# Recumbirostra

> Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Recumbirostra
> Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Recumbirostra.md
> Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbirostra
> Source revision: 1332562836
> License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/)

**Recumbirostra** is a [clade](/source/Clade) of [tetrapods](/source/Tetrapod) which lived during the [Carboniferous](/source/Carboniferous) and [Permian](/source/Permian) periods. They are thought to have had a [fossorial](/source/Fossorial) (burrowing) lifestyle and the group includes both short-bodied and long-bodied snake-like forms.[1][2] At least one species, the long-bodied molgophid *[Nagini mazonense](/source/Nagini_mazonense),* lost its forelimbs entirely.[3] Recumbirostra includes the families [Pantylidae](/source/Pantylidae), [Gymnarthridae](/source/Gymnarthridae), [Ostodolepidae](/source/Ostodolepidae), [Rhynchonkidae](/source/Rhynchonkidae) and [Brachystelechidae](/source/Brachystelechidae), with additional families such as [Microbrachidae](/source/Microbrachidae) and [Molgophidae](/source/Molgophidae) being included by some authors.[4][5] Brachystelechidae and Molgophidae have also been grouped together in the suggested clade Chthonosauria.[6]

Recumbirostra was erected as a clade in 2007 to include many of the taxa traditionally grouped in "[Microsauria](/source/Microsauria)", which has since been shown to be a [paraphyletic](/source/Paraphyletic) or [polyphyletic](/source/Polyphyletic) grouping.[7][8][9] Like other "microsaurs", the recumbirostrans have traditionally been considered to be members of the subclass [Lepospondyli](/source/Lepospondyli); however, many phylogenetic analyses conducted since the 2010s have recovered recumbirostrans as basal [sauropsid](/source/Sauropsida) (reptilian) [amniotes](/source/Amniote) instead.[10][7][5][3][11] However, the placement of recumbirostrans as reptiles has been challenged by other authors, who have recovered them as [stem-amniotes](/source/Reptiliomorpha) instead, and contended that the shared characters between recumbirostrans and reptiles are convergent,[12] or the result of incorrect character encoding.[13] Not all [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) analyses recognize Recumbirostra as a valid grouping. An alternative clade called [Tuditanomorpha](/source/Tuditanomorpha) is occasionally supported and includes many of the same taxa.[14] Furthermore, the taxa that are often considered to be recumbirostrans have been found among amphibians (and not as a distinct clade) in some analyses.[15]

## Classification

### Taxonomy

- *[Altenglanerpeton](/source/Altenglanerpeton)*
- *[Sparodus](/source/Sparodus)*
- *[Steenerpeton](/source/Steenerpeton)?*
- *[Trihecaton](/source/Trihecaton)*?
- [Hapsidopareiidae](/source/Hapsidopareiidae)
- [Microbrachidae](/source/Microbrachidae)?
- [Pantylidae](/source/Pantylidae)
- [Odonterpetidae](/source/Odonterpetidae) - *[Odonterpeton](/source/Odonterpeton)* - *[Joermungandr](/source/Joermungandr_bolti)*
- [Chthonosauria](/source/Chthonosauria) - [Brachystelechidae](/source/Brachystelechidae) - [Lysorophia](/source/Lysorophia)?
- Nastrondormes[16] - [Gymnarthridae](/source/Gymnarthridae) - [Rhynchonkidae](/source/Rhynchonkidae) / [Goniorhynchidae](/source/Goniorhynchidae) - *[Aletrimyti](/source/Aletrimyti)* - *[Dvellecanus](/source/Dvellecanus)* - *[Rhynchonkos](/source/Rhynchonkos)* - [Ostodolepidae](/source/Ostodolepidae)

### Phylogeny

Below is a [cladogram](/source/Cladogram) showing the [phylogenetic](/source/Phylogenetic) relationships of recumbirostrans from Glienke (2012):[4]

## References

1. Mann, Arjan; Calthorpe, Ami S.; Maddin, Hillary C. (2021). "Joermungandr bolti, an exceptionally preserved 'microsaur' from the Mazon Creek Lagerstätte reveals patterns of integumentary evolution in Recumbirostra". *Royal Society Open Science*. **8** (7). [Bibcode:2021RSOS....810319M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021RSOS....810319M). [doi:10.1098/rsos.210319](https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.210319). [PMC 8292758](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8292758). [PMID 34295525](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34295525)

1. Mann, Arjan & Maddin, Hillary C (2019-09-30). ["Diabloroter bolti, a short-bodied recumbirostran 'microsaur' from the Francis Creek Shale, Mazon Creek, Illinois"](https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/article/187/2/494/5497448). *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **187** (2): 494–505. [doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz025](https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz025). [ISSN 0024-4082](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082)

1. Mann, Arjan; Pardo, Jason D.; Maddin, Hillary C. (2022-03-28). "Snake-like limb loss in a Carboniferous amniote". *Nature Ecology & Evolution*. **6** (5): 614–621. [Bibcode:2022NatEE...6..614M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022NatEE...6..614M). [doi:10.1038/s41559-022-01698-y](https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-022-01698-y). [ISSN 2397-334X](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2397-334X). [PMID 35347258](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35347258). [S2CID 247778148](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:247778148)

1. Glienke, S. (2012). "A new "microsaur" (Amphibia; Lepospondyli) from the Rotliegend of the Saar–Palatinate region (Carboniferous/Permian transition; West Germany)". *Paläontologische Zeitschrift*. **86** (3): 297–311. [Bibcode:2012PalZ...86..297G](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PalZ...86..297G). [doi:10.1007/s12542-012-0130-8](https://doi.org/10.1007/s12542-012-0130-8). [S2CID 140699792](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:140699792)

1. Mann, A.; Pardo, J. D.; Maddin, H. C. (2019). "*Infernovenator steenae*, a new serpentine recumbirostran from the 'Mazon Creek' Lagerstätte further clarifies lysorophian origins". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **187** (2): 506–517. [doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026](https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlz026)

1. [Osteology and phylogenetic position of the diminutive 'microsaur' Odonterpeton triangulare from the Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio, and major features of recumbirostran phylogeny](https://academic.oup.com/zoolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac043/6646571?login=false)

1. Jason D. Pardo; Matt Szostakiwskyj; Per E. Ahlberg; Jason S. Anderson (2017). "Hidden morphological diversity among early tetrapods". *Nature*. **546** (7660): 642–645. [Bibcode:2017Natur.546..642P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017Natur.546..642P). [doi:10.1038/nature22966](https://doi.org/10.1038/nature22966). [hdl:1880/113382](https://hdl.handle.net/1880/113382). [PMID 28636600](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28636600). [S2CID 2478132](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:2478132)

1. Anderson, J.S. (2007). "Incorporating ontogeny into the matrix: A phylogenetic evaluation of developmental evidence for the origin of modern Amphibians". *Major Transitions in Vertebrate Evolution*. Anderson, J.S. & Sues, H.-D. (eds.). Bloomington and Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 182–227.

1. Huttenlocker, A. K.; Pardo, J. D.; Small, B. J.; Anderson, J. S. (2013). "Cranial morphology of recumbirostrans (Lepospondyli) from the Permian of Kansas and Nebraska, and early morphological evolution inferred by micro-computed tomography". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 33 (3): 540.

1. Jason D. Pardo, Matt Szostakiwskyj and Jason S. Anderson (2015). "Phylogenetic relationships of recumbirostran 'lepospondyls' inferred from neurocranial morphology". *Society of Vertebrate Paleontology 75th Annual Meeting Program & Abstracts*

1. Mann, A.; Pardo, J. D.; Sues, H.-D. (2022). "Osteology and phylogenetic position of the diminutive 'microsaur' *Odonterpeton triangulare* from the Pennsylvanian of Linton, Ohio, and major features of recumbirostran phylogeny". *Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society*. **197** (3): 641–655. [doi:10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac043](https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlac043)

1. Reisz, Robert R.; Maho, Tea; Modesto, Sean P. (2024-12-31). ["Recumbirostran 'microsaurs' are not amniotes"](https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14772019.2023.2296078). *Journal of Systematic Palaeontology*. **22** (1). [Bibcode:2024JSPal..2296078R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024JSPal..2296078R). [doi:10.1080/14772019.2023.2296078](https://doi.org/10.1080/14772019.2023.2296078). [ISSN 1477-2019](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/1477-2019)

1. Modesto, Sean P. (2024-04-02). "Problems of the interrelationships of crown and stem amniotes". *Frontiers in Earth Science*. **12**. [Bibcode:2024FrEaS..1255806M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2024FrEaS..1255806M). [doi:10.3389/feart.2024.1155806](https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2024.1155806). [ISSN 2296-6463](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2296-6463)

1. Henrici, A.C.; Martens, T.; Berman, D.S.; Sumida, S.S. (2011). ["An ostodolepid 'microsaur' (Lepospondyli) from the Lower Permian Tambach Formation of central Germany"](http://www.bioone.org/doi/10.1080/02724634.2011.596601). *Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology*. **31** (5): 997–1004. [Bibcode:2011JVPal..31..997H](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011JVPal..31..997H). [doi:10.1080/02724634.2011.596601](https://doi.org/10.1080/02724634.2011.596601). [S2CID 129710688](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129710688)

1. Marjanović, David & Laurin, Michel (4 January 2019). "Phylogeny of Paleozoic limbed vertebrates reassessed through revision and expansion of the largest published relevant data matrix". *PeerJ*. **6**. [doi:10.7717/peerj.5565](https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5565). [ISSN 2167-8359](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2167-8359). [PMC 6322490](https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322490). [PMID 30631641](https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30631641)

1. Jenkins, Xavier A.; Sues, Hans‐Dieter; Webb, Savannah; Schepis, Zackary; Peecook, Brandon R.; Mann, Arjan (2025-01-07). "The recumbirostran *Hapsidopareion lepton* from the early Permian (Cisuralian: Artinskian) of Oklahoma reassessed using HRμCT, and the placement of Recumbirostra on the amniote stem". *[Papers in Palaeontology](/source/Papers_in_Palaeontology)*. **11** (1). [doi:10.1002/spp2.1610](https://doi.org/10.1002/spp2.1610). [ISSN 2056-2799](https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2056-2799)

---
Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Recumbirostra](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbirostra) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recumbirostra?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.