# Recovery effect > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Recovery_effect > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Recovery_effect.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_effect > Source revision: 1349458044 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) The **recovery effect** is a phenomenon observed in battery usage where the available energy is less than the difference between energy charged and energy consumed. ## Mechanism Intuitively, this is because the energy has been consumed from the edge of the battery and the charge has not yet diffused evenly around the battery.[1] When power is extracted continuously voltage decreases in a smooth curve, but the recovery effect can result in the voltage partially increasing if the current is interrupted.[2] ## In non-lead-acid batteries The KiBaM battery model[3] describes the recovery effect for [lead-acid batteries](/source/Lead-acid_batteries) and is also a good approximation to the observed effects in [Li-ion batteries](/source/Li-ion_batteries).[1][4] In some batteries, the gains from the recovery life can extend battery life by up to 45% by alternating discharging and inactive periods rather than constantly discharging.[5] The size of the recovery effect depends on the battery load, recovery time and depth of discharge.[6] Even though the recovery effect phenomenon is prominent in the [lead acid battery](/source/Lead_acid_battery) chemistry, its existence in [alkaline](/source/Alkaline_battery), [Ni-MH](/source/Nickel_metal_hydride) and [Li-Ion](/source/Lithium-ion_battery) batteries is still questionable. For instance, a systematic experimental case study[7] shows that an intermittent discharge current in case of alkaline, Ni-MH and Li-ion batteries results in a decreased usable energy output compared to a continuous discharge current of the same average value. This is primarily due to the increased [overpotential](/source/Overpotential) experienced due to the high peak currents of the intermittent discharge over the continuous discharge current of same average value. ## See also - [Capacity fading](/source/Capacity_fading) - [State of health](/source/State_of_health) - [State of charge](/source/State_of_charge) - [Smart battery](/source/Smart_battery) - [Battery management system](/source/Battery_management_system) ## References 1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-boker_1-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-boker_1-1) Boker, U.; Henzinger, T. A.; Radhakrishna, A. (2014). ["Battery transition systems"](http://www.faculty.idc.ac.il/udiboker/files/BTS.pdf) (PDF). *Proceedings of the 41st ACM SIGPLAN-SIGACT Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages - POPL '14*. p. 595. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/2535838.2535875](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2535838.2535875). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [9781450325448](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781450325448). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [14690528](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14690528). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-2)** Fuhs, Allen (2008). "Multifaceted Complexity of Batteries". *Hybrid Vehicles*. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1201/9781420075359.ch6](https://doi.org/10.1201%2F9781420075359.ch6) (inactive 12 July 2025). [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1-4200-7534-2](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4200-7534-2).{{[cite book](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Cite_book)}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of July 2025 ([link](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_July_2025)) 1. **[^](#cite_ref-3)** Manwell, J. F.; McGowan, J. G. (1993). "Lead acid battery storage model for hybrid energy systems". *Solar Energy*. **50** (5): 399. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[1993SoEn...50..399M](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1993SoEn...50..399M). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/0038-092X(93)90060-2](https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0038-092X%2893%2990060-2). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-4)** Pradhan, S. K.; Chakraborty, B. (2022-07-01). ["Battery management strategies: An essential review for battery state of health monitoring techniques"](https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X22004509). *Journal of Energy Storage*. **51** 104427. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2022JEnSt..5104427P](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JEnSt..5104427P). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1016/j.est.2022.104427](https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.est.2022.104427). [ISSN](/source/ISSN_(identifier)) [2352-152X](https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2352-152X). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-5)** Chau, C. K.; Qin, F.; Sayed, S.; Wahab, M.; Yang, Y. (2010). "Harnessing battery recovery effect in wireless sensor networks: Experiments and analysis". *[IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications](/source/IEEE_Journal_on_Selected_Areas_in_Communications)*. **28** (7): 1222. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2010IJSAC..28.1222C](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010IJSAC..28.1222C). [CiteSeerX](/source/CiteSeerX_(identifier)) [10.1.1.189.3815](https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.189.3815). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/JSAC.2010.100926](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.2010.100926). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [18123622](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18123622). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-6)** Rakhmatov, D.; Vrudhula, S.; Wallach, D. A. (2003). "A model for battery lifetime analysis for organizing applications on a pocket computer". *IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems*. **11** (6): 1019. [Bibcode](/source/Bibcode_(identifier)):[2003ITVL...11.1019R](https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ITVL...11.1019R). [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1109/TVLSI.2003.819320](https://doi.org/10.1109%2FTVLSI.2003.819320). 1. **[^](#cite_ref-7)** Narayanaswamy, Swaminathan; Schlueter, Steffen; Steinhorst, Sebastian; Lukasiewycz, Martin; Chakraborty, Samarjit; Hoster, Harry Ernst (18 May 2016). ["On Battery Recovery Effect in Wireless Sensor Nodes"](https://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/id/eprint/79841/1/HH084_2016_TODAES_On_Battery_Recovery_Effect_in_Wireless_Sensor_Nodes.pdf) (PDF). *ACM Transactions on Design Automation of Electronic Systems*. **21** (4): 1–28. [doi](/source/Doi_(identifier)):[10.1145/2890501](https://doi.org/10.1145%2F2890501). [S2CID](/source/S2CID_(identifier)) [17666250](https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:17666250). --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Recovery effect](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_effect) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_effect?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.