# Redpoll

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This article is about the bird. For the breed of cattle, see [Red Poll](/source/Red_Poll).

Species of bird

Redpoll Male, Quebec Canada Conservation status Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)[1] Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Passeriformes Family: Fringillidae Subfamily: Carduelinae Genus: Acanthis Borkhausen, 1797 Species: A. flammea Binomial name Acanthis flammea (Linnaeus, 1758) Range Breeding Year-round Nonbreeding

The **redpoll** (***Acanthis flammea***) is a species of small [passerine](/source/Passerine) bird in the finch family [Fringillidae](/source/Fringillidae). It is the only species placed in the genus ***Acanthis***. It breeds in the Arctic and north temperate [Holarctic](/source/Holarctic) tundra and [taiga](/source/Taiga). The redpoll was formerly widely treated as three species: the **common** or **mealy redpoll**, the **arctic** or **hoary redpoll** (*A. hornemanni*), and the **lesser redpoll** (*A. cabaret*).[2]

## Taxonomy

The redpoll was listed in 1758 by the Swedish naturalist [Carl Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) in the [10th edition](/source/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae) of his *[Systema Naturae](/source/Systema_Naturae)* under the [binomial name](/source/Binomial_nomenclature) *Fringilla flammea*.[3][4] The specific epithet *flammea* is [Latin](/source/Latin) meaning "flame-coloured".[5] Linnaeus also described the redpoll as *Fringilla linaria* on the same page, but the earlier name *flammea* has priority.[3][6][7]

The redpoll was previously placed in the genus *[Carduelis](/source/Carduelis)*. Molecular phylogenetic studies showed that it formed a distinct [lineage](/source/Lineage_(evolution)), so it was moved to the resurrected genus *Acanthis* that had been introduced in 1797 by the German naturalist [Moritz Balthasar Borkhausen](/source/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen).[8][9][10] The genus name *Acanthis* is from [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *akanthis*, a name for a small now-unidentifiable bird.[11]

Five subspecies are recognised:[10]

- *A. f. flammea* ([Linnaeus](/source/Carl_Linnaeus), 1758) – north Europe, Siberia, Alaska and Canada

- *A. f. rostrata* ([Coues](/source/Elliott_Coues), 1861) – northeast Canada, Greenland and Iceland

- *A. f. cabaret* ([Müller, PLS](/source/Philipp_Ludwig_Statius_M%C3%BCller), 1776) – temperate west, central west Palearctic lowland (montane in south) birch and larch woods: British Isles, southwest Scandinavia east to north Germany and south Poland; south to southeast France, Austria and Czech Republic

- *A. f. exilipes* (Coues, 1862) – low (locally high) Arctic tundra birch and willow of north Eurasia, north Alaska and northwest Canada

- *A. f. hornemanni* ([Holbøll](/source/Carl_Peter_Holb%C3%B8ll), 1843) – low (locally high) Arctic tundra birch and willow of far northeast Canada and Greenland

The redpoll was formerly regarded as three separate species: the common redpoll with subspecies *flammea* and *rostrata*, the lesser redpoll with subspecies *cabaret* and the arctic redpoll with subspecies *hornemanni* and *exilipes*. The three species are now considered as [conspecific](/source/Conspecific) based on the small genetic differences and the continuous phenotypic variation.[10][12][13]

## Description

Eggs

The redpoll is a small brownish-grey finch with dark streaks and a bright red patch on its forehead. It has a black bib and two pale stripes on the wings. Males' breasts are often suffused with red. Adults measure between 11.5 and 14 centimetres (4.5 and 5.5 in) in length and weighing between 12 and 16 grams (0.42 and 0.56 oz). Wingspan ranges from 7.5 to 8.7 in (19–22 cm).[14] The rump is streaked and there is a broad dark brown streak across the vent. It has brown legs, a dark-tipped yellowish bill and dark brown irises.[15]

Calls from a flock of birds feeding, [Iowa](/source/Iowa) USA

Foraging redpoll filmed in Holland

## Distribution and habitat

The range of the redpoll extends through northern Europe and Asia to northern North America, Greenland and Iceland. It is a [partial migrant](/source/Bird_migration), moving southward in late autumn and northward again in March and April. Its typical habitat is [boreal forests](/source/Taiga) of [pines](/source/Pine), [spruces](/source/Spruce) and [larches](/source/Larch). It feeds mainly on seeds, principally [birch](/source/Birch) and [alder](/source/Alder) seeds in the winter.[15]

Redpolls, subspecies *A. f. cabaret*, were introduced into New Zealand between 1862 and 1875. They are now found throughout both the North and South Islands as well as on many outlying islands.[16][17]

## Behaviour

### Breeding

The redpoll first breed when they are one year old. The female builds the nest, accompanied by the male, often low down in a tree or bush. It has an outer layer of thin twigs, a middle layer of root fibres, fragments of juniper bark and lichens and an inner layer of down, wool and hair. Three to seven speckled eggs are laid. The eggs are 16.9 mm × 12.6 mm (0.67 in × 0.50 in) with a calculated weight of 1.4 g (0.049 oz). They are incubated by the female and hatch after about 11 days. The young are cared for by both parents but are brooded only by the female. The chicks fledge when aged around 13 days. Generally two broods are raised each year.[18]

### Food and feeding

The diet is mostly very small seeds, especial those from birch trees (*[Betula](/source/Betula)*). In the breeding season some invertebrates are also eaten. It forages mainly in trees but will occasionally forage on the ground.[19]

## Gallery

		- *A. f. hornemanni*

		- [Kenai National Wildlife Refuge](/source/Kenai_National_Wildlife_Refuge), Alaska

		- *A. f. flammea*, Quebec, Canada

		- *A. f. cabaret*, Northumberland, England

## References

1. **[^](#cite_ref-iucn_status_12_November_2021_1-0)** BirdLife International (2019) [amended version of 2018 assessment]. ["*Acanthis flammea*"](https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/22725044/155292529). *[IUCN Red List of Threatened Species](/source/IUCN_Red_List)*. **2019** e.T22725044A155292529. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22725044A155292529.en](https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2018-2.RLTS.T22725044A155292529.en). Retrieved 12 November 2021.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Funk, Erik; Mason, Nicholas; Pálsson, Snæbjörn; Albrecht, Tomáš; Johnson, Jeff; Taylor, Scott. ["A supergene underlies linked variation in color and morphology in a Holarctic songbird"](https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-27173-z). *Nature*. Retrieved 16 April 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-linnaeus_3-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-linnaeus_3-1) [Linnaeus, Carl](/source/Carl_Linnaeus) (1758). [*Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727089) (in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 182.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Paynter, Raymond A. Jnr., ed. (1968). [*Check-list of Birds of the World*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14481452). Vol. 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 251.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Jobling, James A. ["flammea"](https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=flammea). *The Key to Scientific Names*. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Lönnberg, Einar (1931). "Olof Rudbeck, Jr., the first Swedish ornithologist". *Ibis*. **73** (2): 302–307. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/j.1474-919X.1931.tb01519.x](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1474-919X.1931.tb01519.x).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Knox, Alan (1988). ["The taxonomy of redpolls"](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280315107). *Ardea*. **76**: 1–26.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-8)** Zuccon, Dario; Prŷs-Jones, Robert; Rasmussen, Pamela C.; Ericson, Per G.P. (2012). ["The phylogenetic relationships and generic limits of finches (Fringillidae)"](https://web.archive.org/web/20180926130508/http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf) (PDF). *Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution*. **62** (2): 581–596. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2012MolPE..62..581Z](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012MolPE..62..581Z). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.ympev.2011.10.002](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ympev.2011.10.002). [PMID](/source/PMID_(identifier)) [22023825](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22023825). Archived from [the original](http://www.nrm.se/download/18.9ff3752132fdaeccb6800010935/Zuccon%20et%20al%202012.pdf) (PDF) on 26 September 2018. Retrieved 20 August 2015.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-9)** [Borkhausen, Moritz Balthasar](/source/Moritz_Balthasar_Borkhausen) (1797). [*Deutsche Fauna, oder, Kurzgefasste Naturgeschichte der Thiere Deutschlands. Erster Theil, Saugthiere und Vögel*](https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38962756) (in German). Frankfurt am Mayn: Varrentrapp und Wenner. p. 248.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-ioc_10-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-ioc_10-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-ioc_10-2) [Gill, Frank](/source/Frank_Gill_(ornithologist)); Donsker, David; [Rasmussen, Pamela](/source/Pamela_C._Rasmussen), eds. (August 2024). ["Finches, euphonias"](http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/finches/). *IOC World Bird List Version 14.2*. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Jobling, James A. ["Acanthis"](https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/key-to-scientific-names/search?q=Acanthis). *The Key to Scientific Names*. Cornell Lab of Ornithology. Retrieved 27 September 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-12)** Mason, N.A.; Taylor, S.A. (2015). ["Differentially expressed genes match bill morphology and plumage despite largely undifferentiated genomes in a Holarctic songbird"](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.13140). *Molecular Ecology*. **24** (12): 3009–3025. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1111/mec.13140](https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fmec.13140).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-13)** Funk, E.R.; Mason, N.A.; Pálsson, S.; Albrecht, T.; Johnson, J.A.; Taylor, S.A. (2021). ["A supergene underlies linked variation in color and morphology in a Holarctic songbird"](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616904). *Nature Communications*. **12** (1): 6833. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1038/s41467-021-27173-z](https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41467-021-27173-z). [PMC](/source/PMC_(identifier)) [8616904](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8616904).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-14)** ["Common Redpoll Identification, All About Birds, Cornell Lab of Ornithology"](https://www.allaboutbirds.org/guide/Redpoll/id). *www.allaboutbirds.org*. Retrieved 22 February 2025.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-NatureGate_15-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-NatureGate_15-1) ["Redpoll: *Carduelis flammea*"](http://www.luontoportti.com/suomi/en/linnut/redpoll). NatureGate. Retrieved 13 December 2013.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-NZ_16-0)** ["Common Redpoll"](https://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/species/common-redpoll). *New Zealand Birds Online*. Retrieved 27 November 2024.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** Higgins, P.J.; Peter, J.M.; Cowling, S.J., eds. (2006). ["*Carduelis flammea* Common Redpoll"](https://www.nzbirdsonline.org.nz/assets/95597/1691919106-353_common-20redpoll.pdf) (PDF). *Handbook of Australian, New Zealand & Antarctic Birds*. Vol. 7, Boatbill to Starlings, Part 7B, Dunnock to Starling. Melbourne, Victoria: Oxford University Press. pp. 1345–1355. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-553996-7](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-553996-7).

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1994656–657_18-0)** [Cramp 1994](#CITEREFCramp1994), pp. 656–657.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramp1994645_19-0)** [Cramp 1994](#CITEREFCramp1994), p. 645.

## Sources

- [Cramp, Stanley](/source/Stanley_Cramp); et al., eds. (1994). "*Carduelis flammea* Redpoll". [*Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic*](https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0003unse_j5z8/page/639/mode/1up). Vol. VIII: Crows to Finches. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 639–661. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-19-854679-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-854679-5).

Taxon identifiers Acanthis Wikidata: Q2822501 Wikispecies: Acanthis AFD: Acanthis BOLD: 705657 EoL: 45510340 GBIF: 6782561 IRMNG: 1302216 ITIS: 179237 NBN: NHMSYS0021004267 NCBI: 37604 NZOR: 6309136e-f7bf-4349-849b-e1d373bfc450 Open Tree of Life: 5859935 Acanthis flammea Wikidata: Q20754771 Wikispecies: Acanthis flammea ABA: comred AFD: Acanthis_flammea Avibase: A2BB98A9 BioLib: 9010 BirdLife: 22725044 BOLD: 705658 BOW: redpol1 BTO: bob16631 CoL: 8TTP eBird: redpol1 EoL: 45510341 EUNIS: 12034 GBIF: 5231630 GISD: 2032 GNAB: common-redpoll iNaturalist: 145300 IRMNG: 10194765 ITIS: 179241 IUCN: 22725044 NatureServe: 2.102366 NBN: NHMSYS0021004317 NCBI: 54769 NZBO: common-redpoll NZOR: b971ccbc-154e-42ba-a32c-34f9bf7b66ec Observation.org: 223 Open Tree of Life: 38566 TaiCOL: t0069959 Xeno-canto: Acanthis flammea

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Redpoll](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redpoll) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Redpoll?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.