# Reliance Building

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Building in Chicago, Illinois

United States historic place

Reliance Building U.S. National Register of Historic Places U.S. National Historic Landmark U.S. Historic district – Contributing property Chicago Landmark The Reliance Building in 2015 Location in Chicago Loop Location 1 W. Washington St., Chicago, Illinois Coordinates 41°52′58″N 87°37′40″W / 41.88278°N 87.62778°W / 41.88278; -87.62778 Built 1890–1895 Architect John Root, Charles B. Atwood[2] Architectural style Chicago School Part of Loop Retail Historic District (ID98001351) NRHP reference No. 70000237[1] Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15, 1970[1] Designated NHL January 7, 1976[2] Designated CHICL July 11, 1995

The **Reliance Building** is a [skyscraper](/source/Skyscraper) located at 1 W. Washington Street in the [Loop](/source/Chicago_Loop) [community area](/source/Community_areas_of_Chicago) of [Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois). The first floor and basement were designed by [John Root](/source/John_Wellborn_Root) of the [Burnham and Root](/source/Burnham_and_Root) architectural firm in 1890, with the rest of the building completed by [Charles B. Atwood](/source/Charles_B._Atwood) in 1895. It is the first skyscraper to have large [plate glass](/source/Plate_glass) windows covering the majority of its surface area—a design feature that became dominant in the 20th century.

The Reliance Building was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) in 1970 and designated a [National Historic Landmark](/source/National_Historic_Landmark) on January 7, 1976.[2]

The Reliance Building is also part of the [Loop Retail Historic District](/source/Loop_Retail_Historic_District), a collection of over one hundred buildings that reflects the growth of State and Wabash Streets as the central retail district of Chicago. The building fell into disrepair starting in the 1940s, and was restored in the late 1990s. Since 1999, the building has housed the 122-room **Staypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop** (formerly the **Hotel Burnham**) and Atwood Cafe.

## History

Upper facade

Commercial real estate in [Chicago](/source/Chicago), [Illinois](/source/Illinois) boomed in the late 1870s due to the recovery from the [Great Chicago Fire](/source/Great_Chicago_Fire) in 1871 and the [Depression of 1873–79](/source/Depression_of_1873%E2%80%9379). In 1880, [William Ellery Hale](/source/William_Ellery_Hale) purchased a small lot in the [Loop](/source/Chicago_Loop) community area containing the four-story First National Bank Building, one of the few offices in downtown Chicago to partially survive the Great Fire.[3] Hale was the founder of the Hale Elevator Company, an early producer of hydraulic elevators necessary in skyscraper design. Hale envisioned a new tower on the site, but first needed to raze the existing structure. However, its tenants did not want to terminate their leases.

Instead, Hale lifted the second, third, and fourth floors on [jackscrews](/source/Jackscrew) and demolished the first.[4] A new basement and ground floor, designed by [John Wellborn Root](/source/John_Wellborn_Root) of the [Burnham & Root](/source/Burnham_%26_Root) firm, were constructed in 1890.

Reliance Building in 1895

Hale had become acquainted with Burnham & Root through his other real estate projects, such as the [Rookery Building](/source/Rookery_Building).[5] Burnham & Root were renowned in Chicago by this point, having already designed twenty other buildings in the Loop. Root developed the [floating raft system](/source/Floating_raft_system), which enabled designers to build large, steel-frame buildings on a reinforced concrete foundation, a necessity in Chicago's moist soil. Root and Hale agreed that the new building needed to have large glass windows on the first floor with large, open spaces. On the upper floors, Hale intended to have several stories dedicated to smaller tenants, with offices for doctors and other professionals on the top floors. He also specifically emphasized the need for natural lighting on all floors.[6] The plan for the Reliance Building was consistent with the growing concept of the [Chicago school](/source/Chicago_school_(architecture)) of architecture, which emphasized the importance of [form following function](/source/Form_follows_function). Root died of [pneumonia](/source/Pneumonia) on January 15, 1891, before the completion of his portion of the Reliance Building; his intended design for the rest of the building has never been found. [Carson Pirie Scott & Co.](/source/Carson_Pirie_Scott_%26_Co.) was the first tenant of the Reliance Building, opening a dry goods store on the first floor once it was completed.[7]

[Daniel Burnham](/source/Daniel_Burnham) recruited [Boston](/source/Boston) architect [Charles B. Atwood](/source/Charles_B._Atwood) to complete the building with E. C. Shankland as lead engineer. After raising the original building's remaining three floors Atwood used white [glazed architectural terra-cotta](/source/Glazed_architectural_terra-cotta) [cladding](/source/Cladding_(construction)), a feature that would later become strongly associated with him following his works for the [World's Columbian Exposition](/source/World's_Columbian_Exposition) in 1893. At the time, it was believed that the recently developed enameled terra-cotta would never need to be cleaned because its smooth surface would allow any dirt to wash away in the rain.[8] The steel framing on the top ten floors was completed over fifteen days, from July 16 to August 1, 1895. The Reliance Building, so named for its functionality, opened in March 1895. It was one of the first skyscrapers to offer electricity and phone service in all of its offices. In its first few decades, it provided office space for merchants and health professionals, including [Al Capone](/source/Al_Capone)'s dentist.[9]

The building struggled during the [Great Depression](/source/Great_Depression), and slowly declined. In October 1948, Karoll's Men's Shop opened a store on the lower two floors,[10] with a modern façade that obliterated the original storefront. However, the upper floors remained hard to fill.[9] On October 15, 1970, the Reliance Building was listed on the [National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places) by the [National Park Service](/source/National_Park_Service). On January 7, 1976, it was recognized as a [National Historic Landmark](/source/National_Historic_Landmark).[2] The building continued to fall into disrepair, as the small size of its retail spaces were not appealing to business interests in the late 20th century. The city of Chicago made a commitment to revitalize the structure, but City Hall could not agree on a plan. The debate became particularly polarized after the 1989 demolition of the nearby [McCarthy Building](/source/McCarthy_Building_(Chicago%2C_Illinois)), which angered preservationists but satisfied business interests by providing space for a modern office building.[11] Finally, in 1994, the McClier corporation collaborated with the Baldwin Development Company to restore the Reliance Building; these two groups had recently worked together to rehabilitate the Rookery Building. The City of Chicago purchased the property at this time for $1.3 million (equivalent to $2.82 million in 2025).[12] The Reliance Building's rehabilitation was completed in 1999 at a cost of $27.5 million (equivalent to $53.1 million in 2025).[12] as the former retail space was converted into a luxury hotel. Canal Street Partners, LLC bought the revitalized space and created the Hotel Burnham.[13] The preservation of this building was championed by the [Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois](/source/Landmarks_Preservation_Council_of_Illinois).[14] Chicago Mayor [Richard M. Daley](/source/Richard_M._Daley) was presented with a [National Trust for Historic Preservation](/source/National_Trust_for_Historic_Preservation) Honor Award in 2001 for the role of the city in preserving the structure.[9] In December 2016, Pineapple Hospitality purchased the building and renamed the hotel as first **The Alise Chicago**,[15] then later **Staypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop**.[16]

## Architecture

A hallway of the Reliance Building following the 1999 restoration

The addition of the remaining floors in 1894–1895 completed the building and marked the "first comprehensive achievement"[17] of the Chicago construction method. The building's plate-glass windows are set within the terra-cotta-tiled facade. Its steel-frame superstructure is built atop concrete [caissons](/source/Deep_foundation) sunk as much as 125 feet beneath the footing.

The Reliance Building has been called "proto-[Modernist](/source/Modern_architecture)" in its lack of the hierarchy found in [Classical](/source/Classical_architecture) facades. Its stacks of projecting [bay windows](/source/Bay_window) and [terra-cotta](/source/Terra-cotta) cladding create an effect of extraordinary lightness.[18] Its steel frame construction is physically light as well, being one-third the weight of an equivalent stone structure. It was a direct precursor of the all-glass [Friedrichstrasse](/source/Friedrichstrasse) skyscraper proposed by [Mies van der Rohe](/source/Mies_van_der_Rohe) in 1921.[19] [Richardson](/source/Henry_Hobson_Richardson)'s [Marshall Field Warehouse](/source/Marshall_Field_Warehouse), built only eight years earlier, seems in comparison to be heavy, ponderous, and of another era.[20]

## See also

- [List of National Historic Landmarks in Illinois](/source/List_of_National_Historic_Landmarks_in_Illinois)

- [National Register of Historic Places listings in Central Chicago](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Central_Chicago)

- [Chicago architecture](/source/Chicago_architecture)

- [16 Cook Street, Liverpool, UK](/source/16_Cook_Street)

- [Oriel Chambers, Liverpool, UK](/source/Oriel_Chambers)

## Notes

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nris_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nris_1-1) ["National Register Information System"](https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP). *[National Register of Historic Places](/source/National_Register_of_Historic_Places)*. [National Park Service](/source/National_Park_Service). July 9, 2010.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-nhlsum_2-3) ["Reliance Building"](https://web.archive.org/web/20080313201502/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceID=918&resourceType=Building). *National Historic Landmark summary listing*. National Park Service. Archived from [the original](http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=918&ResourceType=Building) on March 13, 2008. Retrieved July 22, 2008.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NRHP_form_3-0)** Pitts, Carolina (October 15, 1970), [*National Register of Historic Places Registration Form: Reliance Building*](https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/70000237_text), [archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230605211008/https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/70000237_text) from the original on June 5, 2023, retrieved August 9, 2011

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200321_4-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 21.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200328_5-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 28.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200330_6-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 30.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200334_7-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 34.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200338_8-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 38.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Burnham_History_9-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Burnham_History_9-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-Burnham_History_9-2) ["Kimpton's Burnham Hotel Chicago: Historic Timeline"](https://web.archive.org/web/20111006083235/http://www.burnhamhotel.com/pdfs/hotel_burnham_historic_fimeline.pdf) (PDF). Archived from [the original](http://www.burnhamhotel.com/pdfs/hotel_burnham_historic_fimeline.pdf) (PDF) on October 6, 2011. Retrieved August 9, 2011.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** "Karoll's Men's Shop to Open Store In Loop". *[Chicago Daily Tribune](/source/Chicago_Daily_Tribune)*. September 18, 1948. p. A5. [ProQuest](/source/ProQuest) [177522535](https://www.proquest.com/docview/177522535).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200345_11-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 45.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-inflation-US_12-1) 1634–1699: [McCusker, J. J.](/source/John_J._McCusker) (1997). [*How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda*](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](/source/American_Antiquarian_Society). 1700–1799: [McCusker, J. J.](/source/John_J._McCusker) (1992). [*How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States*](https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf) (PDF). [American Antiquarian Society](/source/American_Antiquarian_Society). 1800–present: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. ["Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"](https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-). Retrieved February 29, 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPridmore200354_13-0)** [Pridmore 2003](#CITEREFPridmore2003), p. 54.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** Granacki, Victoria (2000). ["About Us: Landmarks Preservation Council of Illinois"](http://www.landmarks.org/about_us.htm). Landmarks Illinois. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20070719144021/http://www.landmarks.org/about_us.htm) from the original on July 19, 2007. Retrieved May 4, 2007.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-15)** ["Chicago's Hotel Burnham sold, renamed | Hotel Management"](https://www.hotelmanagement.net/transactions/chicago-s-hotel-burnham-sold-renamed). December 21, 2016. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20191219233058/https://www.hotelmanagement.net/transactions/chicago-s-hotel-burnham-sold-renamed) from the original on December 19, 2019. Retrieved December 19, 2019.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Gallun, Alby (December 21, 2016). ["Hotel Burnham has a new owner and a new name"](http://www.chicagobusiness.com/realestate/20161221/CRED03/161229968/hotel-burnham-has-a-new-owner-and-a-new-name). *Crain's Chicago Business*. Retrieved February 12, 2017.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-fram_17-0)** [Frampton, Kenneth](/source/Kenneth_Frampton); Futagawa, Yukio (April 12, 1983). *Modern Architecture 1851-1945*. New York: Rizzoli. p. 63. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9780847805068](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780847805068).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-18)** Colquhoun, Alan (2002). *Modern Architecture*. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-19-284226-9](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-284226-9).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-19)** Kidder-Smith, G. E. (2001). *Sourcebook of American Architecture*. Princeton Architectural Press. p. 297. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [1-56898-254-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56898-254-2).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-20)** Craven, Wayne (2003). *American Art: History and Culture*. McGraw-Hill. p. 309. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-07-141524-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-141524-6).

## References

- Pridmore, Jay (2003). [*The Reliance Building*](https://archive.org/details/reliancebuilding0000prid) (1st ed.). Chicago, [IL](/source/Illinois): Chicago Architecture Foundation. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [0-7649-2307-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7649-2307-2).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Reliance Building](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Reliance_Building).

- [Staypineapple, An Iconic Hotel, The Loop](https://www.staypineapple.com/the-loop-chicago) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20181221041710/https://www.staypineapple.com/the-loop-chicago) December 21, 2018, at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

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Dewes House Gage Group Buildings Gauler Twin Houses Germania Club Building Goldblatt's Groesbeck House Guyon Hotel Harriet F. Rees House Henry B. Clarke House Henry E. Legler Regional Branch of the Chicago Public Library Hermitage Apartments Holy Name Cathedral Holy Trinity Orthodox Cathedral Home Bank and Trust Company Hotel Del Prado Hotel St. Benedict Flats Hotel Windermere Hygienic Manufacturing Company Immaculata High School Immanuel Lutheran Church and Parsonage Inland Steel Building International Tailoring Company Building Isaac N. Maynard Rowhouses J. J. Walser Jr. House J. P. Smith Shoe Company Factory J. P. Smith Shoe Company Plant Jackson Shore Apartments James C. Curtis & Co. Building James E. Plew Building Jennie Foley Building Jewelers Building Jewish People's Institute John Lothrop Motley School John W. Griffiths Mansion Kenwood Evangelical Church King–Nash House Kosciuszko Park Krause Music Store Lake-Side Terrace Apartments Lakeside Press Building Laramie State Bank Building Lindemann and Hoverson Company Showroom and Warehouse Lou Mitchell's Lucy Flower Technical High School for Girls Ludington Building Madlener House Malden Towers Mandel Brothers Warehouse Building Manhattan Building Manor House Mark Twain Hotel Marshall Field Garden Apartments Marshall Hotel Martin Roche–John Tait House Maxwell-Briscoe Automobile Company Showroom Mayfair Apartments McClurg Building Metropolitan Missionary Baptist Church Mid-City Trust and Savings Bank Midwest Athletic Club Monadnock Building Muddy Waters House Mundelein College Municipal Courts Building Nederlander Theatre Nickerson House Noble–Seymour–Crippen House Northwestern Terra Cotta Company Building Norwood Park station Notre Dame de Chicago Old Chicago Main Post Office Old Main Old St. Patrick's Church Oliver Building One North LaSalle Otis Elevator Company Factory Building Our Lady of Lourdes Parish Our Lady of the Holy Rosary Church Page Brothers Building Palmolive Building Passionist Fathers Monastery Peck and Hills Furniture Company Warehouse Peoples Gas Building Pilgrim Baptist Church Pioneer Trust and Savings Bank Building Poinsettia Apartments Polish Museum of America Polish National Alliance Headquarters Pontiac Building Produce Terminal Cold Storage Company Building Promontory Apartments Promontory Point Pui Tak Center Pulaski Park Pyle-National Company Plant Quinn Chapel AME Church R.R. Donnelley and Sons Co. Calumet Plant Railway Exchange Building Ramova Theater Randolph Tower Reebie Storage Warehouse Reid House Reid Roanoke Building Roger Brown Home and Studio Roloson Houses Ropp-Grabill House Rosehill Cemetery Rosenwald Court Apartments Royalton Hotel Schlitz Brewery-Tied House Schulze Baking Company Plant Seth Warner House Shedd Park Fieldhouse Sheridan Plaza Hotel Shoreland Hotel Shoreline Apartments Silversmith Hotel Singer Building Snell–Hitchcock Soldier Field Somerset Hotel South Shore Cultural Center South Side Community Art Center South Water Market Spiegel Office Building St. Ignatius College Prep St. Luke's Hospital Complex St. Matthew Evangelical Lutheran School St. Thomas Church and Convent Stephen A. Douglas Tomb Stone Temple Baptist Church Stony Island Trust and Savings Bank Building Storkline Furniture Corporation Factory Story-Camp Rowhouses Strand Hotel Sutherland Hotel Swedish American Telephone Company Building Swedish Club of Chicago Swift House Sydney Kent House The Aquitania The Arc at Old Colony The Blackstone Hotel The Cornelia The Forum The Narragansett The Neuville Theodore Rozek House Theurer-Wrigley House Tree Studio Building and Annexes Union Park Congregational Church and Carpenter Chapel Union Park Hotel United States Customs House Unity Hall University Apartments Uptown Broadway Building Uptown Theatre Vassar Swiss Underwear Company Building Vesta Battery Corporation Victor F. Lawson House YMCA Wabash Avenue YMCA Werner Brothers Storage Warehouse No. 6 West Pullman Elementary School Wheeler–Kohn House Wholesale Florists Exchange William W. Kimball House William Waller House Windsor Beach Apartments Yale Building YMCA Hotel Yondorf Block and Hall National Historic Landmark districts Alfred Caldwell Lily Pool Columbus Park Printing House Row District Pullman National Historical Park National Historic Landmarks Adler Planetarium Arthur H. Compton House Auditorium Building Chicago Board of Trade Building Chicago Pile-1 Daniel Hale Williams House Frank R. Lillie House George Herbert Jones Laboratory German submarine U-505 Heller House Henry Gerber House Hull House Ida B. Wells-Barnett House James Charnley House Jean Baptiste Point Du Sable Homesite John J. Glessner House Lorado Taft Midway Studios Marquette Building Marshall Field and Company Building Montgomery Ward Company Complex Oscar Stanton De Priest House Reliance Building Robert A. Millikan House Robert S. Abbott House Robie House Rookery Building S. R. Crown Hall Sears, Roebuck and Company Complex Second Leiter Building Second Presbyterian Church Shedd Aquarium Sullivan Center Symphony Center Union Stock Yard Gate Wrigley Field Former Chicago Stock Exchange First Leiter Building Francisco Terrace Apartments Grand Central Station Jordan Building Lexington Hotel McCarthy Building Navy Pier Scoville Building Soldier Field Unity Building Western Methodist Book Concern Building See also: National Register of Historic Places listings in Chicago (Central, North Side, South Side, West Side) and List of National Historic Landmarks in Illinois

v t e Chicago Landmark skyscrapers National Historic Landmark, National Register of Historic Places, Chicago Landmark The Arc at Old Colony Auditorium Building Carson, Pirie, Scott and Company Building Chicago Board of Trade Building Fisher Building Manhattan Building Marquette Building Marshall Field and Company Building Monadnock Building Reliance Building Rookery Building National Register of Historic Places, Chicago Landmark 860–880 Lake Shore Drive AMA Plaza Gage Group Buildings Mundelein College Skyscraper Building One North LaSalle Palmolive Building The Blackstone Hotel Roanoke Building and Tower Chicago Landmark 333 North Michigan 35 East Wacker Allerton Hotel Brooks Building Bryn Mawr Apartment Hotel Carbide & Carbon Building Chicago Building Civic Opera House Heyworth Building Inland Steel Building London Guarantee Building Mather Tower New York Life Insurance Building The Palmer House Hilton Powhatan Apartments Pittsfield Building Richard J. Daley Center Tribune Tower Virgin Hotels Chicago See also Washington Block

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Reliance Building](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Building) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Building?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.