# Rebab > Mediated Wiki article. Canonical URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Rebab > Markdown URL: https://mediated.wiki/source/Rebab.md > Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab > Source revision: 1317130952 > License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/) {{Short description|String instrument}} [[File:Rebab-Tiga tali (cropped).png|alt=Rebab tiga tali|thumb|Rebab tiga tali (three-stringed rebab), Western Malaysia c. 1977. [St Cecilia's Hall](/source/St_Cecilia's_Hall).]] {{About|the bowed instrument|the Central Asian plucked instrument|Rubab (instrument)|the rebab used by north Indian musicians|Seni rebab}} alt=3 string instruments|thumb|Burmese Tayaw, ca. 1900. St Cecilia's Hall. {{Italic title}} [[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een rebabspeler TMnr 60052115.jpg|thumb|[K.P.H. Notoprojo](/source/K.P.H._Notoprojo), famous Indonesian Rebab player]] [[Image:Iraqi Jawza Player.png|thumb|Iraqi ''jawza'' ({{lang|ar|جوزه}}) player Salih Shemayil at the first [Cairo Congress of Arab Music](/source/Cairo_Congress_of_Arab_Music) (1932)]] [[Image:Turkey.Konya027.jpg|thumb|Rebabs, Mevlâna mausoleum, [Konya](/source/Konya), Turkey ]] thumb|200px|Rebab from Yemen. '''''Rebab''''' ({{langx|ar|ربابة}}, ''rabāba'', variously spelled ''rebap'', rubob, ''rebeb'', ''rababa'', ''rabeba'', robab, rubab, ''rebob'', etc) is the name of several related [string instrument](/source/string_instrument)s that independently spread via Islamic [trading route](/source/trading_route)s over much of [North Africa](/source/North_Africa), [Middle East](/source/Middle_East), [Central Asia](/source/Central_Asia), [Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia), and parts of [Europe](/source/Europe).[https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize The origins of the violin - the rebab], [BBC](/source/BBC) The instrument is typically [bowed](/source/bowed_instrument), but is sometimes [plucked](/source/pizzicato). It is one of the earliest known bowed instruments, named no later than the 8th century, and is the parent of many bowed and stringed instruments. ==Variants== There are chiefly three main types: A long-necked bowed variety that often has a spike at the bottom to rest on the ground (see first image to the right); thus this is called a '''spike fiddle''' in certain areas. Some of the instruments developing from this variant have vestigial spikes. A short-necked double-chested or "boat-shaped" variant; plucked versions like the ''[Maghreb rebab](/source/Maghreb_rebab)'' and the ''kabuli rebab'' (sometimes referred to as the ''[robab](/source/Rubab_(instrument))'' or ''rubab'') also exist. Besides the spike fiddle variant, a variant with a pear-shaped body, quite similar to the [Byzantine lyra](/source/Byzantine_lyra) and the [Cretan lyra](/source/Cretan_lyra), also exists. This latter variant travelled to western Europe in the 11th century,{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/487848/rabab |title=rabab (musical instrument) - Encyclopædia Britannica |publisher=Britannica.com |access-date=2013-08-17}} and became the [rebec](/source/rebec). This rabāb is the ancestor of many European bowed instruments, including the rebec and the [lyra](/source/Byzantine_lyra),{{citation|last=Encyclopædia Britannica|title=lira|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/343204/lira|year=2009|publisher=[Encyclopædia Britannica Online](/source/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Online)|access-date=2009-02-20}} though not of bowed instruments in the lyre family such as the [crwth](/source/crwth), [jouhikko](/source/jouhikko), [talharpa](/source/talharpa) and [gue](/source/gue). This article will only concentrate on the spike-fiddle Rebab, which usually consists of a small, usually rounded body, the front of which is covered in a membrane such as [parchment](/source/parchment) or [sheepskin](/source/sheepskin) and has a long neck attached. It has a long thin [neck](/source/neck_(music)) with a [pegbox](/source/pegbox) at the end, and has one, two or three [strings](/source/strings_(music)). It also lacks a [fingerboard](/source/fingerboard). The instrument is held upright, either resting on the lap or on the floor. The [bow](/source/bow_(music)) is usually more curved than that of the [violin](/source/violin). The Rebab, though valued for its voice-like tone, has a very limited range (a little over an [octave](/source/octave)), and was gradually replaced throughout much of the Arab world by the violin and [kemenche](/source/kemenche). The [Iraq](/source/Iraq)i version of the instrument (''jawza'' or ''joza'') has four strings. ==Construction== The Rebab is used in a wide variety of [musical ensembles](/source/Musical_ensemble) and [genres](/source/Genre), corresponding with its wide distribution, and is built and played somewhat differently in different areas. Following the principle of construction in [Iran](/source/Iran), [Ahvaz](/source/Ahvaz), the rebab is a large instrument with a range similar to the [viola da gamba](/source/viola_da_gamba), whereas versions of the instrument further west tend to be smaller and higher-pitched. The body varies from being ornately carved, as in Java, to simpler models such as the 2-string Egyptian "fiddle of the Nile." They may have a body made of half a [coconut](/source/coconut) shell, while the more sophisticated versions have a metal soundbox, and the front may be half-covered with beaten [copper](/source/copper), and half with cowskin. an endpin is similar to the cello. ==History== [[Image:Rebabah.jpg|thumb|[Bedouin](/source/Bedouin) playing a rebab during [World War II](/source/World_War_II)]] According to Richard Wallaschek, bowed rebab was developed under Muslim culture.{{Cite book |last=Wallaschek |first=Richard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uhjaAAAAMAAJ&q=Mohammedan+culture+&pg=PA129 |title=Primitive Music: An Inquiry Into the Origin and Development of Music, Songs, Instruments, Dances, and Pantomimes of Savage Races |date=1893 |publisher=Longmans, Green, and Company |language=en}} The Rebab was heavily used, and continues to be used, in Arabic [Bedouin music](/source/Bedouin_music) and is mentioned by [Johann Ludwig Burckhardt](/source/Johann_Ludwig_Burckhardt) in his [travelog](/source/travelog) ''Travels in Arabia'':''Music in Mekka'' The Harmonicon, [Vol. VII, No. 12] (December 1829): 300.
"Of instruments they possess only the ''rababa'', (a kind of guitar,) the ''[ney](/source/ney)'', (a species of clarinet,) and the ''tambour'', or [tambourine](/source/tambourine)."
It is called "joza" in Iraq, named after the sound box material made of a coconut shell. There is also a bowed instrument in Persian music named [Kamanche](/source/Kamanche) which has similar shape and structure. It spread to different regions including South East Asia through Islamic trading routes.{{Cite book |last=Taichi |first=Akutsu |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CLfcDwAAQBAJ&dq=bowed+string+instrument+was+invented+rebab&pg=PA36 |title=Applying Flow Theory to Strings Education in P-12 and Community Schools: Emerging Research and Opportunities: Emerging Research and Opportunities |date=2020-04-03 |publisher=IGI Global |isbn=978-1-7998-3361-1 |language=en}} ==[Southeast Asia](/source/Southeast_Asia) == In the [Indonesia](/source/Indonesia)n [gamelan](/source/gamelan) the rebab is an essential [elaborating instrument](/source/elaborating_instrument), ornamenting the [basic melody](/source/balungan). A two-string bowed lute consisting of a wooden body, traditionally though now rarely a single coconut shell, covered with very fine stretched skin.Lindsay, Jennifer (1992). Rabab is one of traditional music instrument in Minangkabau especially in west coast region like Pesisir Selatan dan Pariaman https://niadilova.wordpress.com/2017/03/13/rabab-pariaman-senjakala-sebuah-genre-sastra-lisan-minangkabau/. ''Javanese Gamelan'', p.30-31. {{ISBN|0-19-588582-1}}. Two brass strings are tuned a fifth apart and the horse hair bow is tied loosely (unlike modern Western stringed instruments) with the proper tension controlled by the players bow hand, contributing to the difficult technique. There are typically two per ensemble, one for ''[pelog](/source/pelog)'' and one for ''[slendro](/source/slendro)'', never played together. The rebab does not have to conform exactly to the scale of the other gamelan instruments and can be played in relatively free time, finishing its phrases after the beat of the [gong ageng](/source/gong_ageng) (the big gong that "rules" the ensemble, see: [colotomy](/source/colotomy)). The rebab also frequently plays the [buka](/source/buka_(music)) when it is part of the ensemble.Neil Sorrell. ''A Guide to the Gamelan''. London: Faber and Faber, 1990. Pp. 97–98. In [Malaysia](/source/Malaysia), especially the eastern Malaysian states of [Kelantan](/source/Kelantan) and northern [Terengganu](/source/Terengganu) ([Besut](/source/Besut)), Rebab is one of important traditional music instruments. Its appearance is significantly different from rebabs from other regions. It has 3 strings, 3 tuning pegs (telinga), a decorative, detachable headstock (kepala), a skin made of cow's stomach and a small, nipple-like mute mechanism (puting). The Rebab is used in the [makyong](/source/makyong) ensemble, tarik selampit and also in a healing ritual called "Main Peteri". ==See also== {{multiple image|caption_align=center|header_align=center | align = right | image1 = Rabel.jpg | width1 = 120 | alt1 = Rabâb player in Southern Spain, from the [Cantigas de Santa Maria](/source/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria). | caption1 = Rebab player | image3 = Rebabs from the Cantigas de Santa Maria.jpg | width3 = 152 | alt3 = two rebabs | caption3 = Rebabs. | footer = The [Cantigas de Santa Maria](/source/Cantigas_de_Santa_Maria), c. 1260, captured some of the musical instruments introduced from Muslim dominated [Andalusia](/source/Al-Andalus) to Southern Europe. The plucked and bowed versions existed alongside each other.{{cite book |last=Sachs |first=Curt |date=1940 |title= The History of Musical Instruments |location= New York |publisher= W. W. Norton & Company |pages= 151–153}} The bowed instruments became the [rebec](/source/rebec) or [rabel](/source/Rabel_(instrument)) and the plucked instruments became the [gittern](/source/gittern). [Curt Sachs](/source/Curt_Sachs) linked this instrument with the [mandola](/source/mandola), the [kopuz](/source/kopuz) and the [gambus](/source/gambus), and named the bowed version rabâb. }} {{div col|colwidth=25em|small=yes}} *[Ektara](/source/Ektara), one-string instrument used in traditional music from Bangladesh, India, and Pakistan. *[Erhu](/source/Erhu) *[Gadulka](/source/Gadulka) *[Gudok](/source/Gudok) *[Gusle](/source/Gusle) *[Kobyz](/source/Kobyz) *[Lijerica](/source/Lijerica) *[Masenqo](/source/Masenqo) {{div col end}} ==References== {{Reflist}} ===Sources=== * Margaret J. Kartomi: On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago Studies in Ethnomusicology, University of Chicago Press, 1990 ==External links== {{EB1911 poster|Rebab}} {{Commons category|position=left}} *[http://www.rebab.net Turkish Rebab Master Ibrahim Metin Ugur] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060819022716/http://nay-nava.blogfa.com/ Nay-Nava the encyclopedia of persian music instruments] (archived) *[http://www.fiddlingaround.co.uk/med/Med+mid%20frame.html Rebab] *[http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/rabab.html The Rebab] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090401045516/http://www.chandrakantha.com/articles/indian_music/rabab.html |date=2009-04-01 }} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20061213104646/http://www.nilecommerce.net:80/images/musical/accessories/web/rababa.jpg Arabic rababa photo] (archived) *[http://nuke.liuteriaetnica.it/Default.aspx?tabid=91 nuke.liuteriaetnica.it] *[http://fernwoodmusicgroup.com/ FERNWOOD], an American music group that uses a Rebab. *[http://www.tsahouridis.com Matthaios Tsahouridis] {{Gamelan}} {{Arabic musical instruments}} {{Indonesian musical instruments}} {{Authority control}} Category:Malaysian musical instruments Category:Iranian musical instruments Category:Arabic musical instruments Category:Bowed string instruments Category:Gamelan instruments Category:Indonesian musical instruments Category:Lebanese musical instruments Category:Pakistani musical instruments Category:Sundanese music Category:Syrian musical instruments Category:Music of West Java Category:Islamic music Category:Arab inventions Category:Yemeni musical instruments --- Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Rebab](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebab?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.