# Red Sea > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Red_Sea > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Red_Sea.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea > Source revision: 1356888570 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) Arm of the Indian Ocean between Asia and Africa This article is about the body of water between Asia and Africa. For other uses, see [Red Sea (disambiguation)](/source/Red_Sea_(disambiguation)). This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 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(June 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Red Sea Map of the Red Sea Location North Africa, East Africa, and West Asia Coordinates 22°N 38°E / 22°N 38°E / 22; 38 Type Sea Primary inflows Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Suez Primary outflows Bab-el-Mandeb, Suez Canal Basin countries Djibouti Egypt Eritrea Israel Jordan Saudi Arabia Somalia Sudan Yemen Max. length 2,250 km (1,400 mi) Max. width 355 km (221 mi) Surface area 438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi) Average depth 490 m (1,610 ft) Max. depth 2,730 m (8,960 ft) Water volume 233,000 km3 (56,000 cu mi) Location Interactive map of Red Sea **This article contains [special characters](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters).** Without proper [rendering support](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Special_characters), you may see [question marks, boxes, or other symbols](/source/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character). The **Red Sea** is a [sea](/source/Sea) [inlet](/source/Inlet) of the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean), lying between Africa and Asia. Its connection to the ocean is in the south, through the [Bab-el-Mandeb](/source/Bab-el-Mandeb) Strait and the [Gulf of Aden](/source/Gulf_of_Aden). To the north of the Red Sea lies the [Sinai Peninsula](/source/Sinai_Peninsula), the [Gulf of Aqaba](/source/Gulf_of_Aqaba), and the [Gulf of Suez](/source/Gulf_of_Suez), which leads to the [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal). It is underlain by the [Red Sea Rift](/source/Red_Sea_Rift), which is part of the [Great Rift Valley](/source/Great_Rift_Valley). The Red Sea has a surface area of roughly 438,000 km2 (169,000 sq mi),[1] is about 2,250 km (1,400 mi) long, and 355 km (221 mi) across at its widest point. It has an average depth of 490 m (1,610 ft), and in the central Suakin Trough, it reaches its maximum depth of 2,730 m (8,960 ft).[2] The Red Sea is quite shallow, with approximately 40% of its area being less than 100 m (330 ft) deep, and approximately 25% being less than 50 m (160 ft) deep. The extensive shallow shelves are noted for their marine life and [corals](/source/Coral). More than 1,000 [invertebrate](/source/Invertebrate) species and 200 types of soft and hard coral live in the sea. The Red Sea is the world's northernmost [tropical](/source/Tropical) sea and has been designated a [Global 200](/source/Global_200) ecoregion. ## Extent The [International Hydrographic Organization](/source/International_Hydrographic_Organization) defines the limits of the Red Sea as follows:[3] *On the North.* The Southern limits of the [Gulfs of Suez](/source/Gulf_of_Suez) [A line running from [Ràs Muhammed](/source/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park) (27°43'N) to the South point of [Shadwan](/source/Shadwan) Island (34°02'E) and thence Westward on a parallel (27°27'N) to the coast of [Africa](/source/Africa)] and [Aqaba](/source/Gulf_of_Aqaba) [A line running from Ràs al Fasma Southwesterly to Requin Island ([27°57′N 34°36′E / 27.950°N 34.600°E / 27.950; 34.600](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea¶ms=27_57_N_34_36_E_)) through [Tiran Island](/source/Tiran_Island) to the Southwest point thereof and thence Westward on a parallel (27°54'N) to the coast of the [Sinai Peninsula](/source/Sinai_Peninsula)]. *On the South.* A line joining [Husn Murad](/source/Hisn_Murad) ([12°40′N 43°30′E / 12.667°N 43.500°E / 12.667; 43.500](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea¶ms=12_40_N_43_30_E_)) and [Ras Siyyan](/source/Ras_Siyyan) ([12°29′N 43°20′E / 12.483°N 43.333°E / 12.483; 43.333](https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Red_Sea¶ms=12_29_N_43_20_E_)). ## Exclusive economic zone [Exclusive economic zones](/source/Exclusive_economic_zones) in Red Sea:[4] Number Country Area (Km2) 1 Saudi Arabia 186,392 2 Sudan 92,513 3 Egypt 91,279 4 Eritrea 78,383 5 Yemen 35,861 6 Djibouti 7,037 Total Red Sea 491,465 Note: [Hala'ib Triangle](/source/Halaib_Triangle) disputed between Sudan and Egypt and calculated for both. [Tihama](/source/Tihama) on the Red Sea near Khaukha, [Yemen](/source/Yemen) Red Sea coast seen from [Farasan Islands](/source/Farasan_Islands) ## Name The Red Sea has names in many languages of the region: - [Modern Standard Arabic](/source/Modern_Standard_Arabic): البحر الأحمر, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Arabic): *al-Baḥr al-ʾAḥmar*; Medieval [Arabic](/source/Arabic): بحر القلزم, romanized: *Baḥr al-Qulzum*; - [Hebrew](/source/Hebrew_language): הַיָּם הָאָדוֹם, [romanized](/source/Romanization_of_Hebrew): *hayYām hāʾĀḏōm*; [Biblical Hebrew](/source/Biblical_Hebrew_language): יַם־סוּף, romanized: *[Yam Sūf](/source/Yam_Suph)* - [Coptic](/source/Coptic_language): ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϩⲁϩ, romanized: *Phiom Enhah*, or ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ⲛ̀ϣⲁⲣⲓ, *Phiom ǹšari* - [Tigrinya](/source/Tigrinya_language): ቀይሕ ባሕሪ, romanized: *Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī* - [Somali](/source/Somali_language): *Badda Cas* - [Afar](/source/Afar_language): *Qasa Bad* The English term *Red Sea* is a direct translation of the [Ancient Greek](/source/Ancient_Greek) *Erythrà Thálassa* (Ἐρυθρὰ Θάλασσα). The sea itself was once referred to as the [Erythraean Sea](/source/Erythraean_Sea) by Europeans. As well as *Mare Rubrum* in [Latin](/source/Latin)—alternatively, *Sinus Arabicus* (lit. 'Arabian Gulf')—the Romans called it *Pontus Herculis* (lit. 'Sea of Hercules').[5] Other designations include the Arabic البحر الأحمر (*Al-Baḥr Al-Aḥmar*; alternatively, بحر القلزم, *Baḥr Al-Qulzum*, 'the Sea of [Clysma](/source/Clysma)'); the Coptic ⲫⲓⲟⲙ ̀ⲛϣⲁⲣⲓ (*Phiom ̀nšari*); the [Syriac](/source/Syriac_language) ܝܡܐ ܣܘܡܩܐ (*Yammāʾ summāqā*); the Somali *Badda Cas*; and the Tigrinya ቀይሕ ባሕሪ (*Qeyyiḥ bāḥrī*). The name of the sea may signify the seasonal blooms of the red-coloured *[Trichodesmium](/source/Trichodesmium) erythraeum* near the water's surface.[6] A theory favored by some modern scholars is that the name *red* refers to the direction south, just as the [Black Sea](/source/Black_Sea)'s name may refer to the north. The basis of this theory is that some [Pre-Indo-European languages](/source/Pre-Indo-European_languages) used color words to refer to the [cardinal directions](/source/5_cardinal_point).[7] Writing in the fifth century [BCE](/source/BCE), [Herodotus](/source/Herodotus) uses the Red Sea and Southern Sea interchangeably.[8] The term *[Yam Suph](/source/Yam_Suph)* (יַם־סוּף, 'Sea of Reeds') derives from the tale of God's [parting of the Red Sea](/source/Parting_of_the_Red_Sea) for the [Israelites](/source/Israelites). Historically, it was also known to Western geographers as *Mare Mecca* ('Sea of [Mecca](/source/Mecca)') and *Sinus Arabicus* ('Arabian Gulf').[9] Some ancient geographers called the Red Sea the "Arabian Gulf" or the "Gulf of Arabia", too.[10][11] ## History Parts of this section may incorporate text from a large language model, which is prohibited in Wikipedia articles. It may include hallucinated information, copyright violations, claims not verified in cited sources, original research, or fictitious references. Any such material should be removed. The reason given is: This 2023 edit; note WP:AISIGNS in undue emphasis on significance, negative parallelism, vocab distribution typical of 2023 LLMs, etc (January 2026) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ### Ancient era [Ancient Egyptian](/source/Ancient_Egypt) expedition to the [Land of Punt](/source/Land_of_Punt) on the Red Sea coast during the reign of Queen [Hatshepsut](/source/Hatshepsut) The earliest known exploration of the Red Sea was conducted by [ancient Egyptians](/source/Ancient_Egypt), as they attempted to establish commercial routes to [Punt](/source/Land_of_Punt). One such expedition took place around 2500 BCE and another around 1500 BCE (by [Hatshepsut](/source/Hatshepsut)). Both involved long voyages down the Red Sea.[12] The Hebrew Biblical [Book of Exodus](/source/Book_of_Exodus) relates the account of the [Israelites](/source/Israelites)' [crossing the Red Sea](/source/Crossing_the_Red_Sea), which the Hebrew text calls *[Yam Suph](/source/Yam_Suph)* (יַם־סוּף). *Yam Suph* was traditionally identified as the Red Sea. [Rabbi](/source/Rabbi) [Saadia Gaon](/source/Saadia_Gaon) (882‒942 CE), in his [Judeo-Arabic](/source/Judeo-Arabic) translation of the [Torah](/source/Torah), identifies the crossing place of the Red Sea as *Baḥar al-Qulzum*, meaning the "[Gulf of Suez](/source/Gulf_of_Suez)".[13] In the 6th century BCE, [Darius the Great](/source/Darius_the_Great), who was a prominent ruler of the [Achaemenid Empire](/source/Achaemenid_Empire) in [Persia](/source/Persia), undertook significant efforts to improve and extend navigation in the Red Sea. He sent reconnaissance missions to explore the Red Sea and identify its navigational hazards, such as rocks and currents. This effort was significant, as it contributed to safer and more efficient navigation routes.[14] Settlements and commercial centres in the vicinity of the Red Sea involved in the [spice trade](/source/Spice_trade), as described in the *[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea](/source/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea)* In addition to the maritime explorations, during the reign of Darius the Great, a canal was constructed linking the [Nile River](/source/Nile) to the northern end of the Red Sea at [Suez](/source/Suez). This canal is sometimes referred to as the ancient Suez Canal. It played a pivotal role in improving trade and communication between the Nile Valley and the Red Sea, and beyond to the Indian Ocean. This canal was a predecessor of the modern [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal), which was constructed in the 19th century and remains one of the world's most important waterways.[15] Ancient records, including inscriptions, evidence the construction of the canal during Darius's reign. Darius commemorated the completion of the canal by creating stelae (stone monuments) with inscriptions in several languages, describing the construction and its benefits. The canal not only facilitated trade but also solidified Darius's control over Egypt and enhanced the Achaemenid Empire's economic and political power in the region.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] In the late 4th century BCE, [Alexander the Great](/source/Alexander_the_Great) sent Greek naval expeditions down the Red Sea to the [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean). Greek navigators continued to explore and compile data on the Red Sea. [Agatharchides](/source/Agatharchides) collected information about the sea in the 2nd century BCE. The *[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea](/source/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea)* (or *[Periplus of the Red Sea](/source/Periplus_of_the_Red_Sea)*), a [Greek](/source/Greek_language) [periplus](/source/Periplus) written by an unknown author around the 1st century, contains a detailed description of the Red Sea's ports and sea routes.[16] The Periplus also describes how [Hippalus](/source/Hippalus) first discovered the direct route from the Red Sea to. The Red Sea was favored for [Roman trade with India](/source/Roman_trade_with_India) starting with the reign of [Augustus](/source/Augustus), when the [Roman Empire](/source/Roman_Empire) gained control over the Mediterranean, [Egypt](/source/Egypt), and the northern Red Sea. The route had been used by previous states, but traffic volume increased under the Romans. From Indian ports, goods from [China](/source/China) were introduced to the [Roman](/source/Roman_Empire) world. Contact between Rome and China depended on the Red Sea, but the route was broken by the [Aksumite Empire](/source/Aksumite_Empire) around the 3rd century CE.[17] From antiquity [until the 20th century](/source/Slavery_in_Saudi_Arabia), the Red Sea was also a trade route for the [Red Sea slave trade](/source/Red_Sea_slave_trade) from Africa to the [Middle East](/source/Middle_East).[18] ### Middle Ages and modern era During the [Middle Ages](/source/Middle_Ages), the Red Sea was an important part of the [spice trade](/source/Spice_trade) route. In 1183, [Raynald of Châtillon](/source/Raynald_of_Ch%C3%A2tillon) launched a raid down the Red Sea to attack the [Muslim pilgrim](/source/Hajj) convoys to [Mecca](/source/Mecca).[19]: 143–144 The possibility that Raynald's fleet might sack the holy cities of Mecca and [Medina](/source/Medina) caused fury throughout the Muslim world.[19]: 146–147 However, it appears that Raynald's target was the lightly armed Muslim pilgrim convoys, rather than the well-guarded cities of Mecca and Medina, and the belief in the [Muslim world](/source/Muslim_world) that Raynald was seeking to sack the holy cities, due to the proximity of those cities to the areas that Raynald raided.[19]: 152–153 In 1513, trying to secure that channel to [Portugal](/source/Portugal), [Afonso de Albuquerque](/source/Afonso_de_Albuquerque) laid [siege to Aden](/source/Siege_of_Aden_(1513))[20] but was forced to retreat. They cruised the Red Sea through the [Bab al-Mandab](/source/Bab_al-Mandab), as the first fleet from Europe in modern times to sail these waters. Later in 1524, the city was delivered to Governor Heitor da Silveira as an agreement for protection from the [Ottoman Empire](/source/Ottoman_Empire).[21] In 1798, [France](/source/France) ordered General [Napoleon I](/source/Napoleon_I) to invade [Egypt](/source/Egypt) and take control of the Red Sea.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] Although he failed in his mission, the engineer [Jean-Baptiste Lepère](/source/Jean-Baptiste_Lep%C3%A8re), who took part in it, revitalised the plan for a canal which had been envisaged during the reign of the [pharaohs](/source/Pharaoh). Several canals were built in ancient times from the Nile to the Red Sea along or near the line of the present [Sweet Water Canal](/source/Sweet_Water_Canal), but none lasted for long. The [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal) was opened in November 1869. During the first half of the 20th century, the [Red Sea slave trade](/source/Red_Sea_slave_trade) attracted substantial international condemnation.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] After the [Second World War](/source/Second_World_War), the Americans and Soviets exerted their influence whilst the volume of oil tanker traffic intensified. However, the [Six-Day War](/source/Six-Day_War) culminated in the closure of the [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal) from 1967 to 1975. Despite the patrols by the major maritime fleets in the waters of the Red Sea, the Suez Canal has never recovered its supremacy over the Cape route, which is believed to be less vulnerable to piracy.[22] ### Red Sea crisis Main article: [Red Sea crisis](/source/Red_Sea_crisis) [Iranian-backed](/source/Axis_of_Resistance) [Yemeni](/source/Yemen) [Houthis](/source/Houthis) have attacked Western ships, including warships, next to the [Bab al-Mandeb](/source/Bab_al-Mandeb) during the [Gaza war](/source/Gaza_war). One ship was hijacked and taken back to Yemen.[23] ## Oceanography Annotated view of the Nile and Red Sea, with a dust storm, viewed from the [International Space Station](/source/International_Space_Station)[24] This video over the south-eastern [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea) and down the coastline of the Red Sea was taken by the crew of Expedition 29 on board the International Space Station. The Red Sea is between arid land, [desert](/source/Desert) and [semi-desert](/source/Semi-desert).[25] Many regions of the coastal zone of the Red Sea possess large areas of vigorously growing coral and extensive reef complexes. Due to the tidal currents, low human population, and the minimal development in this climatically inhospitable region, the Red Sea coral reefs are some of the healthiest reef environments in the world.[26] The Red Sea water mass-exchanges its water with the [Arabian Sea](/source/Arabian_Sea) and [Indian Ocean](/source/Indian_Ocean) via the [Gulf of Aden](/source/Gulf_of_Aden). These physical factors reduce the effect of high salinity caused by evaporation in the north and relatively hot water in the south.[27] The [climate](/source/Climate) of the Red Sea is the result of two [monsoon](/source/Monsoon) seasons: a northeasterly monsoon and a southwesterly monsoon. Monsoon winds occur because of differential heating between the land and the sea.[28] Very high surface temperatures and high salinity make this one of the warmest and saltiest bodies of seawater in the world.[29] The average surface water temperature of the Red Sea during the summer is about 26 °C (79 °F) in the north and 30 °C (86 °F) in the south, with only about 2 °C (3.6 °F) variation during the winter months. The overall average water temperature is 22 °C (72 °F). Temperature and visibility remain good, with visibility around 200 m (660 ft). The sea is known for its strong winds and unpredictable local currents.[30] The [rainfall](/source/Rainfall) over the Red Sea and its coasts is extremely low, averaging 60 mm (2.36 in) per year. The rain is mostly short showers, often with thunderstorms and occasionally with dust [storms](/source/Storm). The scarcity of rainfall and no major source of fresh water to the Red Sea result in excess evaporation as high as 2,050 mm (81 in) per year and high salinity with minimal seasonal variation. A recent[*[when?](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items)*] underwater expedition to the Red Sea offshore from [Sudan](/source/Sudan) and [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea)[31][*[verification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability)*] found surface water temperatures 28 °C (82 °F) in winter and up to 34 °C (93 °F) in the summer, but despite that extreme heat, the coral was healthy with much fish life with very little sign of [coral bleaching](/source/Coral_bleaching), with only 9% infected by *[Thalassomonas loyana](/source/Thalassomonas_loyana)*, the 'white plague' agent. [*Favia favus*](/source/Favia) coral there harbours a virus, BA3, which kills *T. loyana*.[32] Scientists are investigating the unique properties of these corals and their [commensal](/source/Commensal) [algae](/source/Algae) to determine whether they can be used to rescue bleached corals elsewhere.[33] ### Salinity The Red Sea is one of the saltiest bodies of water in the world, owing to high evaporation and low precipitation; no significant rivers or streams drain into the sea, and its southern connection to the [Gulf of Aden](/source/Gulf_of_Aden), an arm of the Indian Ocean, is narrow.[34] Its [salinity](/source/Salinity) ranges from between ~36 [‰](/source/Per_mil) in the southern part and 41 ‰ in the northern part around the [Gulf of Suez](/source/Gulf_of_Suez), with an average of 40 ‰. (Average salinity for the world's [seawater](/source/Seawater) is ~35 ‰ on the Practical Salinity Scale, or PSU; that translates to 3.5% of actual dissolved salts).[35] ### Tidal range In general, tide ranges between 0.6 m (2.0 ft) in the north, near the mouth of the Gulf of Suez and 0.9 m (3.0 ft) in the south near the Gulf of Aden, but it fluctuates between 0.20 m (0.66 ft) and 0.30 m (0.98 ft) away from the nodal point. The central Red Sea (Jeddah area) is therefore almost tideless, and as such, the annual water level changes are more significant. Because of the small tidal range, the water during high tide inundates the coastal [sabkhas](/source/Sabkha) as a thin sheet of water up to a few hundred metres rather than flooding the [sabkhas](/source/Sabkha) through a network of channels. However, south of Jeddah in the [Shoiaba](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoiaba&action=edit&redlink=1) area, the water from the lagoon may cover the adjoining sabkhas as far as 3 km (2 mi), whereas north of [Jeddah](/source/Jeddah) in the [Al-Kharrar](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Al-Kharrar&action=edit&redlink=1) area the sabkhas are covered by a thin sheet of water as far as 2 km (1.2 mi). The prevailing north- and northeast winds influence the movement of water from coastal inlets into adjacent sabkhas, especially during storms. Winter mean sea level is 0.5 m (1.6 ft) higher than in summer. Tidal velocities passing through constrictions caused by reefs, sand bars, and low islands commonly exceed 1–2 m/s (3–7 ft/s). Coral reefs in the Red Sea are near Egypt, Eritrea, Jordan, Israel, Saudi Arabia, and Sudan.[36] ### Current Detailed information regarding current data is lacking, partially because the currents are weak and both spatially and temporally variable. The variation of temporal and spatial currents is as low as 0.5 m (1.6 ft)[*[clarification needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify)*] and is governed by the wind. During the summer, northwesterly winds drive surface water south for about four months at a velocity of 15–20 cm/s (6–8 in/s), whereas in winter the flow is reversed, resulting in the inflow of water from the Gulf of Aden into the Red Sea. The net value of the latter predominates, leading to an overall drift toward the north end of the Red Sea. Generally, the velocity of the tidal current is 50–60 cm/s (20–24 in/s) with a maximum of 1 m/s (3.3 ft/s) at the mouth of the al-Kharrar Lagoon. However, the range of the north-northeast current along the Saudi coast is 8–29 cm/s (3–11 in/s).[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ### Wind regime The northern part of the Red Sea is dominated by persistent north-west [winds](/source/Winds), with speeds ranging between 7 km/h (4.3 mph) and 12 km/h (7.5 mph). The rest of the Red Sea and the [Gulf of Aden](/source/Gulf_of_Aden) are subjected to regular and seasonally reversible winds. The wind [regime](/source/Regime) is characterized by seasonal and regional variations in [speed](/source/Speed) and [direction](/source/Direction_(geometry%2C_geography)) with average speed generally increasing northward.[37] The wind is the driving force in the Red Sea, transporting material as suspended load or bedload. Wind-induced currents play an important role in the Red Sea by resuspending bottom sediments and transferring materials from dumping sites to burial sites in a quiescent depositional environment. Wind-generated current [measurement](/source/Measurement) is therefore important for determining sediment dispersal patterns and their role in the erosion and accretion of the coastal rock exposure and submerged coral beds.[38] ## Geology [Dust storm](/source/Dust_storm) over the Red Sea The Red Sea was formed by the [Arabian Peninsula](/source/Arabian_Peninsula) being split from the [Horn of Africa](/source/Horn_of_Africa) by the movement of the [Red Sea Rift](/source/Red_Sea_Rift). This split started in the [Eocene](/source/Eocene) and accelerated during the [Oligocene](/source/Oligocene). The sea is still widening (in 2005, following a three weeks of [tectonic](/source/Tectonic) activity it had grown by 8 m [26 ft]),[39] and it is considered that it will become an ocean in time (as proposed in the model of [John Tuzo Wilson](/source/John_Tuzo_Wilson)). In 1949, a deep water survey reported anomalously hot [brines](/source/Brine) in the central portion of the Red Sea. Later work in the 1960s confirmed the presence of hot, 60 °C (140 °F), saline brines and associated metalliferous muds. The hot solutions were emanating from an active subseafloor [rift](/source/Rift_(geology)). [Lake Asal](/source/Lake_Assal_(Djibouti)) in Djibouti is eligible as an experimental site to study the evolution of the deep hot brines of the Red Sea.[40] By observing the strontium isotope composition of the Red Sea brines, it is possible to deduce how these salt waters found at the bottom of the Red Sea could have evolved in a similar way to Lake Asal, which ideally represents their compositional extreme.[40] The high salinity of the waters was not hospitable to living organisms.[41] Sometime during the [Tertiary](/source/Tertiary_(period)), the [Bab el Mandeb](/source/Bab_el_Mandeb) closed, and the Red Sea evaporated to an empty hot dry salt-floored sink.[42] Effects causing this would have been: - A "race" between the Red Sea widening and [Perim Island](/source/Perim_Island) [erupting](/source/Volcano) filling the Bab el Mandeb with [lava](/source/Lava). - The lowering of world [sea level](/source/Sea_level) during [Ice ages](/source/Ice_age) because of much water being locked up in the [ice caps](/source/Ice_cap). Several volcanic islands rise from the center of the sea. Most are dormant. However, in 2007, [Jabal al-Tair island](/source/Jabal_al-Tair_island) in the Bab el Mandeb strait erupted violently. Two new islands were formed in 2011 and 2013 in the [Zubair Archipelago](/source/Zubair_Group), a small chain of islands owned by Yemen. The first island, Sholan Island, emerged in an eruption in December 2011, and the second island, Jadid, emerged in September 2013.[43][44][45] Approximately 40% of the Red Sea is quite shallow at less than 100 m (330 ft) deep, with about 25% less than 50 m (160 ft) deep.[6] ### Oil and gas Undiscovered oil reserves in the region have been estimated at 801.5 million cubic metres (5,041 million barrels). Undiscovered gas reserves in the region have been estimated at 3,180 billion cubic metres (112,349 billion cubic feet). Undiscovered natural gas reserves have been estimated at 489 million cubic metres (3,077 million barrels).[46] Most of these plays are controlled by the structure of the basin.[47] Normal faults are common as the Red Sea occupies an active diverging margin.[48] These targets are commonly found below the Salt deposits of the [Middle Miocene](/source/Middle_Miocene). Modern development is focused on the following fields. The Durwara 2 Field was discovered in 1963, while the Suakin 1 Field and the Bashayer 1A Field were discovered in 1976, on the Egyptian side of the Red Sea. The Barqan Field was discovered in 1969, and the Midyan Field in 1992, both within the Midyan Basin on the Saudi Arabian side of the Red Sea. The 20-m thick Middle Miocene Maqna [Formation](/source/Formation_(geology)) is an oil source rock in the basin. [Oil seeps](/source/Oil_seep) occur near the [Farasan Islands](/source/Farasan_Islands), the [Dahlak Archipelago](/source/Dahlak_Archipelago), along the coast of Eritrea, and in the southeastern Red Sea along the coasts of Saudi Arabia and Yemen.[49] ### Mineral resources This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Red Sea coast in [Taba, Egypt](/source/Taba%2C_Egypt) In terms of mineral resources, the major constituents of the Red Sea sediments are as follows: **[Biogenic](/source/Biogenic) constituents** - [Nanofossils](/source/Nanofossil),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [foraminifera](/source/Foraminifera), [pteropods](/source/Pteropod), [siliceous](/source/Siliceous) fossils[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] **[Volcanogenic](/source/Volcanogenic_lake) constituents** - [Tuffites](/source/Tuff), [volcanic ash](/source/Volcanic_ash), [montmorillonite](/source/Montmorillonite), [cristobalite](/source/Cristobalite), [zeolites](/source/Zeolite) **[Terrigenous](/source/Terrigenous_sediment) constituents** - [Quartz](/source/Quartz), [feldspars](/source/Feldspar), rock fragments, [mica](/source/Mica), heavy minerals, [clay minerals](/source/Clay_mineral)[50] **[Authigenic](/source/Authigenic) minerals** - [Sulfide minerals](/source/Sulfide_mineral), [aragonite](/source/Aragonite), [calcite](/source/Calcite), [protodolomite](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/protodolomite),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [dolomite](/source/Dolomite_(mineral)), quartz,[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [chalcedony](/source/Chalcedony) **[Evaporite](/source/Evaporite) minerals[51]** - [Magnesite](/source/Magnesite), [gypsum](/source/Gypsum), [anhydrite](/source/Anhydrite), [halite](/source/Halite), [polyhalite](/source/Polyhalite) **[Brine](/source/Brine) precipitate** - Fe-[montmorillonite](/source/Montmorillonite),[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] [goethite](/source/Goethite), [hematite](/source/Hematite), [siderite](/source/Siderite), [rhodochrosite](/source/Rhodochrosite), [pyrite](/source/Pyrite), [sphalerite](/source/Sphalerite), anhydrite[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*] ## Ecosystem [Hawksbill sea turtle](/source/Hawksbill_sea_turtle) in the [Elphinstone Reef](/source/Elphinstone_Reef) Nudibranch egg ribbon at Shaab Mahmoud The Red Sea is a rich and diverse ecosystem. For example, more than 1200 fish species have been recorded in the Red Sea,[52] of which 10% are endemic, found nowhere else.[53] Since the opening of the Suez Canal in November 1869, over a thousand marine species from the Red Sea—from plankton, seaweeds, invertebrates to fish—have migrated northward and settled in the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea). To the point that a number of them now form a significant component of the Mediterranean ecosystem. The resulting change in biodiversity, without precedent in human memory, is currently accelerating, in particular for fishes according to surveys engaged by the [Mediterranean Science Commission](/source/Mediterranean_Science_Commission).[54] Red Sea coral and marine fish The rich diversity of the Red Sea is in part due to the 2,000 km (1,240 mi) of [coral reef](/source/Coral_reef) extending along its coastline; these fringing reefs are 5000–7000 years old and are largely formed of stony [acropora](/source/Acropora) and [porite](/source/Porites) corals. The reefs form platforms and sometimes lagoons along the coast, and occasionally other features such as cylinders (e.g., the [Blue Hole (Red Sea)](/source/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)) at [Dahab](/source/Dahab)). The Red Sea also hosts many offshore reefs, including several true atolls. Many of the unusual offshore reef formations defy classic (i.e., Darwinian) coral reef classification schemes and are generally attributed to the high levels of tectonic activity that characterize the area. Both offshore and coastal reefs are visited by pelagic species of fish, including many of the 44 recorded species of shark, and by many species (over 175) of [nudibranch](/source/Nudibranch), many of which are endemic to the Red Sea.[55] Other coastal Red Sea habitats include [seagrass](/source/Sea_grass) beds, [salt pans](/source/Dry_lake), [mangroves](/source/Mangroves) and [salt marshes](/source/Salt_marshes). Furthermore, the deep Red Sea [brine pools](/source/Brine_pools) have been extensively studied for their microbial life, characterized by their diversity and adaptation to extreme environments. The high marine biodiversity of the area is recognized by the Egyptian government, which set up the [Ras Mohammed National Park](/source/Ras_Mohammed) in 1983. The rules and regulations governing this area protect local marine life. Ras Mohammed is one of the world's top 10 sites recognized by the [International Union for Conservation of Nature](/source/International_Union_for_Conservation_of_Nature) for effective management of marine ecosystems, and the first marine protected area in Africa and the Middle East.[56] Due to the high volume of maritime traffic, which accounts for 12–15% of global trade, the Red Sea is considered highly vulnerable to marine pollution, particularly oil spills. Academic literature has increasingly focused on both past disasters and predictive modelling. Studies have modelled spill trajectories and their environmental consequences.[57][58] Others have analysed the ecological impact of spills on coral reefs and marine biodiversity and assessed how chemical dispersants and specific oil compounds affect marine fauna and coastal ecosystems.[59][60][61] Public health literature has raised concerns over the spill's impact on respiratory illness and waterborne contamination in coastal populations.[62] ### List of fauna species found in the Red Sea and the Gulf of Aqaba This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2025) (Learn how and when to remove this message) ### Crustaceans - *[Alachosquilla vicina](/source/Alachosquilla_vicina)* - Hairy elbow crab - Rusty guard crab - Brown guard crab - Indo-Pacific hairy hermit crab - Grapsus granulosus - Furrowed crab - Tiny rock crab - Soft coral spider crab - Purple estuarine rock crab - One-horned spider crab - Soft coral crab - Scaly rock crab - Haig's porcelain crab - Violet crab - Ornamental spider crab - Xenia swimming crab - Reticulated hermit crab - Showy xanthid crab - Giant elbow crab - White-handed fiddler crab - Woodmason's hermit crab - Inversed fiddler crab - African blue swimming crab - Rosy hermit crab - Tetralia nigrolineata - Setiferous hermit crab - Hairy coral crab ### Sea turtles - [Green sea turtle](/source/Green_sea_turtle) - [Hawksbill sea turtle](/source/Hawksbill_sea_turtle) ### Dolphins - [Spinner dolphin](/source/Spinner_dolphin) - [Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin](/source/Indo-Pacific_bottlenose_dolphin) - [Common bottlenose dolphin](/source/Common_bottlenose_dolphin) - [Indian humpback dolphin](/source/Indian_humpback_dolphin) - [Risso's dolphin](/source/Risso's_dolphin) - [Pantropical spotted dolphin](/source/Pantropical_spotted_dolphin) ### Fish - [Lyretail anthias](/source/Lyretail_Anthias) (The most commonly found fish in the sea) - Red Sea anemonefish - [Indian lionfish](/source/Pterois_miles) - [Klunzinger's wrasse](/source/Klunzinger's_wrasse) - Indian bullethead parrotfish - [Sohal tang](/source/Sohal_tang) - [Red Sea bannerfish](/source/Red_Sea_bannerfish) - [Masked puffer](/source/Masked_puffer) - [Raccoon butterflyfish](/source/Raccoon_butterflyfish) - [Sergeant major](/source/Sergeant_major_(fish)) - [Giant moray eel](/source/Giant_moray_eel) - [Arabian Picasso triggerfish](/source/Arabian_Picasso_triggerfish) - [Rusty parrotfish](/source/Rusty_parrotfish) - [White-spotted pufferfish](/source/White-spotted_pufferfish) - [Threadfin butterflyfish](/source/Threadfin_butterflyfish) - Lined bristletooth - [Bluespotted cornetfish](/source/Bluespotted_cornetfish) - [Purple tang](/source/Purple_tang) - [Coral grouper](/source/Coral_grouper) - [Crown butterflyfish](/source/Crown_Butterflyfish) - Red Sea goatfish - Indian Ocean humbug - [Titan triggerfish](/source/Titan_triggerfish) - [Yellow boxfish](/source/Yellow_boxfish) - [Threespot dascyllus](/source/Threespot_dascyllus) - [Orangestripe triggerfish](/source/Orangestripe_triggerfish) - [Emperor angelfish](/source/Emperor_angelfish) - [Yellow-edged lyretail](/source/Yellow-edged_lyretail) - Dusky surgeonfish - [Starry pufferfish](/source/Arothron_stellatus) - Greasy rockrod grouper - [Napoleon fish](/source/Napoleon_fish) - Geometric moray eel - [Sharksucker](/source/Sharksucker) (Also called a remora.) - Golden-striped mackerel - [Great barracuda](/source/Great_barracuda) - Panther flounder - Doublebar bream - [Giant trevally](/source/Giant_trevally) - Zigzag wrasse - [Dogtooth tuna](/source/Dogtooth_tuna) - [Needlefish](/source/Needlefish) (Houndfish) - Black-barred halfbeak - Red Sea garden eel - [Smallscale scorpionfish](/source/Smallscale_scorpionfish) - [Fringelip mullet](/source/Fringelip_mullet) - Flathead pomfret - [Yellowfin tuna](/source/Yellowfin_tuna) - [Mahi-mahi](/source/Mahi-mahi) ### Jellyfish and cnidarians - [Cauliflower jellyfish](/source/Cauliflower_jellyfish) - Mangrove upside-down jelly - Amakusa jelly - [Pelagic purple jelly](/source/Purple_Jellyfish) - [Nomad jellyfish](/source/Nomad_jellyfish) - [Moon jellyfish](/source/Moon_Jellyfish) ### Sharks - [Tawny nurse shark](/source/Tawny_nurse_shark) - [Whale shark](/source/Whale_shark) - [Tiger shark](/source/Tiger_shark) - [Whitetip reef shark](/source/Whitetip_reef_shark) - [Great hammerhead](/source/Great_hammerhead) - [Blacktip reef shark](/source/Blacktip_reef_shark) - [Gray reef shark](/source/Gray_reef_shark) - [Pelagic thresher shark](/source/Pelagic_thresher_shark) - [Spinner shark](/source/Spinner_shark) - [Silky shark](/source/Silky_shark) - [Oceanic whitetip shark](/source/Oceanic_whitetip_shark) - [Spot-tail shark](/source/Spot-tail_shark) - [Longfin mako shark](/source/Longfin_mako_shark) - [Sicklefin lemon shark](/source/Sicklefin_lemon_shark) - [Shortfin mako shark](/source/Shortfin_mako_shark) - [Zebra shark](/source/Zebra_shark) - [Bull shark](/source/Bull_shark) - [Great white shark](/source/Great_white_shark) (exceptionally rare) ### Billfish - [Swordfish](/source/Swordfish) - [Striped marlin](/source/Striped_marlin) - [Indo-Pacific sailfish](/source/Indo-Pacific_sailfish) ### Octopuses and other cephalopods - [Day octopus](/source/Day_octopus) - Ornate night octopus - [Mimic octopus](/source/Mimic_octopus) - Marbled octopus - Red Sea long-arm octopus - [Giant squid](/source/Giant_squid) ### Rays - [Cowtail stingray](/source/Cowtail_stingray) - [Porcupine ray](/source/Porcupine_ray) - [Ornate eagle ray](/source/Ornate_eagle_ray) - [Reticulate whipray](/source/Reticulate_whipray) - [Sicklefin devil ray](/source/Sicklefin_devil_ray) - Bluespotted fantail ray - Oceanic manta ray ### Lobsters - Pronghorn spiny lobster - [Painted spiny lobster](/source/Painted_spiny_lobster) ### Whales - [False killer whale](/source/False_killer_whale) (one was discovered off the coast of Saudi Arabia in December 2024) - [Pygmy blue whale](/source/Pygmy_blue_whale) - [Bryde's whale](/source/Bryde's_whale) (one was found in Al-Qunfudah) - [Blue whale](/source/Blue_whale) (one was seen in the Gulf of Aqaba in 2018) - [Sperm whale](/source/Sperm_whale) - [Humpback whale](/source/Humpback_whale) (rare to see, as they enter the ocean through the [Bab Al-Mandeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bab_Al-Mandeb&action=edit&redlink=1) strait) ## Environmental impacts of the Red Sea crisis Main article: [Red Sea crisis](/source/Red_Sea_crisis) Since November 2023, [Houthi](/source/Houthi) forces have conducted over 100 attacks against commercial and naval vessels, transforming the Red Sea into a high-risk zone for [environmental disasters](/source/Environmental_disasters).[63] ### Pollution through oil and chemical spills The sinking of the [MV Rubymar](/source/MV_Rubymar) in February 2024 created an 18-mile oil slick resulting from approximately 200 tons of [heavy fuel oil](/source/Heavy_fuel_oil) and 80 tons of [marine diesel oil](/source/Marine_diesel_oil).[64] Additionally, the vessel was also carrying 21,000 metric tons of [fertilizer](/source/Fertilizer), raising concerns about large-scale nutrient overloading that could trigger extensive [algal blooms](/source/Algal_blooms), potentially leading to seawater contamination and fish mortality.[65] The vessel sank two weeks after being attacked by [Houthi](/source/Houthi) forces, posing risks to marine life, including [coral reefs](/source/Coral_reefs).[66] The oil slick drifted toward [Yemen](/source/Yemen)'s [Farasan Islands](/source/Farasan_Islands) and [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea)'s [Dahlak Archipelago](/source/Dahlak_Archipelago) and posed a high threat to coastal communities, aquatic [fauna](/source/Fauna) and sensitive [ecosystems](/source/Ecosystems) in the region.[67] Similar [oil spills](/source/Oil_spill) forming around vessels have been reported following [Houthi](/source/Houthi) attacks. Some oil sinks to the ground while the rest follows the current and can be washed to the ashore where it affects [flora](/source/Flora) and [fauna](/source/Fauna).[68] The August 2024 [attacks on the Sounion](/source/Attacks_on_the_Sounion) tanker carrying 150,000 tons of [crude oil](/source/Crude_oil) represented a further threat, with salvage operations repeatedly hindered by [Houthi](/source/Houthi) interference before it was safely removed by the EU's [Operation Aspides](/source/Operation_Aspides).[69] The [attacks on the MV Tutor](/source/Attacks_on_the_MV_Tutor) in June 2024 and on the Chios Lion tanker in July 2024, generating a 136-mile [oil slick](/source/Oil_slick), illustrate the systematic pattern of environmental damage from sustained maritime conflict to the Red Sea ecosystem.[70] ### Rising emissions through vessel rerouting Container vessel traffic through the [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal) declined by approximately 75 percent in 2024 compared to 2023, as many shipping companies rerouted vessels around [Africa](/source/Africa)'s [Cape of Good Hope](/source/Cape_of_Good_Hope).[71] Ships that would normally transit through the [Suez Canal](/source/Suez_Canal) now travel 50-60 percent longer distances.[72] The rerouting adds around 4575 [nautical miles](/source/Nautical_miles) to the sailing distance between [Shanghai](/source/Shanghai) and [Rotterdam](/source/Rotterdam), increasing voyage durations on average by 12 days.[73] Thus, the rerouting leads to an increase in fuel consumption of up to 33 percent depending on speed, distance and the type of vessel.[74] The resulting environmental impact manifests as approximately 40 percent increase in [CO₂ emissions](/source/CO%E2%82%82_emissions) per voyage[75], with speed increases potentially amplifying emissions by an additional 14 percent.[76] The longer round-trip schedules imply that fleets require at least two additional ships to ensure a weekly service. Those supplementary vessels also contribute to total fleet emissions, leading to a 67 percent increase in [CO₂ emissions](/source/CO%E2%82%82_emissions) for a typical Asia-North Europe service operating weekly.[73] Given that maritime shipping accounts for approximately 3 percent of global [greenhouse gas emissions](/source/Greenhouse_gas_emissions), the [Red Sea crisis](/source/Red_Sea_crisis) represents a setback to the international climate goal to reach [net-zero emissions](/source/Net-zero_emissions) by or around 2050[77] and simultaneously makes it more difficult to comply with the long-term temperature goal set out in Article 2 of the [Paris Agreement](/source/Paris_Agreement).[78] While regional emissions at the Red Sea dropped 60 percent as fewer large vessels transit the waterway, this is offset by substantially increased global emissions resulting from longer rerouting.[79] Another discussed option for rerouting vessels is the [Northern Sea Route](/source/Northern_Sea_Route), which would reduce sailing distance by up to 40 percent compared to the Red Sea route. This would pose significant ecological risks, including higher per-container emissions due to smaller ship sizes, increased [black carbon](/source/Black_carbon) pollution in the fragile [Arctic](/source/Arctic), and disruption to marine ecosystems. Weak regulatory enforcement in the area and inadequate waste infrastructure further undermine the environmental sustainability of the [Northern Sea Route](/source/Northern_Sea_Route).[80] ### Biodiversity loss and damage to marine life The increase in shipping traffic via the [Cape of Good Hope](/source/Cape_of_Good_Hope) leads to [underwater noise pollution](/source/Underwater_noise_pollution) on this route, which affects local [fish](/source/Fish) stocks and [marine mammals](/source/Marine_mammals).[81] Additionally, it results in increasing numbers of container losses. The region is associated with hazardous navigation conditions created by intersecting weather systems. In 2024, approximately 200 containers were lost along this passage, accounting for around 35 percent of all recorded container losses in that year.[82] Furthermore, military operations like [Prosperity Guardian](/source/Prosperity_Guardian) and [Poseidon Archer](/source/Poseidon_Archer) have deployed naval forces from more than fifteen nations in the Red Sea region.[83] Their military [sonar](/source/Sonar) systems can cause behavioral disruptions, habitat displacement, and physiological harm to [marine life](/source/Marine_life). [Cetacean species](/source/Cetacean_species) in the Red Sea are particularly vulnerable to acoustic disturbances due to their reliance on [echolocation](/source/Animal_echolocation) and [acoustic communication](/source/Underwater_acoustic_communication) for critical life functions including [navigation](/source/Navigation), [foraging](/source/Foraging), and [social bonding](/source/Social_bonding).[84] In addition, the [Houthis](/source/Houthis)' implementation of [naval mines](/source/Naval_mines) to attack ships poses risks to marine ecosystems and coastal environments, particularly along the [Yemeni](/source/Yemeni) coast.[85] ### Collapse of conservation governance The Red Sea lacks a comprehensive regional [environmental treaty](/source/Environmental_treaty) comparable to, for example, the [Barcelona Convention](/source/Barcelona_Convention) regarding the [Mediterranean Sea](/source/Mediterranean_Sea). [Environmental regulation](/source/Environmental_regulation) is dispersed among national agencies and the regional Organization for the Conservation of the Environment of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden (PERSGA).[86] However, it has limited enforcement capacity as many [coastal states](/source/Coastal_states) lack resources for [monitoring](/source/Environmental_monitoring) and rapid response.[87] The region's [Marine Protected Areas](/source/Marine_Protected_Area) are characterized as poorly coordinated and weakly implemented even under conditions prior to the [Red Sea crisis](/source/Red_Sea_crisis).[88] Emergency cooperation efforts like the [FSO Safer](/source/FSO_Safer) oil offloading in August 2023[89] and the successful salvage operation, led by the [EU](/source/EU)'s [Operation Aspides](/source/Operation_Aspides), regarding the [attacks on the Sounion](/source/Attacks_on_the_Sounion) demonstrate potential for coordinated action against environmental threats in the region.[90] At the same time, the inability to replicate such cooperation for the [MV Rubymar](/source/MV_Rubymar) incident reveals how active conflict constrains environmental response capacity.[91] ## Desalination plants There is extensive demand for [desalinated](/source/Desalination) water to meet the needs of the population and the industries along the Red Sea. There are at least 18 desalination plants along the Red Sea coast of Saudi Arabia which discharge warm [brine](/source/Brine) and treatment chemicals ([chlorine](/source/Chlorine) and [anti-scalants](/source/Anti-fouling_agent)) that [bleach](/source/Coral_bleaching) and kill [corals](/source/Coral) and cause diseases in the fish. This is only localized, but it may intensify with time and profoundly impact the fishing industry.[92] ## Trade The Red Sea serves an important role in the [global economy](/source/Global_economy), with cargo vessels traveling [between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea](/source/Indo-Mediterranean) every year, thus shortening the path between [Asia](/source/Asia) and [Europe](/source/Europe) almost by half (as compared to traveling [around Africa](/source/Cape_Route) via the Atlantic Ocean).[93] 12% of global trade passes through the Red Sea.[94] This includes 30% of global [container](/source/Container_ship) traffic.[94] ### Tourism The sea is known for its [recreational diving](/source/Recreational_diving) sites, such as [Ras Mohammed](/source/Ras_Muhammad_National_Park), [SS Thistlegorm](/source/SS_Thistlegorm) (shipwreck), [Elphinstone Reef](/source/Elphinstone_Reef), [The Brothers](/source/El_Ikhwa_Islands), [Daedalus Reef](/source/Daedalus_Reef), [St. John's Reef](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=St._John%27s_Reef&action=edit&redlink=1), [Rocky Island](/source/Rocky_Island_(Egypt)), [Blue Hole](/source/Blue_Hole_(Red_Sea)) in [Egypt](/source/Egypt)[95] and less known sites in [Sudan](/source/Sudan) such as [Sanganeb](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sanganeb&action=edit&redlink=1), [Abington](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Abington,_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1), [Angarosh](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angarosh&action=edit&redlink=1) and [Shaab Rumi](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shaab_Rumi&action=edit&redlink=1). The Red Sea became a popular destination for diving after the expeditions of [Hans Hass](/source/Hans_Hass) in the 1950s, and later by [Jacques-Yves Cousteau](/source/Jacques-Yves_Cousteau).[96] Popular tourist resorts include [El Gouna](/source/El_Gouna), [Hurghada](/source/Hurghada), [Safaga](/source/Safaga) and [Marsa Alam](/source/Marsa_Alam), on the west shore of the Red Sea, and [Sharm-el-Sheikh](/source/Sharm-el-Sheikh), [Dahab](/source/Dahab), [Nuweiba](/source/Nuweiba), and [Taba](/source/Taba%2C_Egypt) on the [Egyptian](/source/Egypt) side of [Sinaï](/source/Sina%C3%AF), as well as [Aqaba](/source/Aqaba) in [Jordan](/source/Jordan) and [Eilat](/source/Eilat) in [Israel](/source/Israel) in an area known as the [Red Sea Riviera](/source/Red_Sea_Riviera). The popular tourist beach of Sharm el-Sheikh was closed to all swimming in December 2010 due to several serious [shark attacks](/source/2010_Sharm_El_Sheikh_shark_attacks), including a fatality. As of December 2010, scientists are investigating the attacks and have identified, but not verified, several possible causes including overfishing which causes large sharks to hunt closer to shore, tourist boat operators who chum offshore for shark-photo opportunities, and reports of ships throwing dead livestock overboard. The sea's narrowness, significant depth, and sharp drop-offs, all combine to form a geography where large deep-water sharks can roam in hundreds of meters of water, yet be within a hundred meters of swimming areas. The Red Sea Project is building the highest quality accommodation and a wide range of facilities on the coastline in Saudi Arabia. This will allow people to visit the coastline of the Red Sea by the end of 2022 but will be fully finished by 2030.[97] See also: [2016 Hurghada attack](/source/2016_Hurghada_attack), [2017 Hurghada attack](/source/2017_Hurghada_attack), [2006 Dahab bombings](/source/2006_Dahab_bombings), [2005 Sharm El Sheikh bombings](/source/2005_Sharm_El_Sheikh_bombings), [2004 Sinai bombings](/source/2004_Sinai_bombings), and [Metrojet Flight 9268](/source/Metrojet_Flight_9268) Tourism to the region has been threatened by occasional terrorist attacks, and by incidents related to food safety standards.[98][99] ### Security See also: [Red Sea crisis](/source/Red_Sea_crisis) The Red Sea is part of the [sea roads](/source/Sea_road) between [Europe](/source/Europe), the [Persian Gulf](/source/Persian_Gulf) and [East Asia](/source/East_Asia), and as such has heavy [shipping traffic](/source/Shipping). Government-related bodies responsible for policing the Red Sea area include the [Port Said Port Authority](/source/Port_Said_Port_Authority), the [Suez Canal Authority](/source/Suez_Canal_Authority) and the Red Sea Ports Authority of [Egypt](/source/Egypt), [the Jordan Maritime Authority](/source/Jordan_Maritime_Authority), [the Israel Port Authority](/source/Israel_Port_Authority), [the Saudi Ports Authority](/source/Saudi_Ports_Authority) and [the Sea Ports Corporation](/source/Sea_Ports_Corporation%2C_Sudan) of [Sudan](/source/Sudan). [Houthi](/source/Houthi) rebels in Yemen have increased attacks on shipping vessels since mid-November 2023. The blocking of Israeli-linked ships was in response to Israel's war in [Gaza](/source/Gaza_Strip).[94] In January 2024, it was reported that Red Sea shipping volumes had dropped to 30% of normal levels due to Houthi intervention.[100] In response, the US has announced a maritime coalition to defend shipping in the Red Sea for the [Operation Prosperity Guardian](/source/Operation_Prosperity_Guardian).[94] In addition to the U.S.-led efforts, the European Union launched Operation Aspides in February 2024 to provide naval escorts and protect commercial shipping in the Red Sea.[101] In January 2025, the United Nations Security Council adopted Resolution 2768, calling for an end to Houthi attacks and demanding the release of detained crew from seized vessels.[102] Beyond inter-state conflict, the Red Sea region is also shaped by non-traditional security threats, including piracy, illicit trafficking, and 'blue crime' – a convergence of arms smuggling, illegal fishing, and maritime terrorism within governance gaps.[103]. In March 2024, Chairman of WeCare Foundation, [Saad Kassis-Mohamed](/source/Saad_Kassis-Mohamed), was reported to have called on governments to reinforce maritime security protocols and protect Red Sea trade routes amid shipping disruptions and cargo diversions.[104][105][106] Recent academic assessments highlight the role of 'shadow fleets', unregistered or covert vessels often linked to Iranian or Russian interests, which operate in the Red Sea to evade sanctions and transport illicit goods, including oil, weapons, and narcotics.[107] While international attention has largely focused on missile and drone attacks, scholars also warn of critical infrastructure vulnerabilities, including damage to undersea cables caused by bottom trawling and sabotage.[108] ## Bordering countries A four color map of the Red Sea and its bordering countries The Red Sea may be geographically divided into three sections: the Red Sea proper, and in the north, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Gulf of Suez. The six countries bordering the Red Sea proper are: - Eastern shore: - [Saudi Arabia](/source/Saudi_Arabia) - [Yemen](/source/Yemen) - Western shore: - [Egypt](/source/Egypt) - [Sudan](/source/Sudan) - [Eritrea](/source/Eritrea) - [Djibouti](/source/Djibouti) The Gulf of Suez is entirely bordered by Egypt.[109][110] The Gulf of Aqaba borders Egypt, [Israel](/source/Israel), [Jordan](/source/Jordan) and Saudi Arabia.[111][112] In addition to the standard geographical definition of the six countries bordering the Red Sea cited above, areas such as [Somalia](/source/Somalia) are sometimes also described as Red Sea territories. This is primarily due to their proximity to and geological similarities with the nations facing the Red Sea and/or political ties with them.[113][114] ## Towns and cities Towns and cities on the Red Sea coast (including the coasts of the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez) include: - [Ain Sokhna](/source/Ain_Sokhna), Egypt (العين السخنة) - [Al Hudaydah](/source/Al_Hudaydah), Yemen (الحديدة) - [Al Lith](/source/Al_Lith), Saudi Arabia (الليِّث) - [Al Qunfudhah](/source/Al_Qunfudhah), Saudi Arabia (القنفذة) - [El Qoseir](/source/El_Qoseir), Egypt (القصير) - [Al Wajh](/source/Al_Wajh), Saudi Arabia (الوجه) - [Aqaba](/source/Aqaba), Jordan (العقبة) - [Asseb](/source/Asseb), Eritrea (ዓሰብ / عصب) - [Dahab](/source/Dahab), Egypt (دهب) - [Duba](/source/Duba%2C_Saudi_Arabia), Saudi Arabia (ضباء) - [Eilat](/source/Eilat), Israel (אילת) - [El Gouna](/source/El_Gouna), Egypt (الجونة) - [El Tor](/source/El_Tor%2C_Egypt), Egypt (الطور) - [Suez](/source/Suez), Egypt (السويس) - [Hala'ib](/source/Hala'ib), Egypt and Sudan (حلايب) (disputed) - [Haql](/source/Haql), Saudi Arabia (حقل) - [Hirgigo](/source/Hirgigo), Eritrea (ሕርጊጎ / حرقيقو) - [Hurghada](/source/Hurghada), Egypt (الغردقة) - [Jeddah](/source/Jeddah), Saudi Arabia (جدة) - [Jazan](/source/Jizan), Saudi Arabia (جازان) - [Makadi Bay](/source/Makadi_Bay), Egypt (خليج مكادي) - [Marsa Alam](/source/Marsa_Alam), Egypt (مرسى علم) - [Massawa](/source/Massawa), Eritrea (ምጽዋዕ / مصوع) - [Mokha](/source/Mokha), Yemen (المُخا) - [Moulhoule](/source/Moulhoule), Djibouti (مول هولة) - [Nuweiba](/source/Nuweiba), Egypt (نويبع) - [Port Sudan](/source/Port_Sudan), Sudan (بورت سودان) - [Rabigh](/source/Rabigh), Saudi Arabia (رابغ) - [Ras Sedr](/source/Ras_Sedr), Egypt (راس سدر) - [Safaga](/source/Safaga), Egypt (سفاجا) - [Sahl Hasheesh](/source/Sahl_Hasheesh), Egypt (سهل حشيش) - [Sharm El Sheikh](/source/Sharm_El_Sheikh), Egypt (شرم الشيخ) - [Soma Bay](/source/Soma_Bay), Egypt (سوما باي) - [Suakin](/source/Suakin), Sudan (سواكن) - [Taba](/source/Taba%2C_Egypt), Egypt (طابا) - [Thuwal](/source/Thuwal), Saudi Arabia (ثول) - [Yanbu](/source/Yanbu), Saudi Arabia (ينبع) ## See also - [Ocean portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Ocean) - [Water portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Water) - [Asia portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Asia) - [Africa portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Africa) - [MS *al-Salam Boccaccio 98*](/source/MS_al-Salam_Boccaccio_98) ferry disaster - [Crossing the Red Sea](/source/Crossing_the_Red_Sea), a Biblical tale from the [Book of Exodus](/source/Book_of_Exodus) - [Red Sea Dam](/source/Red_Sea_Dam) - [The Red Sea Project](/source/The_Red_Sea_Project) ## References 1. **[^](#cite_ref-1)** ["State of the Marine Environment Report for the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden: 2006"](https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf) (PDF). 16 June 2008. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20210421194829/https://www.cbd.int/doc/meetings/mar/ebsaws-2015-02/other/ebsaws-2015-02-persga-submission1-en.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 21 April 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Dinwiddie, Robert (2008). Thomas, Louise (ed.). *Ocean: The World's Last Wilderness Revealed*. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 452. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7566-2205-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2205-3). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** ["Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"](https://iho.int/uploads/user/pubs/standards/s-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) (PDF). International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20111008191433/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf) (PDF) from the original on 8 October 2011. Retrieved 28 December 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** ["Sea Around Us | Fisheries, Ecosystems and Biodiversity"](http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez). *www.seaaroundus.org*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20160223181456/http://www.seaaroundus.org/data/#/eez) from the original on 23 February 2016. Retrieved 25 February 2021. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Phillips, Carl; Villeneuve, François; Facey, William (2004). "A Latin inscription from South Arabia". *Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies*. **34**: 239–250. [JSTOR](/source/JSTOR_(identifier)) [41223821](https://www.jstor.org/stable/41223821). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-britannica_6-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-britannica_6-1) ["Red Sea | sea, Middle East"](https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea). *Encyclopedia Britannica Online Library Edition*. Encyclopedia Britannica. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230123232055/https://www.britannica.com/place/Red-Sea) from the original on 23 January 2023. 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World Digital Library. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20130605202421/http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2919/) from the original on 5 June 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2013. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-10)** Michael D. Oblath (2004). [*The Exodus itinerary sites: their locations from the perspective of the biblical sources*](https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53). Peter Lang. p. 53. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-8204-6716-0](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8204-6716-0). [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230210065000/https://books.google.com/books?id=c5ya9QVCpIkC&q=Red+sea+as+Arabian+gulf&pg=PA53) from the original on 10 February 2023. Retrieved 19 November 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-11)** Brodziak, Jon (2019). "Fish Stocks/ Overfishing". *Encyclopedia of Islands*. pp. 310–311. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1525/9780520943728-073](https://doi.org/10.1525%2F9780520943728-073). 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["King Darius' Red Sea Canal"](https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/). *FEZANA Journal*. **35** (4): 27–30. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20230716120327/https://hcommons.org/deposits/item/hc:44609/) from the original on 16 July 2023. Retrieved 8 June 2023. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-16)** Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006). [*Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration*](https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32). W.W. Norton & Company. pp. [32–33](https://archive.org/details/pathfindersgloba00fern/page/32). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-393-06259-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06259-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-17)** East, W. Gordon (1965). [*The Geography behind History*](https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174). W.W. Norton & Company. pp. [174–175](https://archive.org/details/geographybehindh0000east_z8c9/page/174). 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"Wind-induced reversal in Red Sea circulation". *Deep Sea Research and Oceanographic Abstracts*. **21** (2): 109–121. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1974DSRA...21..109P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1974DSRA...21..109P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0011-7471(74)90068-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0011-7471%2874%2990068-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-38)** Morcos, S. A. (1970). "Physical and chemical oceanography of the Red Sea". *Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review*. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-39)** Rose, Paul; Laking, Anne (2008). *Oceans: Exploring the hidden depths of the underwater world*. London: BBC Books. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-84-607505-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84-607505-6). 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_40-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-Boschetti-1_40-1) Boschetti, Tiziano; Awaleh, Mohamed Osman; Barbieri, Maurizio (2018). ["Waters from the Djiboutian Afar: a review of strontium isotopic composition and a comparison with Ethiopian waters and Red Sea brines"](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700). *Water*. **10** (11): 1700. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2018Water..10.1700B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Water..10.1700B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.3390/w10111700](https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fw10111700). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[11573/1202448](https://hdl.handle.net/11573%2F1202448). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-41)** Degens, Egon T.; Ross, David A., eds. (1969). *Hot Brines and Recent Heavy Metal Deposits in the Red Sea*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1007/978-3-662-28603-6](https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-662-28603-6). 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[Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20201209103910/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/life-style/travel-and-tourism/2020/04/20/Saudi-Arabia-s-The-Red-Sea-Project-breaks-ground-on-coastal-village) from the original on 9 December 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-WalshKaraszDeath_98-0)** Walsh, Declan; Karasz, Palko (24 August 2018). ["Hundreds of Tourists Evacuated From Hotel in Egypt After Britons' Sudden Death"](https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html). *[The New York Times](/source/The_New_York_Times)*. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20180825225328/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/08/24/world/middleeast/egypt-hotel-thomas-cook.html) from the original on 25 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-RegevCriticalBlow_99-0)** Regev, Dana (15 July 2017). ["Egypt's tourism industry suffers a critical blow"](http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321). DW. [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20170716032022/http://www.dw.com/en/egypts-tourism-industry-suffers-a-critical-blow/a-39705321) from the original on 16 July 2017. Retrieved 26 August 2018. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-100)** ["The Middle East faces economic chaos"](https://www.economist.com/finance-and-economics/2024/01/18/the-middle-east-faces-economic-chaos). *The Economist*. Retrieved 21 January 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-101)** ["EU launches Operation Aspides"](https://www.eeas.europa.eu/eunavfor-aspides_en). *www.eeas.europa.eu*. European External Action Service. 2024. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-102)** ["Security Council Adopts Resolution 2768 (2025), Sustaining Monthly Reporting on Houthi Attacks in Red Sea | Meetings Coverage and Press Releases"](https://press.un.org/en/2025/sc15965.doc.htm). *press.un.org*. United Nations Security Council. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-103)** Bueger, Christian; Edmunds, Tim (2020). ["Blue Crime: Conceptualising Transnational Organised Crime at Sea"](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.104067). *Marine Policy*. **119** 104067. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2020MarPo.11904067B](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020MarPo.11904067B). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.marpol.2020.104067](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.marpol.2020.104067). [hdl](/source/Hdl_(identifier)):[1983/408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5](https://hdl.handle.net/1983%2F408d06b7-7ea8-4a40-b371-e1c863c2f9c5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-104)** ["WeCare calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols"](https://www.sudanspost.com/wecare-calls-for-global-efforts-to-reinforce-maritime-security-protocols/). *Sudan Post*. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-105)** ["Advocacy initiative calls for global efforts to reinforce maritime security protocols"](https://sudantribune.com/article/283710). *Sudan Tribune*. 25 March 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-106)** ["Saad Kassis Mohamed led WeCare seek Red Sea travel security"](https://www.biztoday.news/2024/03/31/saad-kassis-mohamed-led-wecare-seek-red-sea-travel-security/). *Biz Today*. 31 March 2024. Retrieved 19 December 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-107)** ["Calming the Red Sea's Turbulent Waters"](https://www.crisisgroup.org/middle-east-north-africa/gulf-and-arabian-peninsula/red-sea/calm-red-seas-turbulent-waters). International Crisis Group. 2025. 1. **[^](#cite_ref-108)** Umanets, Maksym (2024). ["Geopolitical Dimensions of the Houthi Interference with Submarine Cable Communications in the Red Sea"](https://przeglad.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/L-03-Umanets.pdf) (PDF). *Przegląd Geopolityczny*. **50**: 51–67. [CEEOL](/source/Central_and_Eastern_European_Online_Library) [1284998](https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=1284998). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-109)** Schütz, Karsten I. (1994). "Structure and Stratigraphy of the Gulf of Suez, Egypt". *Interior Rift Basins*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1306/m59582c3](https://doi.org/10.1306%2Fm59582c3). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-6298-1091-1](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6298-1091-1). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-110)** Richardson, Mark; Arthur, Michael A. (August 1988). "The Gulf of Suez—northern Red Sea neogene rift: a quantitive basin analysis". *Marine and Petroleum Geology*. **5** (3): 247–270. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1988MarPG...5..247R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1988MarPG...5..247R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0264-8172(88)90005-0](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0264-8172%2888%2990005-0). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-111)** Rumley, Dennis; Minghi, Julian (3 October 2014). "The Gulf of Aqaba coastline: An evolving border landscape". *The Geography of Border Landscapes*. Taylor & Francis. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-317-59879-4](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-59879-4). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-112)** Loya, Yossi (2014). "Development and Protection of the Gulf of Aqaba". In Spiegel, Steve L. (ed.). *Practical Peacemaking in the Middle East*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.4324/9780203822685](https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780203822685). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-203-82268-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-82268-5). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Barth_113-0)** Barth, Hans-Jörg (2002). *Sabkha ecosystems, Volume 2*. Springer. p. 148. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4020-0504-6](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-0504-6). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-Makinda_114-0)** Makinda, Samuel M. (1987). *Superpower diplomacy in the Horn of Africa*. Routledge. p. 37. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-7099-4662-5](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-4662-5). ## Further reading - [Dickson, Henry Newton](/source/Henry_Newton_Dickson) (1911). ["Red Sea"](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Red_Sea). *[Encyclopædia Britannica](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition)*. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). pp. 970–971. - Hamblin, W. Kenneth & Christiansen, Eric H. (1998). *Earth's Dynamic Systems* (8th ed.). Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-0-13-745373-3](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-745373-3). - Miran, Jonathan (2017). ["The Red Sea"](https://books.google.com/books?id=TMk-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA156). In Armitage, David; Bashford, Alison; Sivasundaram, Sujit (eds.). *Oceanic Histories*. pp. 156–181. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1017/9781108399722](https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781108399722). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-108-39972-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-39972-2). - Potts, D.T.; Gillies, Sean; Scalfano, Perry; Talbert, R.; Elliott, Tom; Becker, Jeffrey (2 March 2021). ["Places: 39290 (Arabicus Sinus/Erythr(ae)um/Rubrum Mare)"](http://pleiades.stoa.org/places/39290). Pleiades. Retrieved 2 June 2023. ## External links **Red Sea** at Wikipedia's [sister projects](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects) - [Definitions](https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea) from Wiktionary - [Media](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Red_Sea) from Commons - [Quotations](https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Red_Sea) from Wikiquote - [Texts](https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea) from Wikisource - [Textbooks](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea) from Wikibooks - [Resources](https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Red_Sea) from Wikiversity - [Red Sea Coral Reefs](https://www.coral-reef-info.com/red-sea-coral-reefs/) - [Red Sea Photography](https://web.archive.org/web/20120326031330/http://www.redseadivinghurghada.co.uk/underwater-photography.html) v t e African seas Oceans and seas Alboran Sea Atlantic Ocean Indian Ocean Levantine Sea Mediterranean Sea Red Sea Southern Ocean Gulfs and bays Abu Qir Bay 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