# Raspberry Pi

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Series of low-cost single-board computers

"RPi" redirects here. For other uses, see [RPI](/source/RPI_(disambiguation)). For the dessert, see [Raspberry pie](/source/Raspberry_pie).

Raspberry Pi Various Raspberry Pi computers. Clockwise from top: Pi 400, Pico, Zero 2W, Pi 5, and original Model B. Developer Raspberry Pi Holdings Manufacturer Sony (under contract) Type Single-board computers Released 29 February 2012; 14 years ago (2012-02-29) Units sold 68 million (as of March 2025) Operating system Raspberry Pi OS (default) Storage MicroSD slot Website www.raspberrypi.com

**Raspberry Pi** ([/paɪ/](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/English) [*PY*](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key)) is a series of small [single-board computers](/source/Single-board_computer) (SBCs) originally developed in the [United Kingdom](/source/United_Kingdom) by the [Raspberry Pi Foundation](/source/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation) in collaboration with [Broadcom](/source/Broadcom_Inc.). To commercialize the product and support its growing demand, the Foundation established a commercial entity, now known as [Raspberry Pi Holdings](/source/Raspberry_Pi_Holdings).

The Raspberry Pi was originally created to help teach [computer science](/source/Computer_science) in schools, but gained popularity for many other uses due to its low cost, compact size, and flexibility. It is now used in areas such as [industrial automation](/source/Industrial_Automation_and_Control_Systems), [robotics](/source/Robotics), [home automation](/source/Home_automation), [IoT](/source/IoT) devices, and [hobbyist](/source/Hobbyist) projects.

The company's products range from simple [microcontrollers](/source/Microcontroller) to computers that the company markets as being powerful enough to be used as a general purpose PC. Computers are built around a custom designed [system on a chip](/source/System_on_a_chip) and offer features such as [HDMI](/source/HDMI) video/audio output, [USB](/source/USB) ports, [wireless networking](/source/Wireless_network), [GPIO](/source/General-purpose_input%2Foutput) pins, and up to 16 GB of RAM. Storage is typically provided via [microSD](/source/SD_card) cards.

In 2015, the Raspberry Pi surpassed the [ZX Spectrum](/source/ZX_Spectrum) as the best-selling [British computer](/source/List_of_British_computers) of all time. As of March 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raspberry_Pi&action=edit), 68 million units had been sold.

## History

### Origins and launch (2008–2012)

The [Raspberry Pi Foundation](/source/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation) was established in 2008 by a group including [Eben Upton](/source/Eben_Upton),[1] in response to a noticeable decline in both the number and skill level of students applying to study computer science at the [University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory](/source/University_of_Cambridge_Computer_Laboratory). The foundation's goal was to create a low-cost computer to help rekindle interest in [programming](/source/Computer_programming) among schoolchildren.[2][3][4]

This mission was inspired by the aims of the [BBC Micro](/source/BBC_Micro) computer of the early 1980s, which was developed by [Acorn Computers](/source/Acorn_Computers) as part of a BBC initiative to promote [computer literacy](/source/Computer_literacy) in UK schools.[5] The names "Model A" and "Model B" were chosen as a deliberate homage to the BBC Micro.[6] The name "Raspberry Pi" combines the fruit-themed naming convention used by early computer companies with a nod to the [Python programming language](/source/Python_(programming_language)).[7]

An early alpha-test board in operation using different layout from later beta and production boards

The first prototypes resembled small USB sticks.[8] By August 2011, fifty functionally complete "alpha" boards were produced for testing,[9] with demonstrations showing them running a Debian-based desktop and handling 1080p video playback.[10][11] In late 2011, twenty-five "beta" boards were finalized,[12][13][14] and to generate publicity before the official launch, ten of these were auctioned on eBay in early 2012.[15][16]

The first commercial Raspberry Pi, the Model B, was launched on 29 February 2012, with an initial price of $35.[17] Demand far exceeded expectations, causing the websites of the two initial licensed distributors, [Premier Farnell](/source/Premier_Farnell) and [RS Components](/source/RS_Group_plc), to crash from high traffic.[18][19][20] Initial batches sold out almost immediately, with one distributor reporting over 100,000 pre-orders on the first day.[17] The lower-cost $25 Model A followed on 4 February 2013.[21]

The Raspberry Pi did not ship with a pre-installed [operating system](/source/Operating_system). While ports of [RISC OS](/source/RISC_OS) 5 and [Fedora Linux](/source/Fedora_Linux) were available,[22][23][24] a port of [Debian](/source/Debian) called [Raspbian](/source/Raspbian) quickly became the standard. Released in July 2012, it was optimized to leverage the Raspberry Pi's [floating-point unit](/source/Floating-point_unit), offering significant performance gains.[25][26] Raspberry Pi quickly endorsed it as the official recommended OS, and by September 2013, the company assumed leadership of Raspbian's development.[27]

### Corporate evolution

In 2012, the Foundation restructured, creating Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd. to handle engineering and commercial activities, with Eben Upton as its CEO.[28][29] This allowed the Raspberry Pi Foundation to focus solely on its charitable and educational mission. Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd. was renamed Raspberry Pi Ltd. in 2021.[28][30] In June 2024, the company went [public](/source/Public_company) on the [London Stock Exchange](/source/London_Stock_Exchange) under the [ticker symbol](/source/Ticker_symbol) RPI, becoming [Raspberry Pi Holdings](/source/Raspberry_Pi_Holdings).[31][32][33][34]

### Post-launch production (2012–2014)

Following the launch, the first units reached buyers in April 2012.[35] To address overwhelming demand and initial supply chain issues, the Foundation ramped up production to 4,000 units per day by July.[36][37] The first batch of 10,000 boards was produced in factories located in Taiwan and China.[38][39] A significant strategic shift occurred in September 2012, when manufacturing began moving to a [Sony](/source/Sony) factory in [Pencoed](/source/Pencoed), Wales.[40][41] During this period, the hardware was also refined: the Model B Revision 2.0 board was announced with minor corrections, and in October, its included RAM was doubled to 512 MB.[42][43][44]

The post-launch period focused heavily on software and ecosystem development. In August 2012, the Foundation enabled hardware-accelerated [H.264](/source/Advanced_Video_Coding) video encoding and began selling licenses for [MPEG-2](/source/MPEG-2) and [VC-1](/source/VC-1) codecs.[45][46][47] A major milestone for the open-source community occurred in October 2012, when the Foundation released the Videocore IV graphics driver as free software. While the claim of it being the first fully open-source ARM SoC driver was debated, the move was widely praised.[48] This effort culminated in February 2014 with the release of full documentation for the graphics core and a complete source release of the graphics stack under a 3-clause BSD license.[49]

### Product line expansion (2014–present)

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi product line began to diversify. April saw the release of the Compute Module, a miniature Raspberry Pi in a small form factor designed for industrial and [embedded](/source/Embedded_system) applications, which would soon become the largest market for the computers. In July the Model B+ was released with a refined design featuring additional USB ports and a more efficient board layout that established the form factor for future models.[50][51] A smaller, cheaper ($20) Model A+ was released in November.[52] A significant leap in performance came in February 2015 with the Raspberry Pi 2, which featured a 900 MHz quad-core CPU and 1 GB of RAM.[53] Following its release, the price of the Model B+ was lowered to $25, a move some observers linked to the emergence of lower-priced competitors.[54][55]

The Raspberry Pi Zero, launched in November 2015, radically redefined the entry point for computing at a price of just $5.[56] In February 2016, the Raspberry Pi 3 marked another major milestone by integrating a 64-bit processor, Wi-Fi, and Bluetooth.[57] The product line continued to expand with the wireless-enabled Raspberry Pi Zero W (February 2017),[58][59] the faster Raspberry Pi 3B+ (March 2018),[60] Raspberry Pi 3A+ (November 2018),[61] and Compute Module 3+ (January 2019).[62]

The Raspberry Pi 4, launched in June 2019, represented another major performance leap with a faster processor, up to 8 GB of RAM, dual-monitor support, and USB 3.0 ports.[63] A compute module version (CM4) launched in October 2020.[64] This era saw further diversification with the Raspberry Pi 400 (a [computer integrated into a keyboard](/source/Keyboard_computer)) in November 2020,[65] and the Raspberry Pi Pico in January 2021. The Pico, based on the in-house designed [RP2040](/source/RP2040) chip, marked the company's first entry into the low-cost microcontroller market.[66] The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, introduced in 2021, featured a faster processor, providing a significant performance boost while maintaining the low-cost, compact form factor.[67]

The [global chip shortage starting in 2020](/source/2020%E2%80%93present_global_chip_shortage), as well as an uptake in demand starting in early 2021, notably affected the Raspberry Pi, causing significant availability issues from that time onward.[68] The company explained its approach to the shortages in 2021,[69] and April 2022,[70] explaining that it was prioritising business and industrial customers.

The Raspberry Pi 5 was released in October 2023, featuring an upgraded CPU and GPU, up to 16 GB of RAM, a PCIe interface for fast peripherals and an in-house designed southbridge chip.[71][72] Updated versions of the Compute Module (CM5) and keyboard computer (Pi 500, Pi 500+) based on the Pi 5's architecture were subsequently announced.[73] The Raspberry Pi Pico 2, released in 2024, introduced the RP2350 microcontroller, featuring selectable dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M33 or RISC-V processors, 520 KB of RAM, and 4 MB of flash memory.[74]

Raspberry Pi expanded its [artificial intelligence](/source/Artificial_intelligence) focused hardware ecosystem with the release of the Raspberry Pi AI Camera, based on Sony's IMX500 Intelligent Vision Sensor. The product integrated on-sensor neural network inference, enabling edge-based computer vision applications when paired with Raspberry Pi computers. The company also introduced the Raspberry Pi AI HAT+, incorporating a Hailo neural processing unit (NPU) to accelerate machine learning workloads on the Raspberry Pi 5 platform. The accessory was positioned for high-performance edge inference use cases, including industrial automation and embedded AI systems.[75]

During the same period, Raspberry Pi announced updated keyboard-integrated desktop models derived from the Raspberry Pi 5 architecture. These revisions included expanded memory configurations and enhanced storage options, continuing the company's development of compact, integrated desktop computing systems.[76]

### Sales milestones

The Raspberry Pi's sales demonstrated remarkable growth. The one-millionth Pi was sold by October 2013,[77] a figure that doubled just a month later.[78] By February 2016, sales reached eight million units, surpassing the [ZX Spectrum](/source/ZX_Spectrum) as the best-selling [British computer](/source/List_of_British_computers) of all time.[79][57] Sales hit ten million in September 2016,[80] thirty million by December 2019,[81] and forty million by May 2021.[82] As of its tenth anniversary in February 2022, a total of 46 million Raspberry Pis had been sold.[83] As of March 2025[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raspberry_Pi&action=edit), 68 million units had been sold.[84]

## Series and generations

There are five main series of Raspberry Pi computers, each with multiple generations. Most models feature a [Broadcom](/source/Broadcom) [system on a chip](/source/System_on_a_chip) (SoC) with an integrated [ARM](/source/ARM_architecture)-based [central processing unit](/source/Central_processing_unit) (CPU) and an [on-chip graphics processing unit](/source/Integrated_graphics_solution) (GPU). The exception is the Pico series, a microcontroller which uses the [RP2040](/source/RP2040), a custom-designed SoC with an ARM-compatible CPU but no GPU.

### Flagship series

Original Raspberry Pi Model B, introduced in 2012

Raspberry Pi Model A+, introduced in 2014

Raspberry Pi 5, introduced in 2023

The flagship Raspberry Pi series, often referred to simply as "Raspberry Pi", offers high-performance hardware, a full Linux operating system, and a variety of common ports in a compact form factor roughly the size of a credit card.

- The **Model B** (2012) features a 700 MHz single-core 32-bit [ARM11](/source/ARM11) CPU, a [VideoCore](/source/VideoCore) IV GPU, 512 MB RAM and a 26-pin GPIO header.

- The **Model A** (2013) is a lower-cost version with 256 MB RAM, no Ethernet, and fewer USB ports.

- The **Model B+** and **Model A+** (2014) add a 40-pin GPIO header, microSD card support, and replace the [RCA video connector](/source/RCA_connector) with a combined [3.5 mm audio/video jack](/source/Phone_connector_(audio)).

- The **Raspberry Pi 2 Model B**, v 1.1 (2015) includes a 900 MHz quad-core [Cortex-A7](/source/Cortex-A7) CPU and 1 GB of RAM.

- The **Raspberry Pi 2 Model B**, v 1.2 (2016) or v 1.3 includes a 900 MHz quad-core [Cortex-A53](/source/Cortex-A53) CPU and 1 GB of RAM.[85][86]

- The **Raspberry Pi 3 Model B** (2016) features a 1.2 GHz quad-core 64-bit Cortex-A53 CPU, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and USB boot support.

- The **Raspberry Pi 3 Model B+** (2018) upgrades to a 1.4 GHz CPU, faster Ethernet, dual-band Wi-Fi, and [Power over Ethernet](/source/Power_over_Ethernet) (PoE) support.

- The **Raspberry Pi 3 Model A+** (2018) is the final A-series model, offering the same features as the 3B+, but with 512 MB RAM and in a smaller form factor.

- The **[Raspberry Pi 4](/source/Raspberry_Pi_4)** (2019) introduces a 1.5 GHz quad-core [Cortex-A72](/source/Cortex-A72) CPU, a VideoCore VI GPU, USB 3.0 ports, true Gigabit Ethernet, support for dual 4K monitors, and options for 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8 GB of RAM.[87][88]

- The **Raspberry Pi 5** (2023) features a 2.4 GHz quad-core [Cortex-A76](/source/Cortex-A76) CPU, a VideoCore VII GPU, [PCIe](/source/PCI_Express) support, and options for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 GB of RAM.[89][90][91]

### Keyboard Computer series

Raspberry Pi 400, introduced in 2020

The Keyboard Computer series combines Raspberry Pi board and a keyboard into a [keyboard computer](/source/Keyboard_computer) form factor, providing a self-contained Linux-based desktop system.

- The **Raspberry Pi 400** (2020) features a custom board based on the Pi 4. It includes a 1.8 GHz quad-core Cortex-A72 processor, 4 GB of RAM, and a large integrated heat sink. It supports dual 4K monitors via two micro HDMI ports and includes gigabit Ethernet.[92][93]

- The **Raspberry Pi 500** (2024) is based on the Pi 5 and succeeds the Pi 400. It features a 2.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A76 processor and 8 GB of RAM. Unlike the Raspberry Pi 5, it lacks a PCIe interface.[73][94][95][96]

- The **Raspberry Pi 500+** (2025) is based on the Pi 5. It features the same 2.4 GHz quad-core Cortex-A76 processor as the Pi 500, 16 GB of RAM and an M.2 slot with a 256 GB SSD preinstalled. It replaces the membrane keyboard of the original model for a mechanical variant with RGB lighting.[97]

### Zero series

The Raspberry Pi Zero, introduced in 2015

The Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W, introduced in 2021

The Raspberry Pi Zero is a series of compact, low-cost, and low-power single-board computers that provide basic functionality and Linux compatibility for embedded and minimalist computing applications.

- The **Raspberry Pi Zero** (2015), priced at US$5, features a 1 GHz single-core ARM11 CPU, 512 MB of RAM, mini HDMI, and micro USB ports for data and power. It includes an unpopulated 40-pin GPIO header. - The **Zero v1.3** (2016) added a camera connector.[98] - The **Zero W** (2017) introduced onboard Wi-Fi and Bluetooth for US$10.[99] - The **Zero WH** (2018) added pre-soldered GPIO pins for US$15.[100]

- The **Raspberry Pi Zero 2 W** (2021), priced at US$15, features a quad-core 64-bit ARM Cortex-A53 CPU and includes wireless connectivity. The **Zero 2 WH** variant adds a pre-soldered GPIO header for US$18.[67]

### Pico series

The Raspberry Pi Pico, introduced in 2021

Not to be confused with [PIC microcontrollers](/source/PIC_microcontrollers).

The Pico is a series of compact microcontroller boards based on Raspberry Pi-designed chips. Unlike other models, they do not run Linux or support removable storage, and are instead programmed by flashing binaries to onboard flash memory.

- The **Raspberry Pi Pico** (2021) was the first board based on the in-house [RP2040](/source/RP2040) microcontroller. It features a dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M0+ CPU, 264 KB of RAM, and 2 MB of flash memory, priced at US$4.[101][66] The **Pico W** (2022) adds Wi-Fi and Bluetooth and launched at US$6.[102] The board has a [castellated](/source/Via_(electronics)) edge for direct soldering to a carrier board; versions are available with pre-soldered, bottom-mounted header pins, the **Pico H** for US$5 and the **Pico WH** for US$7.

- The **Raspberry Pi Pico 2** (2024) introduced the [RP2350](/source/RP2350) microcontroller, featuring selectable dual-core 32-bit ARM Cortex-M33 or [RISC-V](/source/RISC-V) processors, 520 KB of RAM, and 4 MB of flash memory, priced at US$5.[74] The **Pico 2 W** adds Wi-Fi and Bluetooth at US$7.[103]

### Compute Module series

Raspberry Pi Compute Module 3

Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4

The **Compute Module** (CM) series delivers Raspberry Pi's flagship hardware in a compact form for industrial and embedded applications, omitting onboard ports and GPIO headers in favour of a carrier board interface.[104] Compute Modules are offered in one of two formats: a board matching the physical dimensions of a DDR2 [SO-DIMM](/source/SO-DIMM) RAM module (though electrically incompatible with standard SO-DIMM sockets) and a smaller board with dual 100-pin high-density connectors that enables additional interfaces.[105]

- **Compute Module 1** (2014) – Based on the original Raspberry Pi. Features a single-core ARM11 CPU, 512 MB RAM, and 4 GB [eMMC](/source/EMMC) flash storage. SO-DIMM form factor.[106]

- **Compute Module 3** (2017) – Based on the Pi 3. Includes a quad-core 64-bit Cortex-A53 CPU, 1 GB RAM, and 4 GB eMMC; also available as a "Lite" variant without eMMC. SO-DIMM form factor.[105]

- **Compute Module 3+** (2019) – Based on the Pi 3+. Offers 0 (Lite), 8, 16, or 32 GB eMMC options. SO-DIMM form factor.[105] A photo of the Raspberry Pi Model 3B+

- **Compute Module 4** (2020) – Based on the Pi 4. Includes a quad-core 64-bit Cortex-A72 CPU, 1, 2, 4, or 8 GB RAM, and 0 (Lite), 8, 16, or 32 GB eMMC; optional Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. High-density connector form factor; CM4S variant uses SO-DIMM form factor.[105]

- **Compute Module 5** (2024) – Based on the Pi 5. Features a quad-core 64-bit Cortex-A76 CPU, 2, 4, 8, or 16 GB RAM, and 0 (Lite), 16, 32, or 64 GB eMMC; optional Wi-Fi and Bluetooth. High-density connector form factor.[105][107]

### Model/series comparison table

Series Model SoC CPU Memory Ethernet Wireless USB GPIO header Released MSRP (US$) Flagship Model B 1 BCM2835 1× ARM11 512 MB 100 Mbit No 2 × 2.0 26-pin 2012 35 1+ 4 × 2.0 40-pin 2014 2 BCM2836 4× A7 1 GB 2015 3 BCM2837 4× A53 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 4 Bluetooth 4.1/BLE 2016 3+ 300 Mbit[a] 2.4/5 GHz Wi-Fi 5 Bluetooth 4.2/BLE 2018 4 BCM2711[108] 4× A72 1, 2, 3, 4 or 8 GB Gigabit 2.4/5 GHz Wi-Fi 5 Bluetooth 5.0/BLE 2 × 2.0 2 × 3.0 2019 35–85 5 BCM2712 4× A76 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 GB 2023 45–205 Flagship Model A 1 BCM2835 1× ARM11 256 MB No No 1 × 2.0 26-pin 2013 25 1+ 512 MB 40-pin 2014 3+ BCM2837 4× A53 2.4/5 GHz Wi-Fi 5 Bluetooth 4.2/BLE 2018 Keyboard 400 BCM2711 4× A72 4 GB Gigabit 2.4/5 GHz Wi-Fi 5 Bluetooth 5.0/BLE 1 × 2.0 2 × 3.0 40-pin 2020 70 500 BCM2712 4× A76 8 GB 2024 130 500+ 16 GB 2025 260 Zero 1 BCM2835 1× ARM11 512 MB No Optional[b] 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 4 Bluetooth 4.1/BLE 1 × 2.0 40-pin 2015 5–15 2 BCM2710[c] 4× A53 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 4 Bluetooth 4.2/BLE 2021 15–18 Pico 1 RP2040 2× M0+ 264 KB No Optional[b] 2.4 GHz Wi-Fi 4 Bluetooth 5.2/BLE 1 × 2.0 40-pin 2021 4–7 2 RP2350 2× M33 520 KB 2024 5–8 Compute Module 1 BCM2835 1× ARM11 512 MB No[d] No No[d] No[d] 2014 30 3/3+ BCM2837 4× A53 1 GB 2017 25–40 4 BCM2711 4× A72 1, 2, 4 or 8 GB Optional[b] 2.4/5 GHz Wi-Fi 5 Bluetooth 5.0/BLE 2020 30–125 5 BCM2712 4× A76 2, 4, 8 or 16 GB 2024 55–215

**Notes**

1. **[^](#cite_ref-usb_108-0)** Marketed as [Gigabit Ethernet](/source/Gigabit_Ethernet), but actual throughput is limited to approximately 300 Mbit/s due to the internal USB 2.0 connection.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-W24band_110-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-W24band_110-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-W24band_110-2) "W" models only

1. **[^](#cite_ref-custom_111-0)** Custom Raspberry Pi [SiP](/source/System-in-package) RP3A0

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-exposed_112-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-exposed_112-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-exposed_112-2) Signals routed through board connector

## Hardware

Since its introduction, Raspberry Pi hardware has been designed to provide low-cost computing platforms. The founders intended it to be an affordable and accessible system by making it compatible with widely available second-hand peripherals, such as televisions for displays, USB input devices, and cellphone chargers for power.[109][110] Over time, the hardware has expanded to support both advanced configurations and ultra-low-cost variants.[111][112]

The company has committed to keeping its single-board computer products in production for at least ten years, longer than typical consumer electronics. It also publishes guaranteed minimum manufacturing end dates. These policies are intended to support the use of its products in industrial and OEM applications that require long-term availability. For example, the original Raspberry Pi Model 1B, introduced in 2012, remained in production as of 2025.[113][114]

The Raspberry Pi has undergone multiple hardware revisions, with changes in processor type, memory capacity, networking features, and peripheral support.[115] All models include a processor, memory, and various input/output interfaces on a single circuit board. Most include an HDMI output, USB ports, and a GPIO ([general-purpose input/output](/source/General-purpose_input%2Foutput)) header. Networking capabilities vary by model, with later versions featuring integrated Wi-Fi and Bluetooth.[116] Storage is typically provided via a microSD card, with newer models supporting USB or [PCIe](/source/PCI_Express)-based boot options.[117][118]

### Processors and system on chip

BCM2836 on a Pi 2 board

Raspberry Pi models use a range of [system on a chip](/source/System_on_a_chip) (SoC) designs, developed in partnership with [Arm](/source/Arm_Holdings) and [Broadcom](/source/Broadcom). Each generation has introduced improvements in CPU architecture, clock speed, graphics, and overall performance.

The original Raspberry Pi and the Pi Zero use the Broadcom BCM2835, featuring a single-core 32-bit [ARM11](/source/ARM11) CPU and a [VideoCore](/source/VideoCore) IV GPU. The CPU is clocked at 700 MHz on the original Pi and 1 GHz on the Zero and Zero W.[119][120]

The Raspberry Pi 2 introduced the BCM2836 with a 900 MHz quad-core 32-bit [Cortex-A7](/source/Cortex-A7) CPU,[121] while later revisions used the 64-bit BCM2837 with [Cortex-A53](/source/Cortex-A53) cores.[122] The Raspberry Pi 3 retained the BCM2837, increasing the CPU clock to 1.2–1.4 GHz depending on the model.[123][124][125] The Pi Zero 2 uses the RP3A0, a [system in a package](/source/System_in_a_package) (SiP) combining the quad-core Cortex-A53 processor clocked at 1 GHz with 512 MB of RAM.[126][127]

The Raspberry Pi 4 introduced the BCM2711, a 64-bit SoC with a quad-core [Cortex-A72](/source/Cortex-A72) CPU and VideoCore VI GPU. Clock speeds were initially 1.5 GHz and later increased to 1.8 GHz.[128][129][130][131] The Raspberry Pi 5 uses the BCM2712, featuring a quad-core [Cortex-A76](/source/Cortex-A76) CPU at 2.4 GHz, an 800 MHz VideoCore VII GPU, and a separate RP1 [southbridge](/source/Southbridge_(computing)) chip designed in-house.[132]

Raspberry Pi has also developed its own chips outside of its partnership with Broadcom. The Raspberry Pi Pico uses the [RP2040](/source/RP2040), featuring dual-core 32-bit [Cortex-M0+](/source/Cortex-M0%2B) processors running at 133 MHz and 264 kB of on-chip RAM.[133][134] The Pico 2 uses the [RP2350](/source/RP2350), which can operate with either dual-core Cortex-M33 or dual-core Hazard3 [RISC-V](/source/RISC-V) CPUs selected at boot, running at 150 MHz, with 520 kB of RAM.[135][136]

#### Overclocking

Most Raspberry Pi models support user-configurable [overclocking](/source/Overclocking) through the system [configuration file](/source/Configuration_file). More recent models feature [dynamic frequency scaling](/source/Dynamic_frequency_scaling), adjusting CPU speed based on workload to balance performance and thermal output. This behavior, while similar to overclocking, is part of the default power management system. If the CPU temperature exceeds 85 °C (185 °F) or if undervoltage is detected, performance is throttled automatically. For sustained high-performance workloads, additional cooling—such as a [heat sink](/source/Heat_sink) or [fan](/source/Computer_fan)—may be required.[137][138]

### RAM

The original Raspberry Pi Model B was equipped with 512 MB of [random-access memory](/source/Random-access_memory) (RAM), which, like later models, shares memory between the CPU and GPU. All Raspberry Pi boards support [dynamic memory allocation](/source/Dynamic_memory_allocation) between these components, allowing the system to adjust the division based on workload or user configuration.[139] The original Model A included 256 MB of RAM.

Subsequent models introduced increased memory capacities. The Pi 2B and 3 B/B+ models feature 1 GB of RAM, while the smaller 1A+ and 3A+ models have 512 MB. The Pi Zero and Zero 2 W also include 512 MB. The Pi 4 is available with 1, 2, 3, 4, or 8 GB of RAM,[88][63] and the Pi 5 expands this further with options for 1, 2, 4, 8, or 16 GB of RAM, the highest capacity offered to date.[140]

On 1 April 2026, Raspberry Pi announced a 3 GB version of the Raspberry Pi 4 due to the increasing cost of LPDDR4 RAM. The PCB was redesigned to use two 1.5 GB chips, which are cheaper and in greater supply.[88][141]

### Storage and peripherals

The Model 2B boards incorporate four USB Type-A ports for connecting peripherals.

Storage is typically provided via a [microSD card](/source/SD_card), though some Compute Modules offer onboard [eMMC](/source/EMMC) flash.[142] Newer models support USB booting,[117] and the Pi 5 includes support for [NVMe](/source/NVM_Express) SSDs over PCIe.[118] The original Model A and Model B uses a full-sized SD card slot.[143]

Boards also include USB ports for peripherals such as keyboards, mice, and storage devices.[144][145]

### Video

Raspberry Pi devices support both digital and analog video output across various resolutions.

Early models featured a full-size HDMI port and an [RCA connector](/source/RCA_connector) for analog [composite video](/source/Composite_video) output. Later boards removed the RCA jack but retained analog output via the [3.5 mm TRRS jack](/source/Phone_connector_(audio)) or dedicated solder points. According to the Raspberry Pi Foundation, analog support helps maintain accessibility in [developing countries](/source/Developing_country).[110]

To accommodate the addition of features on the compact boards, video connectors have shrunk across models. The Pi Zero series uses a mini-HDMI connector, while the Pi 4 and 5 use dual micro-HDMI ports. This change enables support for multiple displays: the Pi 4 can drive two [4K](/source/4K_resolution) displays at 30 Hz or one at 60 Hz, while the Pi 5 improves on this with support for two 4K displays at 60 Hz.[146][147]

Older Raspberry Pi models support common display resolutions such as [720p](/source/720p) and [1080p](/source/1080p) by default, with some capable of higher resolutions depending on hardware and configuration. In some cases, older hardware can output in 4K, though performance may be poor.[148][149]

### GPIO header

Function Pin # Function +3.3 V power 1 2 +5 V power GPIO 2 (I²C SDA) 3 4 +5 V power GPIO 3 (I2C SCL) 5 6 Ground GPIO 4 (GPCLK) 7 8 GPIO 14 (UART TXD) Ground 9 10 GPIO 15 (UART RXD) GPIO 17 11 12 GPIO 18 GPIO 27 13 14 Ground GPIO 22 15 16 GPIO 23 +3.3 V power 17 18 GPIO 24 GPIO 10 (SPI MOSI) 19 20 Ground GPIO 9 (SPI MISO) 21 22 GPIO 25 GPIO 11 (SPI SCLK) 23 24 GPIO 8 (SPI CE0) Ground 25 26 GPIO 7 (SPI CE1) GPIO 0 (EEPROM SDA) 27 28 GPIO 1 (EEPROM SDC) GPIO 5 29 30 Ground GPIO 6 31 32 GPIO 12 GPIO 13 33 34 Ground GPIO 19 35 36 GPIO 16 GPIO 26 37 38 GPIO 20 (PCM_DIN) Ground 39 40 GPIO 21 (PCM_DOUT) Legend SPI GPIO I²C UART PCM Ground +5 V +3.3 V

Most Raspberry Pi models include a 40-pin connector known as the GPIO ([general-purpose input/output](/source/General-purpose_input%2Foutput)) [header](/source/Pin_header), although only some of the pins are dedicated to GPIO functions. The header, [designated](/source/Reference_designator) as J8, uses a consistent [pinout](/source/PinOut) across models.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

The header supplies 3.3 V and 5 V power along with various multiplexed, low-speed interfaces, including [UART](/source/Universal_asynchronous_receiver-transmitter), [SPI](/source/Serial_Peripheral_Interface), [I²C](/source/I%C2%B2C), [I²S](/source/I%C2%B2S), and [PCM](/source/Pulse-code_modulation).[71] GPIO pins can be configured as either inputs or outputs. When set as an output, a pin can drive a high (3.3 V) or low (0 V) signal. When configured as an input, it can read a high (3.3 V) or low (0 V) voltage level.[150]

The original Raspberry Pi 1 Model A and B include only the first 26 pins of this header.[151][152][153] On some Pi Zero models, the header is unpopulated, but solderable [through-holes](/source/Through-hole_technology) are provided. The Pico models feature a unique layout with unpopulated through-holes and a [castellated](/source/Castellated_Hole) edge, allowing it to be [surface-mounted](/source/Surface-mount_technology) as a module. Compute Module boards do not include GPIO headers but instead expose GPIO signals through their board connectors.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Networking

Networking capabilities differ by model. The Model B and B+ include an Ethernet port. Starting with the Raspberry Pi 3, most models come with built-in WiFi and Bluetooth. The Raspberry Pi 3B+ adds faster Ethernet and dual-band WiFi. The Raspberry Pi 4 and 5 offer full gigabit Ethernet.[146] The "A" models and the Pi Zero series do not have Ethernet ports, and built-in wireless support is optional. A USB adapter may be used for wired or wireless connections. Headless Raspberry Pi configurations may experience intermittent network connectivity issues, often attributed to default WiFi power management settings. These issues are typically addressable through configuration changes.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Special-purpose features

Some Raspberry Pi models, like the Zero, 1A, 3A+, and 4, can act like a USB device (via the [USB On-The-Go](/source/USB_On-The-Go) protocol) when plugged into another computer.[154] This lets them work as gadgets such as a virtual keyboard, network adapter, or serial device.[155]

Many newer models can also start up (or "boot") directly from a USB drive, without needing a microSD card. This feature is not available on older models like the original Raspberry Pi, Pi Zero, or early versions of the Pi 2.[156]

Raspberry Pi M.2 HAT+

### Real-time clock

Most Raspberry Pi models do not include a built-in real-time clock, which means they rely on an internet connection to set the correct time with the [Network Time Protocol](/source/Network_Time_Protocol) when they start up. If there is no connection, the time must be set manually; otherwise, the system assumes no time has passed since it was last used. Add-on clock modules are available for situations where accurate timekeeping is needed without internet access.[157][158] The Raspberry Pi 5 is the first model to include a built-in clock which uses a battery to keep time when powered off.[159]

### Board layouts

		- Zero 2w layout

		- Pi 1A

		- Pi 1A+ v1.1

		- Pi 1B v1.2

		- Pi 1B+ v1.2 and Pi 2

		- Pi 3

		- Pi 3+

		- Pi 4

		- Pi 5

## Specifications

Version Pico 1 Pico 2 1A 1A+ 3A+ 1B 1B+ 2B 2B v1.2 3B 3B+ 4 5 CM1 CM3 CM4 CM5 Zero Zero 2 400 Release date Jan 2021[160] W: Jun 2022[161] Aug 2024[162] Feb 2013[163] Nov 2014[164] Nov 2018 Apr–Jun 2012 Jul 2014[165] Feb 2015[166] Oct 2016[167] Feb 2016[168] Mar 2018[169] Jun 2019[170] Oct 2023 Apr 2014[171][172] Jan 2017[173] Oct 2020 Nov 2024 Nov 2015[174] Oct 2021[175] Nov 2020 Target price (USD) US$4 W: US$6 US$5 W: US$7[176] $25[163] $20[164] $25[169] $35[177] $25[178] $35 $35‍–‍75[170][179][63] $50‍–‍120 $25‍–‍40[180][181] $30–85[182] $45 US$5[174] W: US$10 $15[183] $70[184] Instruction set ARMv6 (32‑bit) ARMv8-M (64/32‑bit) or RV32IMAC (32‑bit)[185] ARMv6 (32‑bit) ARMv8-A (64/32‑bit) ARMv6 (32‑bit) ARMv7-A (32‑bit) ARMv8-A (64/32‑bit) ARMv6 (32‑bit) ARMv8-A (64/32‑bit)[186] ARMv8-A (64/32-bit) ARMv6 (32‑bit) ARMv8-A (64/32‑bit) ARMv8-A (64/32‑bit) Fabrication node 40 nm[187] 40 nm[188] 40 nm[189] 40 nm[190] 40 nm[189] 40 nm[191] 40 nm[190] 28 nm[192] 16 nm[192] 40 nm[189] 40 nm[190] 28 nm[192] 16 nm 40 nm[189] 28 nm[192] SoC RP2040 RP2350A BCM2835[193] BCM2837[169] BCM2835[193] BCM2836 BCM2837 BCM2837[169] BCM2711[170] BCM2712[194] BCM2835 BCM2837 BCM2711 BCM2712 BCM2835 BCM2710 BCM2711 FPU Software emulation FPv5 (ARM only) VFPv2 VFPv4 + NEON VFPv2 VFPv4 + NEON VFPv2 VFPv4 + NEON VFPv2 VFPv4 + NEON VFPv4 + NEON CPU 2× Arm Cortex-M0+ 2× of either Arm Cortex-M33 or Hazard3 RISC-V (selectable at boot) 1× ARM11 @ 700 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 1.4 GHz 1× ARM11 @ 700 MHz 4× Cortex-A7 900 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 900 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 1.2 GHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 1.4 GHz 4× Cortex-A72 @ 1.5 GHz or 1.8 GHz[93] 4× Cortex-A76 @ 2.4 GHz[194] 1× ARM11 @ 700 MHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 1.2 GHz 4× Cortex-A72 @ 1.5 GHz 4× Cortex-A76 @ 2.4 GHz 1× ARM11 @ 1 GHz 4× Cortex-A53 @ 1 GHz 4× Cortex-A72 @ 1.8 GHz GPU —N/a VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz[a] VideoCore IV @ 400 MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D) VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz[195] VideoCore VII @ 800 MHz[194] VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz[a] VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz[195] VideoCore VII VideoCore IV @ 400 MHz (Core) / 300 MHz (V3D) VideoCore VI @ 500 MHz Memory (SDRAM)[196] 264 KB 520 KB 256 MiB[b] 256 or 512 MiB[b] Changed to 512 MB on 10 August 2016[197] 512 MiB[b] 256 or 512 MiB[b] Changed to 512 MB on 15 October 2012[198] 512 MiB[b] 1 GiB[b] 1, 2, 3[88], 4 or 8 GiB[b] 2, 4, 8 or 16 GiB 512 MB[b] 1 GiB[b] 1, 2, 4 or 8 GiB[b] 2, 4, 8, or 16 GiB 512 MiB[b] 4 GiB USB 2.0 ports[199] —N/a 1[c] 1[d] 2[e][200] 4[f][201][165] 2[170][192] 1[c][g] 1[c][g] 1[202] 1 1 Micro-USB[c] 1 USB 3.0 ports —N/a 2[170][192] —N/a 2 USB OTG ports —N/a 1 (Power USB-C)[203] 1 (Power USB-C)[203] —N/a ? 1 Micro-USB[c] —N/a PCIe interface —N/a PCIe Gen 2 x1 —N/a PCIe Gen 2 x1 —N/a —N/a —N/a Video input 15-pin MIPI camera interface (CSI) connector, used with the Raspberry Pi camera or Raspberry Pi NoIR camera[204] 2× 22-pin mini-MIPI display/camera interface (DSI/CSI)[205] 2× MIPI camera interface (CSI)[g][206][207][208] 2-lane MIPI CSI camera interface, 4-lane MIPI CSI camera interface 2× 4-lane MIPI camera v1.3 & W: MIPI camera interface (CSI)[209] MIPI camera interface (CSI)[209] —N/a HDMI 1× HDMI (rev 1.3) 2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI[210] 2× HDMI (rev?) 1× HDMI[g] 2× HDMI 1× Mini-HDMI 2× HDMI (rev 2.0) via Micro-HDMI Composite video via RCA jack via 3.5 mm CTIA-style TRRS jack via RCA jack via 3.5 mm CTIA style TRRS jack pair of 0.1"-spaced pads Yes[g][207][211] ? via marked points on PCB for optional header pins[212] ? MIPI display interface (DSI)[h] 1× standard size (15-pin, 1 mm pitch), for a display only 2× mini[213] (22-pin, 0.5 mm pitch), each for a display or camera Yes[g][206][208][214][215] Yes No ? Audio inputs As of revision 2 boards via I²S[216] ? Audio outputs Analog via 3.5 mm phone jack; digital via HDMI and, as of revision 2 boards, I²S HDMI Analog, HDMI, I²S[g] Mini-HDMI, stereo audio through PWM on GPIO Micro-HDMI On-board storage[199] —N/a 4 MB internal flash SD, MMC, SDIO card slot (3.3 V with card power only) MicroSDHC slot[165] SD, MMC, SDIO card slot MicroSDHC slot MicroSDHC slot, USB Boot Mode[217] MicroSDXC MicroSDXC UHS-1 Slot 4 GB eMMC (optional)[206] 8/16/32 GB eMMC (optional)[206] 16/32/64GB eMMC (optional) MicroSDHC slot MicroSDHC slot Ethernet (Max. Mbit/s) —N/a 100 300[218] 1000[170] —N/a 1000 —N/a 1000 WiFi 2.4 GHz 802.11n (optional, W model) 2.4 GHz 802.11n (optional, W model) —N/a 2.4/5 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac —N/a 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n 2.4/5 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac 2.4/5 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac(optional) 2.4 GHz 802.11b/g/n (optional, W model) 2.4/5 GHz 802.11b/g/n/ac Bluetooth 5.2 (optional, W model) 5.2 (optional, W model) 4.2, BLE 4.1, BLE 4.2, LS BLE 5.0, BLE 4.2, BLE (optional, W model) 5.0 Low-level peripherals UART 8× GPIO[219] plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio[220] +3.3 V, +5 V, ground[221][222] 17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus 8× GPIO plus the following, which can also be used as GPIO: UART, I²C bus, SPI bus with two chip selects, I²S audio +3.3 V, +5 V, ground. 17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus 17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, HAT, and an additional 4× UART, 4× SPI, and 4× I2C connectors.[223] 46× GPIO, some of which can be used for specific functions including I²C, SPI, UART, PCM, PWM[g][224] 28× GPIO supporting either 1.8v or 3.3v signalling and peripheral options 17× GPIO plus the same specific functions, and HAT ID bus[174] ? Power ratings ? ? 300 mA (1.5 W)[225] 200 mA (1 W)[226] ? 700 mA (3.5 W) 200 mA (1 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[227] 220 mA (1.1 W) average when idle, 820 mA (4.1 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[227] 300 mA (1.5 W) average when idle, 1.34 A (6.7 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)[227] 459 mA (2.295 W) average when idle, 1.13 A (5.661 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and WiFi connected)[228] 600 mA (3 W) average when idle, 1.25 A (6.25 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard, mouse and Ethernet connected), 1.6 A (8 W) for "power virus" workloads[192][227] 3 A (15 W) power supply recommended.[229] 12 W for "power virus" workloads[192] 200 mA (1 W) 700 mA (3.5 W) ? 100 mA (0.5 W) average when idle, 350 mA (1.75 W) maximum under stress (monitor, keyboard and mouse connected)[227] 120 mA (0.6 W) average when idle[230] ? Power source MicroUSB or GPIO Header 1.8 V to 5 V 5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header 5 V via MicroUSB, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT) 5 V via USB-C, GPIO header, or PoE (with the PoE HAT) 2.5–5 V, 3.3 V, 2.5–3.3 V, and 1.8 V[g] 5 V 5 V via MicroUSB or GPIO header 5 V via USB-C Size 51 × 21 mm (2.01 × 0.83 in)[231] 85.6 × 56.5 mm (3.37 × 2.22 in)[i] 65 × 56.5 × 10 mm (2.56 × 2.22 × 0.39 in)[j] 65 × 56.5 mm (2.56 × 2.22 in) 85.60 × 56.5 mm (3.370 × 2.224 in)[i] 85.60 × 56.5 × 17 mm (3.370 × 2.224 × 0.669 in)[232] 85 × 56 mm (3.3 × 2.2 in) 67.6 × 30 mm (2.66 × 1.18 in) 67.6 × 31 mm (2.66 × 1.22 in) 55 × 40 mm (2.2 × 1.6 in) 65 × 30 × 5 mm (2.56 × 1.18 × 0.20 in) 286 × 113 × 23 mm (11.26 × 4.45 × 0.91 in) Weight ? ? 31 g (1.1 oz) 23 g (0.81 oz) 45 g (1.6 oz) 46 g (1.6 oz)[233] 7 g (0.25 oz)[234] 9 g (0.32 oz)[235] 10.8 g (0.38 oz) Production lifetime 2028[231] W: 2036[236] 2040[176] ? 2030[237] 2030[238] ? 2030[239] 2026[240] 2028[241] 2030[242] 2034[243] 2036[244] 2026[245] CM3: 2026[246] CM3+: 2028[247] 2034[248] 2036[249] 2030[250] 2030[251] 2030[252] 2028[253]

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-GPU_199-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-GPU_199-1) BCM2837: 3D part of GPU at 300 MHz, video part of GPU at 400 MHz,[221][254] [OpenGL ES](/source/OpenGL_ES) 2.0 (BCM2835, BCM2836: 24 G[FLOPS](/source/FLOPS) / BCM2837: 28.8 GFLOPS). [MPEG-2](/source/MPEG-2) and [VC-1](/source/VC-1) (with licence),[47] [1080p](/source/1080p)30 [H.264/MPEG-4 AVC](/source/H.264%2FMPEG-4_AVC) high-profile decoder and encoder[193] (BCM2837: 1080p60)

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-shared_202-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-shared_202-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-shared_202-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-shared_202-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-shared_202-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-shared_202-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-shared_202-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-shared_202-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-shared_202-8) [***j***](#cite_ref-shared_202-9) [***k***](#cite_ref-shared_202-10) Shared with GPU

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-2835USB_206-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-2835USB_206-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-2835USB_206-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-2835USB_206-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-2835USB_206-4) Direct from the BCM2835 chip

1. **[^](#cite_ref-2837USB_207-0)** Direct from the BCM2837B0 chip

1. **[^](#cite_ref-RPi1B_USB_208-0)** via on-board 3-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to the Ethernet port.

1. **[^](#cite_ref-4_USB_210-0)** via on-board 5-port USB hub; one USB port internally connected to the Ethernet port.

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-1) [***c***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-2) [***d***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-3) [***e***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-4) [***f***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-5) [***g***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-6) [***h***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-7) [***i***](#cite_ref-CM_IF_212-8) 200-pin DDR2 [SO-DIMM](/source/SO-DIMM) interface until CM3+

1. **[^](#cite_ref-224)** for raw [LCD](/source/Liquid_crystal_display) panels

1. ^ [***a***](#cite_ref-size_con_244-0) [***b***](#cite_ref-size_con_244-1) Excluding protruding connectors

1. **[^](#cite_ref-size_hat_245-0)** Same as HAT board

## Software

### Operating systems

[Raspberry Pi OS](/source/Raspberry_Pi_OS) "Trixie", showing the [file manager](/source/File_manager) and the web browser [Firefox](/source/Firefox)

The recommended operating system is [Raspberry Pi OS](/source/Raspberry_Pi_OS), a [Debian](/source/Debian)-based [Linux distribution](/source/Linux_distribution) optimized for Raspberry Pi hardware and tuned to have low base memory requirements. It is available in both 32-bit and 64-bit versions and comes in several editions: a standard edition, a "Lite" version without a desktop environment, and a "Full" version that includes a comprehensive suite of software.[255]

Raspberry Pi OS can be purchased pre-installed on a [microSD card](/source/MicroSD_card),[256] or downloaded and installed using Raspberry Pi Imager, a utility introduced in March 2020 to simplify the installation of operating systems onto SD cards and other media for Raspberry Pi devices. Available for [macOS](/source/MacOS), Raspberry Pi OS, [Ubuntu](/source/Ubuntu), and [Windows](/source/Windows), Imager allows users to download and write operating system disk images within a single application.[257] In addition to Raspberry Pi OS, the utility supports a variety of third-party operating systems, including [Alpine Linux](/source/Alpine_Linux), [Arch Linux ARM](/source/Arch_Linux_ARM) [258],[259] [Armbian](/source/Armbian),[260] [Emteria.OS](/source/Emteria.OS) ([Android](/source/Android_(operating_system)) based),[261] [FreedomBox](/source/FreedomBox),[262] [Kali Linux](/source/Kali_Linux),[263] [LibreELEC](/source/LibreELEC),[264] RetroPie,[265] [RISC OS](/source/RISC_OS),[266] [SatNOGS](/source/SatNOGS),[267] Ubuntu,[255] and Arm versions of [Windows 10 IoT Core](/source/Windows_10_IoT_Core)[268] and version 11.[269][270]

### Firmware

The Raspberry Pi uses official firmware that is [proprietary](/source/Proprietary_software), meaning its source code is not publicly available, but the [binary blob](/source/Binary_blob) can be [freely redistributed](/source/Freely_redistributable_software).[271][272] An experimental [open-source](/source/Open-source_software) alternative to the official firmware is also available. Although limited in functionality, it demonstrates that it is possible to start the Raspberry Pi's ARM processor cores and boot a basic version of the Linux kernel without relying on the proprietary components. This is significant for developers and advocates who aim to build fully open systems.[273]

### Driver APIs

Scheme of the implemented [APIs](/source/Application_programming_interface): [OpenMAX IL](/source/OpenMAX_IL), [OpenGL ES](/source/OpenGL_ES) and [OpenVG](/source/OpenVG)

See also: [VideoCore § Linux support](/source/VideoCore#Linux_support)

Raspberry Pi systems use Broadcom's [VideoCore](/source/VideoCore) GPU, which requires a proprietary firmware [binary blob](/source/Binary_blob) to be loaded at boot. Initially, the supporting software stack was entirely proprietary,[274] though parts of the code were later released.[48] Most driver functionality remains within the proprietary GPU firmware, accessed via closed-source runtime libraries such as [OpenMAX IL](/source/OpenMAX_IL), [OpenGL ES](/source/OpenGL_ES), and [OpenVG](/source/OpenVG). These libraries interface with a kernel-space open-source driver, which in turn communicates with the proprietary GPU firmware. Applications use OpenMAX IL for video, OpenGL ES for 3D graphics, and OpenVG for 2D graphics, with all graphics libraries making use of the closed-source [EGL](/source/EGL_(OpenGL)) interface.[275]

In February 2020, Raspberry Pi announced the development of a [Vulkan](/source/Vulkan_(API)) graphics driver.[276] A working prototype demonstrated high performance in [Quake III Arena](/source/Quake_III_Arena) on a Raspberry Pi 3B+ later that year.[277] On 24 November 2020, Raspberry Pi 4's Vulkan driver was declared conformant.[278]

## Official accessories

### Cameras

The original camera module

The high quality camera module

Raspberry Pi offers several official camera modules that connect via the [Camera Serial Interface](/source/Camera_Serial_Interface). These modules are used for photography, video capture, and machine vision applications.[279]

- **Camera Module** (2013) – A 5-[megapixel](/source/Megapixel) (MP) camera based on the [OmniVision](/source/OmniVision_Technologies) OV5647 sensor, supporting video resolutions up to 1080p. A version without an [infrared filter](/source/Infrared_cut-off_filter) (NoIR) was available for [night-vision](/source/Night-vision_device) applications when used with infrared lighting.[280][281] This model is no longer produced.

- **Camera Module 2** (2016) – 8 MP Sony IMX219 sensor. Also available in NoIR version.[282]

- **High Quality Camera** (2020) – 12.3 MP Sony IMX477 sensor. Supports interchangeable [C/CS mount](/source/C_mount) or [M12 mount](/source/S-mount_(CCTV_lens)) lenses and includes a [tripod thread](/source/Tripod_head). Not available in a NoIR version, but IR filter can be removed.[283]

- **Camera Module 3** (2023) – 12 MP Sony IMX708 sensor with support for [autofocus](/source/Autofocus) and [high dynamic range](/source/High_dynamic_range). Offered in four variants: standard, [wide field of view](/source/Wide-angle_lens) (FoV), NoIR, and NoIR wide FoV.[284]

- **Global Shutter Camera** (2023) – 1.6 MP Sony IMX296 sensor with [global shutter](/source/Global_shutter) for [high-speed imaging](/source/High-speed_camera). Supports C/CS mount lenses and includes a tripod mount. Not available in a NoIR version, but IR filter can be removed.[285]

- **AI Camera** (2024) – 12.3 MP Sony IMX500 sensor with integrated on-sensor processing capabilities for AI applications.[286]

### Displays

Raspberry Pi also offers official display peripherals for graphical and touchscreen interfaces:

- **Raspberry Pi Touch Display** (2015) – A 7-inch capacitive touchscreen.[287]

- **Raspberry Pi Touch Display 2** (2024) – A revised version of the original 7-inch touchscreen display with improved performance and compatibility.[288] Also available in an 5-inch version since 2025.[289]

- **Raspberry Pi Monitor** (2024) – A 15.6-inch Full HD IPS display with built-in speakers and folding stand.[290]

### Add-on boards (HATs)

Raspberry Pi 4B with a TV HAT

A Raspberry Pi 4B with a DAC+ HAT

Official Raspberry Pi HATs (Hardware Attached on Top) and expansion boards extend the functionality of Raspberry Pi computers. The HAT standard was introduced in July 2014. Many boards use an EEPROM for automatic configuration.[291][292]

- **AI HAT+** (2024) – A HAT for the Raspberry Pi 5 featuring a built-in [Hailo](/source/Hailo_Technologies)-8L chip providing 13 TOPS of AI acceleration, or Hailo-8 chip providing 26 TOPS.[293][294]

- **AI HAT+ 2** (2026) – A HAT for the Raspberry Pi 5 featuring a built-in Hailo-10H chip providing 40 TOPS of AI acceleration, along with 8 GB of dedicated on-board RAM.[295]

- **Build HAT** (2021) – Designed to interface with [Lego Technic](/source/Lego_Technic) motors and sensors.

- **Codec Zero** – A compact audio input/output board for the Pi Zero.

- **DAC+ / DAC Pro / DigiAMP+** – A range of audio HATs offering high-resolution [digital-to-analog conversion](/source/Digital-to-analog_converter), with the DigiAMP+ including a built-in amplifier.

- **M.2 HAT+** (2024) – A HAT for the Raspberry Pi 5 featuring an interface for attaching M.2 peripherals. - **AI Kit** (2024) – A bundle including the M.2 HAT+ and a Hailo AI-8L module providing 13 TOPS of AI acceleration. - **SSD Kit** (2024) – A bundle including the M.2 HAT+ and a NVMe SSD.[296]

- **Sense HAT** (2015) – Includes sensors for temperature, humidity, pressure, orientation, and an 8×8 LED matrix with a joystick. Originally developed for the [Astro Pi](#Astro_Pi) project.[297]

- **PoE+ HAT** (2021) – Enables [Power over Ethernet](/source/Power_over_Ethernet) functionality for models with PoE support.

- **TV HAT** (2018) – Allows reception and decoding of digital [DVB-T2](/source/DVB-T2) television broadcasts.[298]

#### Power supplies

- **Build HAT Power Supply** – A 48 W power supply providing 8 V at up to 6 A, designed for use with the Build HAT. It provides sufficient power for connected Lego Technic motors and sensors, as well as the attached Raspberry Pi computer.[296][299]

- **PoE+ Injector** (2018) – Provides Power over Ethernet (up to 30W) for compatible models using a PoE HAT.[296]

- **USB Power Supplies** – Available in multiple versions delivering 5.1V at different power levels: 12.5W via Micro-USB for earlier models, 15W via USB-C for Pi 4, 27W via USB-C for Pi 5, and 45W via USB-C for third-party laptops.[296]

#### Peripherals

- **Active cooler** (2023) – A heatsink and temperature‑controlled fan for thermal management on Pi 5.[296]

- **Cables and adapters** – Includes HDMI (micro for Pi 4/5, mini for Zero), USB (micro‑USB and USB‑C), and various adapters for display and peripheral connectivity.[296]

- **Cases** – Plastic enclosures for Raspberry Pi A+, 3, 4, 5, and Zero series with venting, and in some cases, fans, to aid heat dissipation. A minimalist "bumper" silicone enclosure is also offered for the Pi 5.[296]

- **Keyboard and mouse** – Official USB keyboard (with integrated hub with three USB 2 Type-A ports) and optical mouse designed for use with Raspberry Pi.[296]

- **SD cards** – Officially tested [microSD](/source/MicroSD) cards that support A2 application performance, C10 card speeds, and UHS-I (SDR104) bus speeds. Available with [Raspberry Pi OS](/source/Raspberry_Pi_OS) pre-installed.[296]

- **Smart Display Module** – Compute Module adapter board that allows it to be embedded into professional signage displays that use the Intel Smart Display Module standard. Includes HDMI output for a second independent video stream, along with an M.2 expansion slot for an optional Hailo AI accelerator.[300]

- **USB 3 hub** – Adds four additional USB 3 Type-A ports, also includes a USB-C power input to support high power draw peripherals.[296]

#### Debugging and utility

- **Debug probe** (2022) – RP2040-based hardware debug tool for Raspberry Pi and RP2040 development boards.[296]

- **RTC battery** (2024) – Rechargeable lithium battery for powering the real-time clock on Raspberry Pi 5 during power loss.[296]

## Reception and use

NASA's *Open Source Rover* powered by a Raspberry Pi 3

Technology writer [Glyn Moody](/source/Glyn_Moody) described the project in May 2011 as a "potential [BBC Micro](/source/BBC_Micro) 2.0", not by replacing [PC compatible](/source/PC_compatible) machines but by supplementing them.[301] In March 2012 Stephen Pritchard echoed the BBC Micro successor sentiment in *ITPRO*.[302] Alex Hope, co-author of the Next Gen report, is hopeful that the computer will engage children with the excitement of programming.[303] Co-author [Ian Livingstone](/source/Ian_Livingstone) suggested that the [BBC](/source/BBC) could be involved in building support for the device, possibly branding it as the BBC Nano.[304] [The Centre for Computing History](/source/The_Centre_for_Computing_History) strongly supports the Raspberry Pi project, feeling that it could "usher in a new era".[305] Before release, the board was showcased by [ARM's](/source/Arm_Holdings) CEO [Warren East](/source/Warren_East) at an event in Cambridge outlining Google's ideas to improve UK science and technology education.[306]

Harry Fairhead, however, suggests that more emphasis should be put on improving the educational software available on existing hardware, using tools such as [MIT App Inventor](/source/MIT_App_Inventor) to return programming to schools, rather than adding new hardware choices.[307] Simon Rockman, writing in a *[ZDNet](/source/ZDNet)* blog, was of the opinion that teens will have "better things to do", despite what happened in the 1980s.[308]

In October 2012, the Raspberry Pi won T3's Innovation of the Year award,[309] and futurist [Mark Pesce](/source/Mark_Pesce) cited a (borrowed) Raspberry Pi as the inspiration for his [ambient device](/source/Ambient_device) project MooresCloud.[310] In October 2012, the [British Computer Society](/source/British_Computer_Society) responded to the announcement of enhanced specifications by stating, "it's definitely something we'll want to sink our teeth into."[311]

In June 2017, Raspberry Pi won the [Royal Academy of Engineering](/source/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering) [MacRobert Award](/source/MacRobert_Award).[312] The citation for the award to the Raspberry Pi said it was "for its inexpensive credit card-sized microcomputers, which are redefining how people engage with computing, inspiring students to learn coding and computer science and providing innovative control solutions for industry."[313]

Clusters of hundreds of Raspberry Pis have been used for testing programs destined for supercomputers.[314]

### Community

The Raspberry Pi community was described by Jamie Ayre of [FOSS](/source/FOSS) software company [AdaCore](/source/AdaCore) as one of the most exciting parts of the project.[315] Community blogger Russell Davis said that the community strength allows the Foundation to concentrate on documentation and teaching.[315] The community developed a [fanzine](/source/Fanzine) around the platform called *[The MagPi](/source/The_MagPi)*[316] which in 2015, was handed over to Raspberry Pi (Trading) Ltd by its volunteers to be continued in-house.[317] A series of community *Raspberry Jam* events have been held across the UK and around the world.[318]

### Education

As of January 2012[\[update\]](https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Raspberry_Pi&action=edit), enquiries about the board in the United Kingdom have been received from schools in both the [state](/source/State_school) and [private](/source/Private_school_(United_Kingdom)) sectors, with around five times as much interest from the latter. It is hoped that businesses will sponsor purchases for less advantaged schools.[319] The CEO of [Premier Farnell](/source/Premier_Farnell) said that the government of a country in the Middle East has expressed interest in providing a board to every schoolgirl, to enhance her employment prospects.[320][321]

In 2014, the Raspberry Pi Foundation hired a number of its community members including ex-teachers and software developers to launch a set of free learning resources for its website.[322] The Foundation also started a teacher training course called Picademy with the aim of helping teachers prepare for teaching the new computing curriculum using the Raspberry Pi in the classroom.[323]

In 2018, [NASA](/source/NASA) launched the *JPL Open Source Rover Project*,[324] which is a scaled down version of [Curiosity rover](/source/Curiosity_(rover)) and uses a Raspberry Pi as the control module, to encourage students and hobbyists to get involved in mechanical, software, electronics, and robotics engineering.[325]

### Home automation

There are a number of developers and applications that are using the Raspberry Pi for [home automation](/source/Home_automation). These programmers are making an effort to modify the Raspberry Pi into a cost-affordable solution in energy monitoring and power consumption. Because of the relatively low cost of the Raspberry Pi, this has become a popular and economical alternative to the more expensive commercial solutions.[*[citation needed](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed)*]

### Industrial automation

Compute Module 1

Compute Module 3+

In June 2014, Polish industrial automation manufacturer TECHBASE released ModBerry, an industrial computer based on the Raspberry Pi Compute Module. The device has a number of interfaces, most notably RS-485/232 serial ports, digital and analogue inputs/outputs, CAN and economical 1-Wire buses, all of which are widely used in the automation industry. The design allows the use of the Compute Module in harsh industrial environments, leading to the conclusion that the Raspberry Pi is no longer limited to home and science projects, but can be widely used as an [Industrial IoT](/source/Internet_of_things) solution and achieve goals of [Industry 4.0](/source/Industry_4.0).[326]

In March 2018, SUSE announced commercial support for SUSE Linux Enterprise on the Raspberry Pi 3 Model B to support a number of undisclosed customers implementing industrial monitoring with the Raspberry Pi.[327]

In January 2021, TECHBASE announced a Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4 cluster for [AI accelerator](/source/AI_accelerator), [routing](/source/Routing) and [file server](/source/Network_File_System) use. The device contains one or more standard Raspberry Pi Compute Module 4s in an industrial [DIN rail](/source/DIN_rail) housing, with some versions containing one or more [Coral Edge tensor processing units](/source/Tensor_Processing_Unit).[328]

### Commercial products

The Organelle is a portable synthesiser, a sampler, a sequencer, and an effects processor designed and assembled by Critter & Guitari. It incorporates a Raspberry Pi computer module running Linux.[329]

Slice is a [digital media player](/source/Digital_media_player) which also uses a Compute Module as its heart. It was crowd-funded in an August 2014 Kickstarter campaign. The software running on Slice is based on [Kodi](/source/Kodi_(software)).[330]

Numerous commercial [thin client](/source/Thin_client) computer terminals use the Raspberry Pi.[331]

### COVID-19 pandemic

During the [COVID-19 pandemic](/source/COVID-19_pandemic), demand increased primarily due to the increase in [remote work](/source/Remote_work), but also because of the use of many Raspberry Pi Zeros in [ventilators](/source/Ventilator) for [COVID-19](/source/COVID-19) patients in countries such as [Colombia](/source/Colombia),[332] which were used to combat strain on the healthcare system. In March 2020, Raspberry Pi sales reached 640,000 units, the second largest month of sales in the company's history.[333]

### Military

The Iranian [Geran-5](/source/Shahed_drones#Geran-5) [aerial drone](/source/Aerial_drone) is reportedly built around a Raspberry Pi.[334]

### In space

The **Astro Pi** project was launched in December 2014 at an event held by the [UK Space Agency](/source/UK_Space_Agency). Astro Pi units are augmented Raspberry Pi computers equipped with a Sensor HAT and either a visible-light or infrared camera. The associated competition, called *Principia*, opened in January 2015 to primary and secondary school students in the United Kingdom. During his mission, British [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) astronaut [Tim Peake](/source/Tim_Peake) deployed the computers aboard the [International Space Station](/source/International_Space_Station).[335] He executed the winning student programs in orbit, collected the resulting data, and transmitted it to Earth for distribution to the teams. Competition themes included spacecraft sensors, satellite imaging, space measurements, data fusion, and space radiation.

Organisations involved in the Astro Pi initiative include the [UK Space Agency](/source/UK_Space_Agency), UKspace, the [Raspberry Pi Foundation](/source/Raspberry_Pi_Foundation), ESERO-UK, and the [European Space Agency](/source/European_Space_Agency) (ESA).

In 2017, ESA expanded the programme with a Europe-wide competition, *Proxima*, open to students across the European Union. The winning programs were run on the ISS by French astronaut [Thomas Pesquet](/source/Thomas_Pesquet).[336]

In December 2021, another pair of Astro Pi units were launched aboard a [SpaceX Dragon 2](/source/SpaceX_Dragon_2) spacecraft.[337]

## See also

- [Electronics portal](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Electronics)

- [Arduino](/source/Arduino)

- [BBC micro:bit](/source/Micro_Bit)

- [Calliope mini](/source/Calliope_mini)

- [Plug computer](/source/Plug_computer)

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## Further reading

- *Raspberry Pi For Dummies*; Sean McManus and Mike Cook; 2013; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1118554210](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118554210).

- *Getting Started with Raspberry Pi*; Matt Richardson and Shawn Wallace; 2013; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1449344214](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1449344214).

- *Raspberry Pi User Guide*; Eben Upton and Gareth Halfacree; 2014; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1118921661](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1118921661).

- *Hello Raspberry Pi!*; Ryan Heitz; 2016; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1617292453](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1617292453).

- *The Official Raspberry Pi Beginner's Guide*; Gareth Halfacree; 2023; [ISBN](/source/ISBN_(identifier)) [978-1912047260](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1912047260).

## External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to [Raspberry Pi](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Raspberry_Pi).

Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: ***[Wikijunior:Raspberry Pi](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Wikijunior:Raspberry_Pi)***

- [Official website](https://www.raspberrypi.com)

- [Raspberry Pi, Department of Computer Science and Technology, University of Cambridge](https://www.cl.cam.ac.uk/projects/raspberrypi/)

- [Raspberry Pi Wiki, supported by the RPF](https://elinux.org/RaspberryPiBoard)

- [*The MagPi Magazine*](https://magpi.raspberrypi.org/)

- ["Raspberry Pi pinout"](https://www.panu.it/raspberry/) – board GPIO pinout

- ["Raspberry Pi component map"](https://raspmap.everpi.net/) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20190607084123/https://raspmap.everpi.net/) 7 June 2019 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine)

- ["RaspberryPi Boards: Hardware versions/revisions"](https://elinux.org/RaspberryPi_Boards)

- [*ARM1176JZF-S (ARM11 CPU Core) Technical Reference Manual*](https://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0301h/DDI0301H_arm1176jzfs_r0p7_trm.pdf) [Archived](https://web.archive.org/web/20200619185015/http://infocenter.arm.com/help/topic/com.arm.doc.ddi0301h/DDI0301H_arm1176jzfs_r0p7_trm.pdf) 19 June 2020 at the [Wayback Machine](/source/Wayback_Machine), ARM Ltd.

v t e Single-board computer and single-board microcontroller Devices Arduino Arndale Board Asus Tinker Board Banana Pi BeagleBoard Cotton Candy CHIP Cubieboard Edison Galileo Gumstix Hawkboard IGEPv2 LattePanda Nvidia Drive Nano Pi Nvidia Jetson ODROID OLinuXino Orange Pi PandaBoard Pine64 Parallella Rascal Raspberry Pi Snowball SoCs ARM Actions Allwinner Ax Apple M1 Exynos i.MX HiSiliconK3V3 MediaTek Nomadik NovaThor OMAP Rockchip Qualcomm Snapdragon Tegra WonderMedia MIPS Jz x86/x86-64 AMD Élan Atom Jaguar-based Puma-based Quark Software Apache Hadoop Linaro

v t e Linux-powered devices Computers, components Nettops Eee Box fit-PC Lemote Linutop ThinCan Zonbu Netbooks Acer Aspire One Averatec Buddy Classmate PC CloudBook ECS G10IL Eee PC Elonex ONE/ONEt Gigabyte M912 HP Mini 1000/2133 Inspiron Mini Doel MSI Wind NanoBook Noahpad OLPC One A110 Pinebook OpenBook Skytone Alpha-400 Tianhua GX-1C GNU/Linux Open Hardware PowerPC notebook Tablets Aakash Adam JooJoo LeapPad Explorer Librem PineTab WeTab Networking Asus Routers BT Home Hub Buffalo AirStation Junxion Box Linksys WRT54G series Netgear DG834G Picotux Killer NIC Storage Buffalo LinkStation, TeraStation Drobo Linksys NSLU2 QNAP Synology Inc. WD My Book Other BeagleBoard Chumby DragonBox Pyra Gumstix HP Dev One Librem Nvidia Drive Nvidia Jetson Palm Foleo Pandora Raspberry Pi SheevaPlug Stanley Asus Tinker Board IBM LinuxONE Accessories Multimedia DBox2 Dreambox Hauppauge MediaMVP Neuros OSD TiVo Vu+ Roku Digital Video Player Sonos Handhelds Agenda VR3 Amazon Kindle Archos PMA400 ILiad Leapster Explorer Nokia 770, N800, N810, N900 Pepper Pad Zaurus Sony Reader Zipit Ben NanoNote Phones✝ Jolla Motorola A1200, A1210, A1600, A760, E680i, MOTO VE66, PEBL U9, RAZR2 V8, ROKR E2, E6, E8, EM30, EM35, Z6, ZINE ZN5, ZN200 Neo 1973, FreeRunner Nokia N900, N950, N9 Palm Pixi, Pre, Pre 2, HP Pre 3, Veer Samsung Vodafone 360 H1, Vodafone 360 M1 Samsung Wave S8500, Wave II S8530, Wave 3 S8600, Wave 723, Wave 575, Wave 525, Wave Y Samsung Z1, Z2, Z3, Z4 Librem 5 PinePhone, Pro Consoles Atari VCS Evercade VS Intellivision Amico NES Classic Edition Polymega Sega Genesis Mini SNES Classic Edition Steam Machine 2015 2026 Handheld consoles Anbernic RG531 RG532 Dingoo A320 DragonBox Pyra Evercade EXP Super Pocket Game Gadget GP2X Wiz CAANOO mylo Neo Geo X Pandora GCW Zero Steam Deck LeapFrog Didj Discontinued Cherrypal Simputer ✝ Excluding Android devices.

Authority control databases International GND FAST National United States France BnF data Czech Republic Spain Israel Other IdRef Yale LUX

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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Raspberry Pi](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raspberry_Pi?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.