# Repetitive visual stimulus

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A **repetitive visual stimulus** is a [visual](/source/Visual_perception) [stimulus](/source/Stimulus_(physiology)) that has a distinctive property (e.g., [frequency](/source/Frequency) or [phase](/source/Phase_(waves))). The stimuli are simultaneously presented to the user when focusing [attention](/source/Attention) on the corresponding stimulus.[1] For example, when the user focuses attention on a repetitive visual stimulus, a [steady state visually evoked potential](/source/Steady_state_visually_evoked_potential) is elicited which manifests as [oscillatory](/source/Oscillation) components in the user's [electroencephalogram](/source/Electroencephalogram), especially in the signals from the primary [visual cortex](/source/Visual_cortex), matching the frequency or [harmonics](/source/Harmonics) of that stimulus.[2]

Repetitive visual stimuli are said to evoke a lesser response in brain cells, specifically [superior collicular](/source/Superior_collicular) cells, than moving stimuli. Habituation is very rapid in healthy subjects in reference to repetitive visual stimuli. Development changes around the first year of life are attributed for attention control and these are said to be fully functional around the ages of two and four years old. This is the age that toddlers seem to now prefer moving and changing stimuli, much like healthy adults.[3] In infants, there is evidence that supports the hypothesis that infants prefer repetitive visual stimuli or patterns, in comparison to moving or changing targets.[4]

## References

1. Zhu, Danhua; Bieger, Jordi; Garcia Molina, Gary; Aarts, Ronald M. (1 January 2010). "A Survey of Stimulation Methods Used in SSVEP-Based BCIs". *Computational Intelligence and Neuroscience*. **2010**. [doi:10.1155/2010/702357](https://doi.org/10.1155/2010/702357). [PMC 2833411](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2833411). [PMID 20224799](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20224799)

1. Herrmann, Christoph S. (1 April 2001). "Human EEG responses to 1-100 Hz flicker: resonance phenomena in visual cortex and their potential correlation to cognitive phenomena". *Experimental Brain Research*. **137** (3–4): 346–353. [doi:10.1007/s002210100682](https://doi.org/10.1007/s002210100682). [PMID 11355381](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11355381). [S2CID 2524914](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2524914)

1. Bohotin, Fumal A.; Vandenheede M; Gérard P.; Bohotin C.; Schoenen J. (2002). "Effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation on visual evoked potentials in migraine". *Brain*. **125** (4): 912–922. [doi:10.1093/brain/awf081](https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awf081). [PMID 11912123](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11912123)

1. Sirenteanu R, Rettenbach R, Wagner M (2009). "Transient Preferences for Repetitive Visual Simuli in Human Infancy". *Vision Research*. **49** (19): 2344–2352. [doi:10.1016/j.visres.2008.08.006](https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2008.08.006). [PMID 18771679](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18771679). [S2CID 10686792](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10686792)

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Repetitive visual stimulus](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_visual_stimulus) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repetitive_visual_stimulus?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.