC).[5]

Being an annual, it is not found in regularly mown or grazed grassland where the seeds are not provided with an opportunity to spread over the ground.[5] The lack of a seed bank for yellow rattle means that it depends on seed produced from plants during the previous year.[18]

### Pasture and hay field infestation

In the northeastern United States, yellow rattle is considered a pest, as it directly decreases [crop yields](/source/Crop_yield) of grass and hay through its parasitism. Where the plant is found to have infested farmland it has to be suppressed; non-[herbicidal](/source/Herbicide) strategies for removing it include the application of wood ash and sawdust on affected pastures.[23]

## Uses and cultivation

A traditional [pasture](/source/Pasture) in England containing yellow rattle

[Capsules](/source/Capsule_(botany)) and seeds

Yellow rattle is used to proactively create or restore wildflower meadows. It is used to reduce the dominance of grasses, when more expensive methods, such as removing the nutrient-rich [topsoil](/source/Topsoil), or impractical methods, such as changing the timing and intensity of grazing, cannot be used.[18][8] This improves the chances of other species of flowers becoming established. According to [Natural England](/source/Natural_England), the optimum density of yellow rattle plants needed to enable other species to be introduced is 100 to 200 per m2.[18] Studies have shown that the plant's role in maintaining species diversity is through differential growth suppression effects and enhanced soil nutrient recycling.[5]

The yellow rattle seed is sown thinly onto [grassland](/source/Grassland) where gaps have been created,[18] or where all the grass has been cut back and the clippings removed.[8][note 2] Seeds can be also be introduced by the spreading of green hay.[18] The grass should be kept short until the beginning of March, after which the seedlings become established.[24]

After the yellow rattle plants have [germinated](/source/Germination) and matured, the fruits shed their seeds. The meadow hay is cut and removed to encourage the growth introduced wild flowers.[8] The seed, which is short-lived, is sown in the autumn, using seed harvested that year.[24] The seeds have to remain on or under the ground throughout the cold months of winter in order to germinate in the spring.[5]

## Notes

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Other common names for *Rhinanthus minor* include **yellow-rattle**,[1] **little yellow rattle**,[2] **cockscomb rhinanthus**,[3] **hay rattle**, **rattle basket** and **cockscomb**.[4]

1. **[^](#cite_ref-25)** [Natural England](/source/Natural_England) suggests a sowing rate of between 0.5 to 2.5 kilograms (1.1 to 5.5 lb) of seed per [hectare](/source/Hectare).[18]

## References

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1993242_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1993242_1-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1993242_1-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPress1993242_1-3) [Press 1993](#CITEREFPress1993), p. 242.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PLANTS_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PLANTS_2-1) [NRCS](/source/Natural_Resources_Conservation_Service). ["*Rhinanthus minor*"](https://plants.sc.egov.usda.gov/plant-profile/RHMI13). *PLANTS Database*. [United States Department of Agriculture](/source/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture) (USDA). Retrieved 21 October 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-ITIS_3-0)** ["Rhinanthus minor ssp. minor L."](https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=524618#null) [Integrated Taxonomic Information System](/source/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System) (ITIS). Retrieved 17 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-TTab_4-0)** ["Yellow Rattle (Cockscomb, Rattle Basket, Hay Rattle)"](https://www.thetortoisetable.org.uk/plant-database/viewplants/?plant=838&c=6#.YZEo0GDP3IU). *The Tortoise Table*. 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-PlantsO_6-9) ["Rhinanthus minor"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30116962-2). *Plants of the World Online*. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHessayon200948_7-0)** [Hessayon 2009](#CITEREFHessayon2009), p. 48.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestbury2004_8-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWestbury2004_8-1) [Westbury 2004](#CITEREFWestbury2004).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Guard_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Guard_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Guard_9-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-Guard_9-3) Byfield, Andy (27 September 2012). ["Yellow rattle: the meadow-maker's helper"](https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/gardening-blog/2012/sep/27/yellow-rattle-meadow-grassland). *[The Guardian](/source/The_Guardian)*. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECulpepper1860303_10-0)** [Culpepper 1860](#CITEREFCulpepper1860), p. 303.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiuMander20104.08.1.2.1(vii)(c)_11-0)** [Liu & Mander 2010](#CITEREFLiuMander2010), 4.08.1.2.1(vii)(c).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-Euro_12-0)** ["Details for: Rhinanthus minor"](http://ww2.bgbm.org/EuroPlusMed/PTaxonDetail.asp?NameCache=Rhinanthus%20minor&PTRefFk=7200000). *Euro+Med Plant Base*. 2011. Retrieved 15 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGledhill2008260,_330_13-0)** [Gledhill 2008](#CITEREFGledhill2008), pp. 260, 330.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025a_14-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025a_14-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025a_14-2) [POWO 2025a](#CITEREFPOWO_2025a).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025b_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025b_15-1) [POWO 2025b](#CITEREFPOWO_2025b).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025c_16-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025c_16-1) [POWO 2025c](#CITEREFPOWO_2025c).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025d_17-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025d_17-1) [POWO 2025d](#CITEREFPOWO_2025d).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025e_18-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPOWO_2025e_18-1) [POWO 2025e](#CITEREFPOWO_2025e).

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-NatEng_19-7) Jefferson, Richard (2009). ["Technical Information Note TIN060:The use of yellow rattle to facilitate grassland diversification"](https://web.archive.org/web/20211117174534/http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/264/860/TIN060.pdf) (PDF). [Natural England](/source/Natural_England). Archived from [the original](http://adlib.everysite.co.uk/resources/000/264/860/TIN060.pdf) (PDF) on 17 November 2021. Retrieved 17 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibsonWatkinson1989404_20-0)** [Gibson & Watkinson 1989](#CITEREFGibsonWatkinson1989), p. 404.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ConsE_21-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ConsE_21-1) ["Add yellow rattle seed Rhinanthus minor to hay meadows"](https://www.conservationevidence.com/actions/129). *Conservation Evidence*. 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudronMazalováKurasMalenovský2021_22-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChaudronMazalováKurasMalenovský2021_22-1) [Chaudron et al. 2021](#CITEREFChaudronMazalováKurasMalenovský2021).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJiangJeschkeHartungCameron2010_23-0)** [Jiang et al. 2010](#CITEREFJiangJeschkeHartungCameron2010).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithCox2014118_24-0)** [Smith & Cox 2014](#CITEREFSmithCox2014), p. 118.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-PlantL_26-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-PlantL_26-1) ["How to grow Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210910080630/https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/how-to-grow-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor). Plantlife. 2021. Archived from [the original](https://www.plantlife.org.uk/uk/discover-wild-plants-nature/how-to-grow-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor) on 10 September 2021. Retrieved 14 November 2021.

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- [Culpepper, Nicholas](/source/Nicholas_Culpepper) (1860) [1652]. [*Culpeper's Complete Herbal: consisting of a comprehensive description of nearly all herbs with their medicinal properties and directions for compounding the medicines extracted from them*](https://archive.org/details/b2170465x/page/n7/mode/2up). Halifax: Milner and Sowerby – via Internet Archive.

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- Jiang, Fan; Jeschke, W. Dieter; Hartung, Wolfram; Cameron, Duncan D. (2010). "Interactions Between *Rhinanthus minor* and Its Hosts: A Review of Water, Mineral Nutrient and Hormone Flows and Exchanges in the Hemiparasitic Association". *Folia Geobotanica*. **45** (4). Springer: 369–385. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010FolGe..45..369J](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010FolGe..45..369J). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/S12224-010-9093-2](https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS12224-010-9093-2). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [24274292](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24274292).

- Liu, Hung-Wen (Ben); [Mander, Lew](/source/Lew_Mander), eds. (2010). *Comprehensive Natural Products II: Chemistry and Biology*. [Elsevier](/source/Elsevier). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-08-045382-8](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-045382-8).

- POWO (2025a). ["*Rhinanthus minor* L."](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/30116962-2) *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 12 December 2025.

- POWO (2025b). ["*Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *calcareus* (Wilmott) E.F.Warb"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/2933365-4). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 12 December 2025.

- POWO (2025c). ["*Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *lintonii* (Wilmott) P.D.Sell"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/3301060-4). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 12 December 2025.

- POWO (2025d). ["*Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *minor*"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77233717-1). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 12 December 2025.

- POWO (2025e). ["*Rhinanthus minor* subsp. *monticola* (Lamotte) P.Fourn"](https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/77251468-1). *[Plants of the World Online](/source/Plants_of_the_World_Online)*. [Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew](/source/Royal_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Kew). Retrieved 12 December 2025.

- Press, J. R. (1993). [*Bob Press's Field Guide to the Wild Flowers of Britain and Europe*](https://archive.org/details/bobpresssfieldgu0000pres/page/n3/mode/2up). London: [New Holland](/source/New_Holland_Publishers). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-18536-8-291-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-18536-8-291-9) – via Internet Archive.

- Smith, Richard G.; Cox, Dorn A. (2014). ["Effects of Soil Amendments on the Abundance of a Parasitic Weed, Yellow Rattle (Rhinanthus minor) in Hay Fields"](https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/weed-science/article/effects-of-soil-amendments-on-the-abundance-of-a-parasitic-weed-yellow-rattle-rhinanthus-minor-in-hay-fields/4079150F0B5D782EC46A011FFCECD732#). *Weed Science*. **62** (1). Weed Science Society of America: 118–124. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2014WeedS..62..118S](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014WeedS..62..118S). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1614/WS-D-13-00106.1](https://doi.org/10.1614%2FWS-D-13-00106.1). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [86310829](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:86310829).

- Westbury, Duncan B. (2004). ["Rhinanthus minor L."](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-0477.2004.00929.x) *[Journal of Ecology](/source/Journal_of_Ecology)*. **92** (5): 906–927. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2004JEcol..92..906W](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JEcol..92..906W). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00929.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.0022-0477.2004.00929.x). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [85392118](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:85392118).

## Further reading

- [Clapham, A. R.](/source/Arthur_Roy_Clapham); [Tutin, T. G.](/source/Tom_Tutin); [Warburg, E. F.](/source/E._F._Warburg) (1981). [*Excursion Flora of the British Isles*](https://archive.org/details/excursionfloraof0000clap_t0h8/page/n5/mode/2up) (3rd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-05212-3-290-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-05212-3-290-6).

- Wagner, M.; Peyton, J.; Heard, M.S.; Bullock, J. M.; Pywell, R. F. (2011). ["Effects of Yellow-rattle (Rhinanthus minor) establishment on the vegetation of species-poor grassland"](https://web.archive.org/web/20210825215612/https://www.cabi.org/ISC/FullTextPDF/2013/20133124656.pdf) (PDF). *Aspects of Applied Biology* (108): 59–66. [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [0265-1491](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0265-1491). Archived from [the original](https://www.cabi.org/ISC/FullTextPDF/2013/20133124656.pdf) (PDF) on August 25, 2021.[*[permanent dead link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot)*]

## External links

- Media related to [*Rhinanthus minor*](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rhinanthus_minor) at Wikimedia Commons

- Data related to [*Rhinanthus minor*](https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Rhinanthus_minor) at Wikispecies

Taxon identifiers Rhinanthus minor Wikidata: Q147181 Wikispecies: Rhinanthus minor BioLib: 40931 CoL: 795LB EoL: 485574 EPPO: RHIMI EUNIS: 182892 GBIF: 3172043 GRIN: 417257 iNaturalist: 61470 IPNI: 30116962-2 IRMNG: 10205410 ISC: 116705 ITIS: 504749 MichiganFlora: 1872 NatureServe: 2.134575 NBN: NBNSYS0000004135 NCBI: 254782 Observation.org: 2716 Open Tree of Life: 146124 PalDat: Rhinanthus_minor Panarctic Flora: 810601 PFI: 5000 Plant List: kew-2900773 PLANTS: RHMI13 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:30116962-2 RHS: 64224 Tropicos: 29200193 VASCAN: 7069 WFO: wfo-0000747233 WoRMS: 425942

Authority control databases International GND Other Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Rhinanthus minor](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinanthus_minor) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhinanthus_minor?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.