# Reeb sphere theorem

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Reeb_sphere_theorem
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Reeb_sphere_theorem.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeb_sphere_theorem
> Source revision: 1208903861
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

In [mathematics](/source/Mathematics), **Reeb sphere theorem**, named after [Georges Reeb](/source/Georges_Reeb), states that

- A closed oriented connected manifold *M* *n* that admits a [singular foliation](/source/Singular_foliation) having only centers is [homeomorphic](/source/Homeomorphism) to the [sphere](/source/Sphere) *S**n* and the foliation has exactly two singularities.

## Morse foliation

A singularity of a foliation *F* is of **Morse type** if in its small neighborhood all leaves of the foliation are [level sets](/source/Level_set) of a [Morse function](/source/Morse_theory), being the singularity a [critical point](/source/Critical_point_(mathematics)) of the function. The singularity is a **center** if it is a [local extremum](/source/Maxima_and_minima) of the function; otherwise, the singularity is a [saddle](/source/Saddle).

The number of centers *c* and the number of saddles s, specifically c-s, is tightly connected with the manifold topology.

We denote \operatorname{ind} p = \min(k,n-k), the **index** of a singularity p, where *k* is the index of the corresponding critical point of a Morse function. In particular, a center has index 0, index of a saddle is at least 1.

A **Morse foliation** *F* on a manifold *M* is a [singular](/source/Singular_foliation) transversely oriented codimension one foliation of class C^2 with isolated singularities such that:

- each singularity of *F* is of Morse type,
- each [singular leaf](/source/Singular_leaf) *L* contains a unique singularity *p*; in addition, if \operatorname{ind} p = 1 then L\setminus p is not connected.

## Reeb sphere theorem

This is the case c>s=0, the case without saddles.

Theorem:[1] *Let M^n be a closed oriented connected manifold of dimension n\ge 2. Assume that M^n admits a C^1-transversely oriented codimension one foliation F with a non empty set of singularities all of them centers. Then the singular set of F consists of two points and M^n is homeomorphic to the sphere S^n*.

It is a consequence of the [Reeb stability theorem](/source/Reeb_stability_theorem).

## Generalization

More general case is c>s\ge 0.

In 1978, Edward Wagneur generalized the Reeb sphere theorem to Morse foliations with saddles. He showed that the number of centers cannot be too much as compared with the number of saddles, notably, c\le s+2. So there are exactly two cases when c>s:

- (1) c=s+2,

- (2) c=s+1.

He obtained a description of the manifold admitting a foliation with singularities that satisfy (1).

Theorem:[2] *Let M^n be a compact connected manifold admitting a Morse foliation F with c centers and s saddles. Then c\le s+2.* *In case c=s+2,*

- *M is homeomorphic to S^n,*
- *all saddles have index* 1,
- *each regular leaf is diffeomorphic to S^{n-1}.*

Finally, in 2008, César Camacho and Bruno Scardua considered the case (2), c=s+1. This is possible in a small number of low dimensions.

Theorem:[3] *Let M^n be a compact connected manifold and F a Morse foliation on M. If s = c + 1, then*

- *n=2,4,8 or 16,*
- *M^n is an [Eells–Kuiper manifold](/source/Eells%E2%80%93Kuiper_manifold).*

## References

1. Reeb, Georges (1946), "Sur les points singuliers d'une forme de Pfaff complètement intégrable ou d'une fonction numérique" (in French), *[C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris](/source/Comptes_rendus_de_l'Acad%C3%A9mie_des_sciences)*. **222**: 847–849, MR 0015613.

1. Wagneur, Edward (1978), ["Formes de Pfaff à singularités non dégénérées"](http://www.numdam.org/item?id=AIF_1978__28_3_165_0) (in French), *[Annales de l'Institut Fourier](/source/Annales_de_l'Institut_Fourier)*. **28** (3): xi, 165–176, MR 511820.

1. Camacho, César & Scárdua, Bruno (2008), "On foliations with Morse singularities", *[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society](/source/Proceedings_of_the_American_Mathematical_Society)*. **136** (11): 4065–4073, [arXiv:math/0611395](https://arxiv.org/abs/math/0611395). [doi:10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09371-4](https://doi.org/10.1090/S0002-9939-08-09371-4). MR 2425748.

## External links

- [Reeb sphere theorem](/source/Nlab:Reeb%2Bsphere%2Btheorem) on [nLab](/source/NLab)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Reeb sphere theorem](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeb_sphere_theorem) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reeb_sphere_theorem?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.