# Rade language
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{{short description|Austronesian language spoken in Vietnam}}
{{distinguish|Kru’ng language|Ede language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Rade
|altname=''Klei Êđê''
|states=[Vietnam](/source/Vietnam)
|ethnicity=[Rade](/source/Rade_people)
|speakers={{sigfig|177,000|2}} in Vietnam
|date=2007
|ref=e18
|familycolor=Austronesian
|fam2=[Malayo-Polynesian](/source/Malayo-Polynesian_languages)
|fam3=[Malayo-Sumbawan](/source/Malayo-Sumbawan_languages) (?)
|fam4=[Chamic](/source/Chamic_languages)
|fam5=Highlands
|lc1=rad|ld1=Rade
|lc2=ibh|ld2=Bih
|glotto=rade1240
|glottoname=Rade
|glotto2=biha1246
|glottoname2=Bih
|ELP=1468
|ELPname=Bih
|script = [Latin](/source/Latin_script)
}}
'''Rade''' (Rhade; Rade: {{Lang|rad|klei Êđê}}; {{Langx|vi|tiếng Ê-đê}} or {{Lang|vi|tiếng Ê Đê}}) is an [Austronesian](/source/Austronesian_languages) language of southern [Vietnam](/source/Vietnam). There may be some speakers in [Cambodia](/source/Cambodia). It is a member of the [Chamic subgroup](/source/Chamic_languages), and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[{{Cite web |title=Rade (klei Êđê) |url=http://www.omniglot.com/writing/rade.htm |website=Omniglot |language=en}}]
==Classification==
Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[{{Cite book |last=Đoàn |first=Văn Phúc |title=Từ vựng các phương ngữ Êđê / Lexique des dialectes Êđê |date=1998 |publisher=Đại học quốc gia Hà Nội and École française d'Extrême-Orient |location=Hanoi |language=vi |trans-title=Vocabulary of Rade Dialects}}] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in [Đắk Lắk Province](/source/%C4%90%E1%BA%AFk_L%E1%BA%AFk_Province) in the [Central Highlands](/source/Central_Highlands_(Vietnam)) region of Vietnam.
*'''Kpă''': spoken throughout [Buôn Ma Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t)
*'''Krung''': spoken in [Ea H'leo](/source/Ea_H'leo_District) and [Krông Năng](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_N%C4%83ng_District); some Krung also live among the Jarai in [Gia Lai Province](/source/Gia_Lai_Province)
*'''Adham''': spoken in [Krông Buk](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_Buk_District), [Krông Năng](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_N%C4%83ng_District), and [Ea H'leo](/source/Ea_H'leo_District)
*'''Ktul''': spoken in [Krông Bông](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_B%C3%B4ng_District) and the southern part of [Krông Pắk](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_P%E1%BA%AFk_District)
*'''Drao''' (Kơdrao): spoken in [M'Đrăk](/source/M'%C4%90r%C4%83k_District) (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
*'''Blô''': spoken in [M'Đrăk](/source/M'%C4%90r%C4%83k_District) (small population)
*'''Êpan''': spoken in [M'Đrăk](/source/M'%C4%90r%C4%83k_District) (small population)
*'''Mdhur''': spoken in [Ea Kar](/source/Ea_Kar_District) and [M'Đrăk](/source/M'%C4%90r%C4%83k_District); also in [Gia Lai Province](/source/Gia_Lai_Province) and [Phu Yen Province](/source/Phu_Yen_Province)
*'''Bih''': spoken in [Krông Ana](/source/Kr%C3%B4ng_Ana_District) and in the southern part of [Buôn Ma Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t)
'''Bih''', which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[{{Cite thesis |last=Nguyen |first=Tam |title=A Grammar of Bih |date=2013 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Oregon |hdl=1794/12996 |hdl-access=free}}] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[{{Cite conference |last=Nguyen |first=Tam |date=2015 |title=Language Endangerment Factors: A Case Study with Bih |conference=Paper presented at SoLE-4, Payap University |language=en}}]
A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the '''Hmok''' or '''Hmok Pai''' is found in the [Buôn Ma Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t) area (Phạm 2005:212).[{{Cite book |last=Phâm |first=Côn Sơn |title=Non nước Việt Nam: sắc nét trung bộ |publisher=Phương Đông Publishers |date=2005 |location=Hanoi |language=vi}}]
==Phonology==
The spelling is shown in italics.
===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+Rade consonants{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{sfn|Nguyen|2013|p=13}}
|-
!colspan=2|
|-
!colspan=2|[Nasal](/source/Nasal_consonant)
|''m'' {{IPAslink|m}}
|''n'' {{IPAslink|n}}
|''ñ'' {{IPAslink|ɲ}}
|''ng'' {{IPAslink|ŋ}}
|
|-
!rowspan=4| [Stop](/source/Stop_consonant)
! {{small|[voiceless](/source/Voice_(phonetics))}}
|''p'' {{IPAslink|p}}
|''t'' {{IPAslink|t}}
|''č'' {{IPAslink|c}}
|''k'' {{IPAslink|k}}
|{{IPAslink|ʔ}}
|-
! {{small|[aspirated](/source/Aspirated_consonant)}}
|''ph'' {{IPAslink|pʰ}}
|''th'' {{IPAslink|tʰ}}
|''čh'' {{IPAslink|ʰ|cʰ}}
|''kh'' {{IPAslink|kʰ}}
|
|-
! {{small|voiced}}
|''b'' {{IPAslink|b}}
|''d'' {{IPAslink|d}}
|''j'' {{IPAslink|ɟ}}
|''g'' {{IPAslink|ɡ}}
|
|-
! {{small|[implosive](/source/Implosive_consonant)}}
|''ƀ'' {{IPAslink|ɓ}}
|''đ'' {{IPAslink|ɗ}}
|''dj'' {{IPAslink|ʄ}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2| [Fricative](/source/Fricative_consonant)
|
|''s'' {{IPAslink|s}}
|
|
|''h'' {{IPAslink|h}}
|-
!colspan=2|[Approximant](/source/Approximant_consonant)
|''w'' {{IPAslink|w}}
|''l'' {{IPAslink|l}}
|''y'' {{IPAslink|j}}
|
|
|-
!colspan=2|[Rhotic](/source/Rhotic_consonant)
|
|''r'' {{IPAslink|r}}
|
|
|
|}
*The voiced implosives {{IPA|/ɓ, d, ʄ/}} are also described as "[preglottalized](/source/preglottalized) stops" ({{IPA|[ˀb, ˀd, ˀɟ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{efn|The author used the term "tiền thanh hầu hóa," which literally translates to "preglottalization." However, he also used "tiền tắc họng hóa," with the IPA glottalization symbol {{IPA|[ˀ]}} in reference to the allophonic realizations of the plain stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɟ/}}. The phonetic description of {{IPA|/ɓ, d, ʄ/}} includes a lowering of the glottis ("hạ thấp thanh hầu") prior to a stop closure, which is consistent with implosives. The author also listed a velar implosive transcribed with the letter g with a crossbar.}}{{Sfn|Tharp|Buon-ya|1980|p=vi}}
*According to {{harvcoltxt|Đoàn|1993}}:
**{{IPA|/ɟ/}} is as an [affricate](/source/affricate) {{IPA|[d̠͡ʝ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=7–8}}{{efn|The author acknowledged the phonetic realization as an affricate ("tắc-xát"), but still treated it as a single phonological stop ("tắc").}}
**{{IPA|/t, tʰ/}} are [dental](/source/Dental_consonant) ({{IPA|[t̪, t̪ʰ]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=8}}
**{{IPA|/j/}} has slight friction ({{IPA|[j̝]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=8}}
**There is an optional [schwa](/source/Mid_central_vowel) between the bilabial plosives {{IPA|/p, b, ɓ/}} and {{IPA|/l, r, h/}}. Thus ''pra'' "scaffold" is pronounced {{IPA|[pᵊrä]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|pp=9–10}}
**{{IPA|/m/}} is weakened before most consonants, except before the [liquids](/source/Liquid_consonant) {{IPA|/l, r/}} where there may be a schwa. Compare ''mčah'' "broken" {{IPA|[ᵐcäh]}} and ''mla'' "tusk" {{IPA|[mᵊlä]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=10}}
*When other consonants is followed by {{IPA|/l, r, h/}}, there may be a schwa or [coarticulation](/source/Co-articulated_consonant). Compare ''trah'' "to fish" {{IPA|[tᵊräh]}}, ''tlao'' "to laugh" {{IPA|[tläu̯~t͜läu̯]}}, ''dlao'' "to scold" {{IPA|[dläu̯~d͜läu̯]}}, ''dhan'' "branch" {{IPA|[dhän~dʱän]}}, ''jhat'' "bad" {{IPA|[ˀɟhät̚~ˀɟʱät̚]}}, ''ghang'' "to roast" {{IPA|[ɡhäŋ~ɡʱäŋ]}}.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=11}}
* {{IPA|/w/}} can also be heard as a more bilabial {{IPA|[β̞]}}.
* Glottalized final consonant sounds {{IPA|/wʔ, jʔ, jh/}} are heard only in final position.{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993}}
===Vowels===
{| class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|+Rade vowels
!rowspan=2|
!colspan=2|[Front](/source/Front_vowel)
!colspan=2|[Central](/source/Central_vowel)
!colspan=2|[Back](/source/Back_vowel)
|-
!{{small|[short](/source/Vowel_length)}}!!{{small|[long](/source/Vowel_length)}}
!{{small|short}}!!{{small|long}}
!{{small|short}}!!{{small|long}}
|-
|''ĭ'' {{IPAslink|i}}||''i'' {{IPAslink|iː}}
|''ư̆'' {{IPAslink|ɨ}}||''ư'' {{IPAslink|ɨː}}
|''ŭ'' {{IPAslink|u}}||''u'' {{IPAslink|uː}}
|-
|''ê̆'' {{IPAslink|e}}||''ê'' {{IPAslink|eː}}
|''ơ̆'' {{IPAslink|ə}}||''ơ'' {{IPAslink|əː}}
|''ô̆'' {{IPAslink|o}}||''ô'' {{IPAslink|oː}}
|-
|''ĕ'' {{IPAslink|ɛ}}||''e'' {{IPAslink|ɛː}}
|''ă'' {{IPAslink|a}}||''a'' {{IPAslink|aː}}
|''ŏ'' {{IPAslink|ɔ}}||''o'' {{IPAslink|ɔː}}
|}
*{{IPA|/aː, a/}} are central (respectively {{IPA|[ä, ɐ̆]}}).{{Sfn|Đoàn|1993|p=17}}
== Vocabulary ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=December 2025}}
*{{Lang|rad|Khoa sang}} – the most senior in age and authority
*{{Lang|rad|Dega}} – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de){{Clarify|date=December 2022}}
*{{Lang|rad|Ih}} – you
*{{Lang|rad|Ung}} – husband
*{{Lang|rad|Ñu}} – her/him
*{{Lang|rad|Diñu}} – they
*{{Lang|rad|Drei}} – we
*{{Lang|rad|Khăp}} – love
*{{Lang|rad|Bi êmut}} – hate
*{{Lang|rad|idai}} – younger sibling
*{{Lang|rad|amĭ}} – mom/mother
*{{Lang|rad|yah}} – grandma/grandmother
*{{Lang|rad|aê}} – grandma/grandfather
*{{Lang|rad|Ama}} – father, dad daddy
*{{Lang|rad|Jhat}} – ugly, bad
*{{Lang|rad|Siam}} – pretty
*{{Lang|rad|Siam mniê}} – beautiful girl
*{{Lang|rad|Jăk}} – good
*{{Lang|rad|Khăp}} – love
*{{Lang|rad|Brei}} – give
*{{Lang|rad|Djŏ}} – true
*{{Lang|rad|Nao}} – go
*{{Lang|rad|Kâo}} – I/me
*{{Lang|rad|anăn}} – name
*{{Lang|rad|Čar}} – country
*{{Lang|rad|Čiăng}} – want/like
*{{Lang|rad|Aê Diê}} – God
*{{Lang|rad|Blŭ}} – speak
*{{Lang|rad|Klei blŭ}} – language
*{{Lang|rad|Bur}} – rice porridge
*{{Lang|rad|Êmŏng}} – fat
*{{Lang|rad|Êwang}} – skinny
*{{Lang|rad|Jŭ}} – black
*{{Lang|rad|Hriê/hrê}} – to be from
*{{Lang|rad|Mơ̆ng}} – from
*{{Lang|rad|Sa}}, {{Lang|rad|dua}}, {{Lang|rad|tlâo}}, {{Lang|rad|pă}}, {{Lang|rad|êma}} – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
*{{Lang|rad|Năm}}, {{Lang|rad|kjuh}}, {{Lang|rad|sa-băn}}, {{Lang|rad|dua-păn}}, {{Lang|rad|pluh}}: 6, 7, 8, 9, 10
*{{Lang|rad|Čar Mi/čar amêrik}} – America
*{{Lang|rad|Čar Kŭr}} – Cambodia
*{{Lang|rad|Anak}} – person
*{{Lang|rad|Hriăm}} – learn
*{{Lang|rad|Roă/ruă}} – sound of displeasure/pain
*{{Lang|rad|Ƀuôn Ama Y'Thuôt}} – [Buôn Ma Thuột](/source/Bu%C3%B4n_Ma_Thu%E1%BB%99t) (city)
*{{Lang|rad|Čih}} – type/write
*{{Lang|rad|Klei Mi}} – English
*{{Lang|rad|Klei Êđê}} – Rade/Ede
*{{Lang|rad|loo}} – A lot
*{{Lang|rad|klei Prăng-xê}} – French
*{{Lang|rad|mluk}}-crazy
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
==References==
{{reflist}}
==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Đoàn |first=Văn Phúc |title=Ngữ âm tiếng Êđê |location=Hanoi|year=1993 |language=vi |trans-title=Rade Phonetics|url=http://luanan.nlv.gov.vn/luanan?a=d&d=TTkFqWqsVACi1993.1.1&e=-------vi-20--1--img-txIN-------}}
*{{Cite book |last=Sở giáo dục và đào tạo tỉnh Đắk Lắk – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam |date=2012 |title=Ngữ pháp tiếng Êđê |trans-title=Ede Grammar |location=Hà Nội |publisher=Nhà xuất bản giáo dục Việt Nam |language=vi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Ủy ban nhân dân tỉnh Đăk Lăk – Sở giáo dục – Đào tạo – Viện ngôn ngữ học Việt Nam |date=1993 |title=Từ điển Việt – Êđê |trans-title=Vietnamese – Rade Dictionary |location=Đăk Lăk |publisher=Nhà xuất bản giáo dục |language=vi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Linh |first=Nga Niê Kdam |title=Nghệ thuật diễn xướng dân gian Ê Đê, Bih ở Dăk Lăk |trans-title=Rade and Bih Folk Performing Arts in Dak Lak |date=2013 |publisher=Nhà xuất bản Thời Đại |isbn=978-604-930-599-3 |location=Hà Nội |language=vi}}
* {{Cite book |last=Tharp |first=James A. |title=A Rhade–English Dictionary with English-Rhade Finderlist |last2=Buon-ya |first2=Y.-Bham |date=1980 |publisher=The Australian National University |isbn=978-0-85883-217-6 |series=Pacific Linguistics Series C – No. 58 |location=Canberra |language=en |doi=10.15144/PL-C58 |hdl=1885/144435 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}
{{refend}}
== External links ==
{{incubator|rad}}
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/rade.htm Alphabet and pronunciation]
* ELAR archive of [http://elar.soas.ac.uk/deposit/0354 Documenting Bih]
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.peoplesoftheworld.org/text?people=Ede|title=Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede|last=Waddington|first=Ray|website=www.peoplesoftheworld.org|access-date=2019-11-21}}
{{Languages of Vietnam}}
{{Chamic languages}}
{{Nuclear Malayo-Polynesian languages}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Chamic languages
Category:Languages of Vietnam
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Adapted from the Wikipedia article [Rade language](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_language) by Wikipedia contributors ([contributor history](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rade_language?action=history)). Available under [Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/). Changes may have been made.